presentation1-fields of psychology (2007)

8/9/2019 Presentation1-Fields of Psychology (2007)

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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGYPsychology is a science, an academic, and appliedPsychology is a science, an academic, and applieddiscipline that involves the scientific study ofdiscipline that involves the scientific study of

human or animal mental functions and behaviors. Inhuman or animal mental functions and behaviors. Inthis field, a professional practitioner orthis field, a professional practitioner orresearcher is called a psychologist. Psychologistsresearcher is called a psychologist. Psychologistsare classified as social or behavioral scientists.are classified as social or behavioral scientists.

Psychologists attempt to understand the role ofPsychologists attempt to understand the role ofmental functions individual and social behavior,mental functions individual and social behavior,while also exploring underlying psychological andwhile also exploring underlying psychological and

neurological processes.neurological processes.


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FFields ofields of

SpecializationSpecialization

in Psychologyin Psychology


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CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Clinical psychologists assess and treat people withClinical psychologists assess and treat people withpsychological problems. They may act as therapistspsychological problems. They may act as therapistsfor people experiencing normal psychological crisesfor people experiencing normal psychological crises

(e.g., grief) or for individuals suffering from chronic(e.g., grief) or for individuals suffering from chronicpsychiatric disorders. Some clinical psychologists arepsychiatric disorders. Some clinical psychologists aregeneralists who work with a wide variety ofgeneralists who work with a wide variety of

populations, while others work with specific groupspopulations, while others work with specific groupslike children, the elderly, or those with specificlike children, the elderly, or those with specific

disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). They are trained indisorders (e.g., schizophrenia). They are trained inuniversities or professional schools of psychology.universities or professional schools of psychology.They may be found working in academic settings,They may be found working in academic settings,hospitals, community health centers, or privatehospitals, community health centers, or private

practice.practice.


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NEUROPSYCHOLOGYNEUROPSYCHOLOGY

These psychologists areThese psychologists are

concerned with brain/behaviorconcerned with brain/behavior

relationships. They may berelationships. They may beinvolved in clinical work, in theinvolved in clinical work, in the

assessment of brainassessment of brain--damageddamaged

patients,patients, or in research, such asor in research, such as

attempts to relate cognitiveattempts to relate cognitive

activity to brain activity as seen inactivity to brain activity as seen in

brain scansbrain scans..


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Counseling psychologists do many of the same things thatCounseling psychologists do many of the same things thatclinical psychologists do. However, counseling psychologistsclinical psychologists do. However, counseling psychologists

tend to focus more on persons with adjustment problemstend to focus more on persons with adjustment problems

rather than on persons suffering from severe psychologicalrather than on persons suffering from severe psychological

disorders.disorders.

Counseling psychologists usually help those with milderCounseling psychologists usually help those with milder

problems of social and emotional adjustments. Someproblems of social and emotional adjustments. Some

counseling psychologists specialize in marriage and family life.counseling psychologists specialize in marriage and family life.

They help normally adjust people with tasks as settingThey help normally adjust people with tasks as setting

vocational goals. Counseling psychologists are concerned withvocational goals. Counseling psychologists are concerned with

administration and interpretation of psychological tests,administration and interpretation of psychological tests,

interviewing and observing those who come from help andinterviewing and observing those who come from help and

offering practical suggestions for resolving the problem thatoffering practical suggestions for resolving the problem that

brought the counselee in.brought the counselee in.


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EDUCATIONAL AND SCHOOLEDUCATIONAL AND SCHOOL

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGYEducational psychologists are concerned with allEducational psychologists are concerned with all

psychological aspects of the learning process, factorspsychological aspects of the learning process, factors

affecting students performance in the classroom, IQ,affecting students performance in the classroom, IQ,personality, rewards and punishments, teacherspersonality, rewards and punishments, teachers

expectations and studentexpectations and student--teacher reaction.teacher reaction.

School psychology is strictly on applied field. SchoolSchool psychology is strictly on applied field. School

psychologists are involved in training teachers to dealpsychologists are involved in training teachers to dealbetter with difficulty students, in counseling suchbetter with difficulty students, in counseling such

students and their parents, in administratingstudents and their parents, in administrating

standardized tests and interpreting the results and instandardized tests and interpreting the results and in

assessing students learning difficulties.assessing students learning difficulties.


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INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONALINDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

Industrial psychologists focus on making the workplaceIndustrial psychologists focus on making the workplace

more fulfilling and more productive for both workers andmore fulfilling and more productive for both workers and

their employers. These personnel specialists developtheir employers. These personnel specialists develop

procedures for matching the job to the worker; forprocedures for matching the job to the worker; for

training workers; for evaluating internal organization; fortraining workers; for evaluating internal organization; for

examining issues related to effective supervision ,examining issues related to effective supervision ,

communication and employee morale. The application ofcommunication and employee morale. The application of

psychology to workplace and workpsychology to workplace and work--related problems.related problems.Personnel psychology, another field, is concerned withPersonnel psychology, another field, is concerned with

hiring, assigning and promoting employees.hiring, assigning and promoting employees.


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AND PHYSIOLOGICALAND PHYSIOLOGICAL

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY


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PSYCHOMETRICSPSYCHOMETRICSPsychometricsPsychometrics is the field of study concerned with theis the field of study concerned with the

theory and technique oftheory and technique of educationaleducational andand psychologicalpsychological

measurement,measurement, which includes the measurement ofwhich includes the measurement of

knowledge, abilities, attitudes, andknowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personalitypersonality traits.traits.

The field is primarily concerned with the constructionThe field is primarily concerned with the construction

and validation of measurement instruments, suchand validation of measurement instruments, such asas

questionnaires,questionnaires, tests,tests, and personality assessments.and personality assessments.

Psychometric psychologists design psychological tests byPsychometric psychologists design psychological tests by

identifying the characteristics they want to measure,identifying the characteristics they want to measure,

developing test items and constructing tests considereddeveloping test items and constructing tests considered

to be valid, reliable and standardized. They useto be valid, reliable and standardized. They use

statistical methods to interpret the scores in the tests.statistical methods to interpret the scores in the tests.


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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

SocialSocial psychologists study how our beliefs,psychologists study how our beliefs,feelings, and behaviors are affected by otherfeelings, and behaviors are affected by other

persons.persons. They study the way we affect and areThey study the way we affect and areinfluenced by other people, both in groups andinfluenced by other people, both in groups andin intimate relationships. They have shown thatin intimate relationships. They have shown that

our behavior is not just the result of ourour behavior is not just the result of our

personalities and predispositions butpersonalities and predispositions butenvironmental factors such as the presence ofenvironmental factors such as the presence of

others greatly influence what we think, say andothers greatly influence what we think, say and

do.do.


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PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGYPERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

Personality psychologistsexplore individual differences in

behavior. They measure anddescribe personality through

interviews and designed tests.

They formulate theories aboutpersonality development.


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DEVELOPMENTALDEVELOPMENTAL

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGYDevelopmental psychologists study changes over the lifeDevelopmental psychologists study changes over the lifespan. Some concentrate on particular stages of life such asspan. Some concentrate on particular stages of life such as

infancy or senescence. Others concentrate on specific issuesinfancy or senescence. Others concentrate on specific issues

that persist throughout life such as moral development.that persist throughout life such as moral development.They describe, explain predict and try to modify behaviorThey describe, explain predict and try to modify behavior

from birth through old age.from birth through old age.Developmental psychology includes issues such as theDevelopmental psychology includes issues such as the

extent to which development occurs through the gradualextent to which development occurs through the gradualaccumulation ofaccumulation of knowledge versusknowledge versus stagestage--like development,like development,or the extent to which children are born with innate mentalor the extent to which children are born with innate mental

structures versus learning throughstructures versus learning through experience.experience.


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ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGYENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY

Whilst Engineering is concerned with improvingWhilst Engineering is concerned with improving

equipment from the point of view of mechanical andequipment from the point of view of mechanical and

electrical design and Psychology is concerned with theelectrical design and Psychology is concerned with the

study of the mind andstudy of the mind and behaviourbehaviour, Engineering, EngineeringPsychology is concerned with adapting the equipmentPsychology is concerned with adapting the equipment

and environment to people, based upon theirand environment to people, based upon their

psychological capacities and limitations (Blum, 1952)psychological capacities and limitations (Blum, 1952)

with the objective of improving overall systemwith the objective of improving overall system

performance (involving human and machine elements).performance (involving human and machine elements).

Engineering psychologists make machines meet humanEngineering psychologists make machines meet human

needs. They design, evaluate and adopt equipment soneeds. They design, evaluate and adopt equipment so

that man can use them efficiently and effectively.that man can use them efficiently and effectively.


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ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGYEnvironmentalEnvironmental psychologists focus on the relationshippsychologists focus on the relationship

between people and the physical environment they live in.between people and the physical environment they live in.

As such, they are interested in the effects of the physicalAs such, they are interested in the effects of the physicalenvironment on a person's behavior and mental processes.environment on a person's behavior and mental processes.

For example, they examine how environmental stimuliFor example, they examine how environmental stimuli

such as noise, temperature, and weather affect a person'ssuch as noise, temperature, and weather affect a person's

emotions, cognitive processes, performance, and socialemotions, cognitive processes, performance, and socialinteractions; the effects of the social environment,interactions; the effects of the social environment,

crowding, personal space; and the psychological effects ofcrowding, personal space; and the psychological effects of

environmental disastersenvironmental disasters ..


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FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGYFORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY

Forensic psychologists study of questions and issuesForensic psychologists study of questions and issues

relating to law and the legal system. A forensicrelating to law and the legal system. A forensic

psychologist offers an expert psychological opinion in apsychologist offers an expert psychological opinion in a

way that it impacts one of the adversarial arenas,way that it impacts one of the adversarial arenas,

typically the courts. Forensic psychologists evaluatetypically the courts. Forensic psychologists evaluate

various areas, such as expert testimony, jury selection,various areas, such as expert testimony, jury selection,

child testimony, pretrial publicity, repressed memories,child testimony, pretrial publicity, repressed memories,

the death penalty, battered woman syndrome, domesticthe death penalty, battered woman syndrome, domestic

violence, drug dependence, and sexual disorders.violence, drug dependence, and sexual disorders.

Although many people think of forensic psychologists asAlthough many people think of forensic psychologists as

focusing on criminal matters, this is certainly not alwaysfocusing on criminal matters, this is certainly not always

the case.the case.


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SPORTPSYCHOLOGYSPORTPSYCHOLOGYSports psychologists study the psychological factorsSports psychologists study the psychological factors

associated with participation and performance inassociated with participation and performance in

sport, exercise, and other types of physical activity.sport, exercise, and other types of physical activity.

Sport psychologists focus primarily on two areas.Sport psychologists focus primarily on two areas.

First, they focus on helping athletes use psychologicalFirst, they focus on helping athletes use psychological

principles and skills to achieve optimal mental healthprinciples and skills to achieve optimal mental health

and to improve performance. Second, theyand to improve performance. Second, they

seek further understanding of how an individuals'seek further understanding of how an individuals'

participation in sport, exercise, and physical activityparticipation in sport, exercise, and physical activity

affects their psychological development, health, andaffects their psychological development, health, and

wellwell--beingbeing..


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THANK YOU!!!THANK YOU!!!

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Juben L. Haramel

BSSE M I I

Prof. Gabby Delos Santos


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presentation1-fields of psychology (2007)

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