Chapter 11

Emotional and Cognitive Socialization Outcomes

Prologue

What influences have contributed to how you have come to feel and think

about things?

• How can socializing agents enable children to develop humanitarian values and attitudes, rather than stereotypical ones?

• How can socializing agents work together to foster achievement motives and a sense of personal responsibility in children?

• How can young people’s self-esteem be supported?

Values

• Qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important

• Values clarification– Personal values classification is influenced

by human societal values

Attitudes

• The tendency to respond positively or negatively to certain persons, objects, or situations– Development of attitudes-the development

of attitudes is influenced by age and cognitive development

Attitudes

– Influences on attitude development• Family

–Modeling–Instruction–Reinforcement and punishment

• Peers

Attitudes

– Influences on attitude development• Mass media

–Television and movies–Books

• Community• School

– Changing attitudes about diversity• Can prejudicial attitudes be changed?

Motives and attributes

• A motive is a need or emotion that causes a person to act

Fig. 11-2, p. 467

Motives and attributes

• Achievement motivation-often correlated with actual achievement behavior– How do people differ in their motivation to

achieve?– How does the motivation to achieve

develop?– The relationship between parenting

practical expectations and achievement motivation

Fig. 11-3, p. 468

Motives and attributes

• Locus of control-relates to one’s attribution of performance, or sense of personal responsibility– Develops through one’s actions on the

environment and one’s interactions with others

Fig. 11-4, p. 473

Motives and attributes

• Locus of control– Internal locus of control-individuals who

believe they are in control of their world– External locus of control-individuals who

perceive that others have more control over them than they have over themselves

Motives and attributes

• Learned helplessness – people become passive and lose motivation when place in situations where outcomes are unaffected by their behavior

• Self-Efficacy – the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

Self-Esteem

• Self-concept – one’s ideas of one’s identity as distinct from others

• Self-esteem – values one places on that identity

Self-Esteem

• Influences on the development of self-esteem– Family– School– Peers– Mass media– Community