Fields of PsychologyFields of Psychology• DevelopmentalDevelopmental

• PhysiologicalPhysiological

• ExperimentalExperimental

• PersonalityPersonality

• Clinical and CounselingClinical and Counseling

• SocialSocial

• Industrial and Organizational (I/O)Industrial and Organizational (I/O)

Areas by Research InterestsAreas by Research Interests

DevelopmentalPhysiologicalExperimentalPersonalitySocialCognitivePsychometricOther

Areas by ProfessionAreas by Profession

Clinical

Counseling

Education/SchoolIndustrial/OrganizationalOther

Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology

studies human mental and physical growth studies human mental and physical growth from conception to deathfrom conception to death

• • child psychologistschild psychologists

• • adolescent psychologistsadolescent psychologists

• • life-span psychologistslife-span psychologists

Physiological PsychologyPhysiological Psychology

investigates the biological basis of human investigates the biological basis of human behaviorbehavior

• • neuropsychologistsneuropsychologists

• • psychobiologistspsychobiologists

• • behavioral geneticistsbehavioral geneticists

Experimental Psychology

• learning

• memory

• sensation

• perception

• cognition

• motivation

• emotion

conducts research on basic psychological processes, such as:

Personality PsychologyPersonality Psychology

• Personality psychologists study the Personality psychologists study the differences among individuals.differences among individuals.

Clinical & Counseling PsychologyClinical & Counseling Psychology

• Clinical psychologistsClinical psychologists are interested are interested primarily in the diagnosis, cause, and primarily in the diagnosis, cause, and treatment of psychological disorders.treatment of psychological disorders.

• Counseling psychologistsCounseling psychologists are concerned are concerned primarily with “normal” problems of primarily with “normal” problems of adjustments in life.adjustments in life.

Social PsychologySocial Psychology

• Social psychologists study how people Social psychologists study how people influence one another.influence one another.

Industrial & Organizational Industrial & Organizational PsychologyPsychology

Psychology applied to the workplace. Psychology applied to the workplace.

I/O psychologists are interested in I/O psychologists are interested in

• selecting and training personnel selecting and training personnel

• improving productivity and working improving productivity and working conditionsconditions

• the impact of computerization and the impact of computerization and automation on workersautomation on workers

Enduring Issues in PsychologyEnduring Issues in Psychology

• Person Person —— Situation Situation

• Heredity Heredity ——EnvironmentEnvironment

• Stability Stability —— Change Change

• DiversityDiversity

• Mind Mind —— Body Body

Psychology as SciencePsychology as Science

• scientific methodscientific method

• theorytheory

• hypotheseshypotheses

Scientific MethodScientific Method

• An approach to knowledge that relies on a An approach to knowledge that relies on a systematic method of generating systematic method of generating hypotheses, collecting data, and explaining hypotheses, collecting data, and explaining the data.the data.

TheoryTheory

• The systematic explanation of a The systematic explanation of a phenomenon.phenomenon.

HypothesisHypothesis

• A specific, testable prediction derived from A specific, testable prediction derived from a theory.a theory.

Goals of PsychologyGoals of Psychology

• describe, describe,

• explain, explain,

• predict, predict,

• and control some behaviorsand control some behaviors

Structuralism: Wundt & TitchenerStructuralism: Wundt & Titchener• StructuralismStructuralism was concerned with was concerned with

identifying the units of conscious identifying the units of conscious experience.experience.

• 1879:1879: Wundt founds psychology’s first Wundt founds psychology’s first laboratory at Leipziglaboratory at Leipzig

• Titchener subdivided consciousness into Titchener subdivided consciousness into physical sensations, feelings, and imagesphysical sensations, feelings, and images

Functionalism: William JamesFunctionalism: William James

• FunctionalismFunctionalism was concerned with the was concerned with the ongoing use of conscious experience.ongoing use of conscious experience.

• James argued that consciousness cannot be James argued that consciousness cannot be broken into elements.broken into elements.

• coined the phrase “stream of coined the phrase “stream of consciousness”consciousness”

Psychodynamics: Sigmund FreudPsychodynamics: Sigmund Freud

• Freud focused on the unconscious Freud focused on the unconscious determinants of behavior.determinants of behavior.

• Freud developed a method of therapy called Freud developed a method of therapy called psychoanalysis.psychoanalysis.

Behaviorism: Watson & SkinnerBehaviorism: Watson & Skinner

• BehaviorismBehaviorism is only concerned with is only concerned with behavior that can be observed and behavior that can be observed and measured.measured.

• Watson founded behaviorism.Watson founded behaviorism.

• Skinner focused on the role of Skinner focused on the role of reinforcement.reinforcement.

Gestalt: Wertheimer, Köhler, Gestalt: Wertheimer, Köhler, & Koffka& Koffka

• GestaltGestalt movement was concerned with the movement was concerned with the perception of “good form.”perception of “good form.”

• coined the phrase “the whole is not equal to coined the phrase “the whole is not equal to the sum of its parts”the sum of its parts”

Existential and HumanisticExistential and Humanistic

• ExistentialismExistentialism is concerned with alienation is concerned with alienation and apathy in modern life.and apathy in modern life.

• HumanismHumanism is concerned with helping is concerned with helping people realize their full potential.people realize their full potential.

Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology

• concerned with memory, thinking, concerned with memory, thinking, language, learning, decision makinglanguage, learning, decision making

• expanded the concept of “behavior” to expanded the concept of “behavior” to include thoughts, feelings, and states of include thoughts, feelings, and states of consciousnessconsciousness

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

concerned with concerned with

• the evolutionary origins of behaviors and the evolutionary origins of behaviors and mental process,mental process,

• their adaptive value,their adaptive value,

• and the purposes they continue to serveand the purposes they continue to serve