chapter 1: what is psychology?. learning outcomes define psychology. describe the various fields of...
DESCRIPTION
Learning Outcomes Describe the origins of psychology and identify people who made significant contributions to the field. Identify the theoretical perspectives from which today’s psychologists view behavior and mental processes.TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology?
Learning Outcomes
• Define psychology.
• Describe the various fields of psychology.
Learning Outcomes
• Describe the origins of psychology and identify people who made significant contributions to the field.
• Identify the theoretical perspectives from which today’s psychologists view behavior and mental processes.
Learning Outcomes
• Explain how psychologists study behavior and mental processes, focusing on critical thinking, research methods, and ethical considerations.
Psychology as a Science
What is Psychology?
• Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Goals of Psychology
• Psychology seeks to:– describe– explain– predict– control behavior and mental processes
What is a Theory?
• A theory allows you to– propose reasons for relationships– derive explanations – make predictions
What Psychologists Do
What Do Psychologists Do?
• Research– Pure research– Applied research
• Practice• Teaching
Fields of Psychology
• Clinical• Counseling• School • Educational• Developmental • Personality• Social• Environmental
• Experimental• Industrial– Organizational– Human Factors– Consumer
• Health• Forensic• Sport
Where Psychology Comes From: A History
Truth or Fiction?
• More than 2,000 years ago, Aristotle wrote a book on psychology with contents similar to the book you are holding.
Truth or Fiction?
• More than 2,000 years ago, Aristotle wrote a book on psychology with contents similar to the book you are holding.
• TRUE!
Ancient Contributors to Psychology
• Aristotle – Peri Psyches
• Democritus
Truth or Fiction?
• The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates suggested a research method that is still used in psychology.
Truth or Fiction?
• The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates suggested a research method that is still used in psychology.
• TRUE!
Ancient Contributors to Psychology
• Socrates– Introspection
Psychology as a Laboratory Science
• Gustav Theodor Fechner– Elements of Psychophysics (1860)
• Wilhelm Wundt – First psychology laboratory (1879)
Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt• Structuralism breaks
conscious experiences into– objective sensations (sight,
taste), and– subjective feelings (emotional
responses, will)– mental images (memories,
dreams)• Mind functions by
combining objective and subjective elements of experience
Functionalism
• William James• Functionalism focused on
behavior in addition to mind and consciousness
• Used direct observations to supplement introspection
• Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution– Adaptive behavior patterns
are learned and maintained
Behaviorism
• John Broadus Watson – Focuses on learning
observable behavior
• B.F. Skinner – Learned behavior is
behavior that is reinforced
Psychoanalysis
• Sigmund Freud• Psychoanalysis– Influence of
unconscious ideas and conflicts that originate in childhood
How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
Biological Perspective
• Seek relationships between brain and behavior and mental processes– Role of heredity– Evolution
Cognitive Perspective
• Concerned with ways we mentally represent the world and process information– Learning, memory, problem-solving, judgments,
decision-making, and language
Humanistic — Existential Perspective
• Humanism stresses human capacity for self-fulfillment– Role of consciousness, self-awareness, decision
making• Existentialism stresses free choice
and personal responsibility– Carl Rogers– Abraham Maslow
Psychodynamic Perspective
• Neoanalysts focus more on conscious choice and self-direction then unconscious processes– Karen Horney– Erik Erikson
Perspective on Learning
• Social Cognitive– People modify and create their environment– Cognition plays a key role– Observation
Sociocultural Perspective
• Focuses on the influence of differences among people on behavior and mental processes– Ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status
How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
Principles of Critical Thinking
• Be skeptical• Insist on evidence• Examine definitions of terms• Examine the assumptions or premises of
arguments• Be cautious in drawing conclusions from
evidence
Principles of Critical Thinking (continued)
• Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence
• Do not oversimplify• Do not overgeneralize• Apply critical thinking to all areas of life