Chapter 16 Solids, Chapter 16 Solids, Liquids, GasesLiquids, Gases

Section 1 Kinetic Theory- Section 1 Kinetic Theory- “movement”“movement”

Section 1 Kinetic TheorySection 1 Kinetic Theory

STATES OF MATTER- Solid, Liquid, GasSTATES OF MATTER- Solid, Liquid, Gas KINETIC THEORY- Explains how KINETIC THEORY- Explains how

particles in matter behaveparticles in matter behave

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

All matter is composed of small particlesAll matter is composed of small particles

(Atoms)(Atoms)

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

Particles are in constant random motion.Particles are in constant random motion.

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

Particles collide with each otherParticles collide with each other

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

Particles Collide with each other and walls Particles Collide with each other and walls of their containersof their containers

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

(Heat) THERMAL ENERGY-total energy (Heat) THERMAL ENERGY-total energy of a material’s particles: cause particle to of a material’s particles: cause particle to vibrate in placevibrate in place

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

Average Kinetic Energy- TEMPERATURE Average Kinetic Energy- TEMPERATURE of the substance, or how fast the particles of the substance, or how fast the particles are moving: the lower the temperature the are moving: the lower the temperature the slower the particle motionslower the particle motion

SOLID STATE-(Lowest Energy)-Particle SOLID STATE-(Lowest Energy)-Particle are closely packed together in a are closely packed together in a specific specific type of geometric arrangementtype of geometric arrangement (crystalline)(crystalline)

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

LIQUID STATE- a solid begins to liquefy at LIQUID STATE- a solid begins to liquefy at the the melting pointmelting point as the particles gain as the particles gain enough energy to overcome their ordered enough energy to overcome their ordered arrangementarrangement

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

Energy required to reach the melting point Energy required to reach the melting point is called the is called the heat of fusion (s>l)heat of fusion (s>l)

Liquid particles have more space between Liquid particles have more space between them allowing them to them allowing them to flow and take the flow and take the shape of their containershape of their container

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

GASEOUS STATE- a liquid’s particles GASEOUS STATE- a liquid’s particles have enough energy to escape the have enough energy to escape the attractive forces of the other particles in attractive forces of the other particles in liquid (l>g)liquid (l>g)

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION- is the energy HEAT OF VAPORIZATION- is the energy required for a liquid to change to a gasrequired for a liquid to change to a gas

At the At the Boiling PointBoiling Point the the pressurepressure or the or the liquid’s liquid’s vapor vapor isis equal equal to the pressure ofto the pressure of thethe atmosphere atmosphere and that liquid becomes a and that liquid becomes a gasgas

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

GAS PARTICLES- spread evenly GAS PARTICLES- spread evenly throughout their container in the process throughout their container in the process of of diffusiondiffusion (perfume) (perfume)

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

HEATING CURVE OF A LIQUID- as a HEATING CURVE OF A LIQUID- as a solid melts and a liquid vaporizes, the solid melts and a liquid vaporizes, the temperature remains temperature remains constant constant ; the ; the temperature will increase after the temperature will increase after the attractive forces of the earlier state have attractive forces of the earlier state have been overcomebeen overcome

Save the polar bears!!!

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

PLASMA- state of matter consisting of PLASMA- state of matter consisting of high-temperature gas with balanced high-temperature gas with balanced positively and negatively charged particles positively and negatively charged particles EX LightingEX Lighting

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

THERMAL EXPANSION- increase in the THERMAL EXPANSION- increase in the Size of a substance when the temperature Size of a substance when the temperature increasesincreases

The size of the substance will then The size of the substance will then decreasedecrease when the temperature when the temperature decreasesdecreases

Expansion and contraction occur in Expansion and contraction occur in most most solids liquids and gasessolids liquids and gases

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

WATER is an exception because it WATER is an exception because it expands as it becomes a solidexpands as it becomes a solid

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

Some substances do not react as Some substances do not react as ExpectedExpected when changing states when changing states

1. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS- lack the tightly 1. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS- lack the tightly Ordered structure found in crystalsOrdered structure found in crystals

a. Do Not have definite temperature At a. Do Not have definite temperature At which they change from solid to liquidwhich they change from solid to liquid

b. Glass, plastic (old windows)b. Glass, plastic (old windows)

Section 1 cont.Section 1 cont.

2. LIQUID- crystals do not lose their 2. LIQUID- crystals do not lose their ordered arrangement completely upon ordered arrangement completely upon melting; used in liquid crystal melting; used in liquid crystal displaysdisplays, in , in watches, calculators , and some notebook watches, calculators , and some notebook computers computers

Demo- Ball and Ring/ Bimetallic Strip/ Demo- Ball and Ring/ Bimetallic Strip/ KMT (BB’s)/ KMNO4 (Petri Dishes)KMT (BB’s)/ KMNO4 (Petri Dishes)

Section 2Section 2

Properties of Properties of Fluids > Fluids > LiquidLiquid or or GasGas

Section 2 cont.Section 2 cont.

BUOYANCY- ability of a fluid (liquid or BUOYANCY- ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an up ward force on an gas) to exert an up ward force on an Object immersed in it.Object immersed in it.

Section 2 cont.Section 2 cont.

An Object in a fluid will An Object in a fluid will floatfloat if its weight is if its weight is less thanless than the buoyant force acting on it the buoyant force acting on it from the fluidfrom the fluid

An Object in a fluid will An Object in a fluid will sink sink if its weight is if its weight is more thanmore than the buoyant force acting on it the buoyant force acting on it from the fluidfrom the fluid

Section 2 cont.Section 2 cont.

ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE- buoyant ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE- buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced (moved) by the objectthe fluid displaced (moved) by the object

An object will float if its An object will float if its densitydensity is is less than less than the densitythe density of the fluid it is placed in of the fluid it is placed in

Section 2 cont.Section 2 cont.

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE- pressure applied PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE- pressure applied to a Fluid is transmitted throughout the to a Fluid is transmitted throughout the fluidfluid

PRESSURE- is PRESSURE- is forceforce exerted per unit area exerted per unit area HYDRAULIC- machines use this principle HYDRAULIC- machines use this principle

to lift heavy loadsto lift heavy loads P= P= ForceForce Units = Pascals Units = Pascals

AreaArea

Section 2 cont.Section 2 cont.

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE- as the BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE- as the velocity of a fluid increases the pressure velocity of a fluid increases the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases; airplane exerted by the fluid decreases; airplane use this principle to flyuse this principle to fly

Section 2 cont.Section 2 cont.

VISCOSITY- a liquid’s VISCOSITY- a liquid’s resistanceresistance to flow to flow MOLECULAR MOLECULAR STRUCTURE STRUCTURE determines determines

a fluids viscositya fluids viscosity Increased Increased temperature heattemperature heat will lower will lower

viscosity. EX. (High Viscosity) molasses viscosity. EX. (High Viscosity) molasses vs. (Low viscosity) Kool-Aidvs. (Low viscosity) Kool-Aid

Section 3Section 3

Behavior of GasesBehavior of Gases

Section 3 cont.Section 3 cont.

PRESSURE- is measured in units called PRESSURE- is measured in units called Pascal (Pa) P=Pascal (Pa) P=FF

AA COLLISIONS- of particles in air result in COLLISIONS- of particles in air result in

atmospheric pressureatmospheric pressure Moving particles colliding with the inside Moving particles colliding with the inside

walls of a container result in walls of a container result in gasgas pressure pressure

Section 3 cont.Section 3 cont.

BOYLE’S LAW- relates pressure to BOYLE’S LAW- relates pressure to volume volume

Volume decreases as Volume decreases as pressurepressure increases increases Pressure decreases as Pressure decreases as volumevolume increases increases Pressure multiplied by volume is always Pressure multiplied by volume is always

equal to a equal to a constantconstant if the if the temperature is temperature is constantconstant

EX: Weather Balloons, Tennis BallsEX: Weather Balloons, Tennis Balls

Section 3 cont.Section 3 cont.

CHARLES’S LAW- relates CHARLES’S LAW- relates volume and volume and temperaturetemperature

At a constant pressure At a constant pressure volumevolume increases increases as the temp. increasesas the temp. increases

At a constant pressure At a constant pressure volumevolume decreases decreases as the as the temp.temp. decreases decreases

EX: Hot Air Balloons, KTMEX: Hot Air Balloons, KTM

Section 3 cont.Section 3 cont.

Gay Lussac’s Law- relates pressure and Gay Lussac’s Law- relates pressure and temperature ; at a constant volume, as temperature ; at a constant volume, as temp. increases, pressure increases.temp. increases, pressure increases.

EX: Aerosol Cans Blow Up EX: Aerosol Cans Blow Up Demos: Fire syringe, Collapsing Can, Atm. Demos: Fire syringe, Collapsing Can, Atm.

Pressure Kit, - Glove –H2O uphill- - “Boil” Pressure Kit, - Glove –H2O uphill- - “Boil” H2OH2O