Chapter 11
Emotional and Cognitive Socialization Outcomes
Prologue
What influences have contributed to how you have come to feel and think
about things?
• How can socializing agents enable children to develop humanitarian values and attitudes, rather than stereotypical ones?
• How can socializing agents work together to foster achievement motives and a sense of personal responsibility in children?
• How can young people’s self-esteem be supported?
Values
• Qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important
• Values clarification– Personal values classification is influenced
by human societal values
Attitudes
• The tendency to respond positively or negatively to certain persons, objects, or situations– Development of attitudes-the development
of attitudes is influenced by age and cognitive development
Attitudes
– Influences on attitude development• Family
–Modeling–Instruction–Reinforcement and punishment
• Peers
Attitudes
– Influences on attitude development• Mass media
–Television and movies–Books
• Community• School
– Changing attitudes about diversity• Can prejudicial attitudes be changed?
Motives and attributes
• A motive is a need or emotion that causes a person to act
Fig. 11-2, p. 467
Motives and attributes
• Achievement motivation-often correlated with actual achievement behavior– How do people differ in their motivation to
achieve?– How does the motivation to achieve
develop?– The relationship between parenting
practical expectations and achievement motivation
Fig. 11-3, p. 468
Motives and attributes
• Locus of control-relates to one’s attribution of performance, or sense of personal responsibility– Develops through one’s actions on the
environment and one’s interactions with others
Fig. 11-4, p. 473
Motives and attributes
• Locus of control– Internal locus of control-individuals who
believe they are in control of their world– External locus of control-individuals who
perceive that others have more control over them than they have over themselves
Motives and attributes
• Learned helplessness – people become passive and lose motivation when place in situations where outcomes are unaffected by their behavior
• Self-Efficacy – the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
Self-Esteem
• Self-concept – one’s ideas of one’s identity as distinct from others
• Self-esteem – values one places on that identity
Self-Esteem
• Influences on the development of self-esteem– Family– School– Peers– Mass media– Community