Chapter 1

8th Grade ScienceIntroduction to Physical Science

What is Physical Science?

• Physical science is the study of ______, ______ and the ______ they undergo.

• _______ - anything that takes up _______ and has _____

• ________ - is the ability to do _____ or cause ________.

• Physical science is divided into two main areas: __________ and __________.

Matter

energy changes

Matter space

mass

Energy work

change

chemistry physica

Chemistry

• Chemistry is the study of the ______________ and how ________

• In chemistry we will learn about :`– _____________________– ___________________________________– ___________________________________

properties of matter

matter changes

Particles that make up matter

Why different forms of matter have different properties

Changes that occur in matter – physical and chemical

Physics

• Physics is the study of _______ and _______ and how they interact.

• in physics we will learn about:– ________– ________– __________________________– ______________– __________________

matter energy

Motion

forces

The relationship between motion and forces

Forms of energy

Laws that govern energy

Scientist Skills

• Scientist s use the skills of ________, _______, and _______ to lean more about the natural world.

• ________ - using one or more senses to gather information.– _________________ - are descriptions that don’t

involve numbers or measurements– _________________ - measurements including

______ and _______ = DATA or EVIDENCE

observing inferring

predicting

observing

Qualitative observations

Quantitative observations

height weight

Inferring / Predicting

• _______ - based on _______ from what you already know.

• ________ - when you explain or interpret your observations

• _______ are not always correct.• _________ - a ________of what will happen in

the future based on past ________ or __________.

• ______ - not based on any data

Inferring reasoning

Inferences

Inferences

Prediction forecastexperience

evidence

Guess

Scientific Inquiry

• ___________ - different ways that scientists use to study the natural world.– Ongoing process of _______ in science– First step in scientific inquiry is ___________!!!!– Other habits of mind include:• _______- reporting observations truthfully• ______________ - accepting new and different ideas• _________ - doubtful about information presented

with out evidence• ________-coming up with new ways to solve problems

Scientific Inquiry

discovery

CURIOUSITY

HonestyOpen-mindedness

skepticism

creativity

Process of Inquiry

• The process that scientists use to solve problems include:– ________________– ________________– _________________– ______________________– _______________– _______________________

Posing a Question

Developing a hypothesis

Designing an experiment

Collecting and interpreting data

Drawing conclusions

Communicating ideas and results

Posing a Question

• Scientific Inquiry cannot answer questions based on _________, _________, or _________!!!!!

• Scientific questions can be answered by ______________, ___________, and __________________– Is running a better sport than swimming?– Does running make your muscles stronger than

swimming? Scientific Inquiry based question!!!– Which brand of running shoes looks best?

opinions values judgments

Making observations Collecting data

Providing supporting evidence

Developing a Hypothesis

• Scientific Inquiry moves forward when ______ can be _________.

• __________ - possible ________ to a scientific question or an __________ for a set of _________.

• Hypothesis is NOT a _____ - one possible way to answer a question

• Hypothesis must be _________ by _________ or ___________!!!!

• Many ________ are needed before a hypothesis can be accepted as true

ideastested

hypothesis answerexplanation

observations

fact

TESTABLE OBSERVATIONEXPERIMENT

trials

Designing an Experiment / Variables

• _______ - factors that can change in an experiment

• In a well designed experiment only ONE variable is PURPOSELY changed!!!!

• ________________ or _______________ - the variable that is CHANGED!!!

• ________________ or _______________ - the variable that is expected to change because of the manipulated variable.

variables

Manipulated Variable Independent Variable

Responding Variable Dependent Variable

Controlled Variables / Experiment

• To be sure that changes in the _____________ are causing the changes in the ______________, scientists ONLY change ONE variable at a time.

• ALL other variables are kept ________ = _______

• _______________ - an experiment in which ALL variables except ONE are kept constant

Manipulated Variable

Responding Variable

Controlled

Constant

Controlled Experiment

Analyze the Data - page 13 (1-5)

Collecting Data

• _______ - the facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations

• _________ - an organized way to collect and record observations

• ___________ = qualitative or quantitative• ________ = qualitative or quantitative• Qualitative data – recorded in a _______ or

_____

data

Data table

observations

data

journal

Log

Quantitative Data / Interpreting data

• Scientists make it easier to _______ quantitative data by using the same system of measurement called the __________________ - meters, grams, liter, celcius

• Skills Handbook – Page 778• After data is collected it must be _________ or

_______ - graphs reveal ______ or _______

share

International System of Units (SI)

interpreted

explained trends patterns

Conclusions / Communicating

• After scientists _________ their data, they draw a _______ about their _______.

• __________ - states whether or not the ______ support the __________

• ____________ - sharing ideas and conclusions with others through _________ or ________

• Others can ______ the experiment to check the ______

interpret

conclusion hypothesis

conclusion

data hypothesis

Communicating

speaking writing

repeat

results

Scientific MethodObjective--purposeHypothesis--educated guess

Test--experimentData--

informationConclusion--answerTheory--general

explanationLaw—proven theory

Scientific Inquiry

Scientific Models / Laws

• ______________ - a picture, diagram, computer image, or other representation of an ________ or _______.

• Scientific models are used when it is impossible to observe certain objects or scientific process due to size and/or distance

• ___________ - statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of ________ - “A RULE OF NATURE”

Scientific model

objectprocess

Scientific laws

conditions

Laws versus Theories

• ______ - has been verified over and over again– _________ pattern in nature without trying to

_________ it.___________ - a well tested ___________ for a

wide range of ___________ or _______________.__________ - only when there is a large body of

evidence to support it_______________ - future evidence does not

support it

laws

observed

explain

Scientific Theory explanationobservations Experimental results

accepted

Modified or discarded

Law of Gravity vs. Atomic Theory

Science Lab Safety

• Lab Safety Contract

Technology vs. Science

• __________ - a way of _______ the natural world to meet human needs to solve a problem.

• _________ - study of the natural world in order to ________ it.

• __________ - someone who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve a practical problems.

technology

science

understand

changing

Engineer

Technology Design Process

• Engineers follow a _______________ - a set of steps – to solve a problem.– ___________-clearly define problem– _______________ - gather information – ____________ - best design meets the needs with

fewest negative characteristics– ____________________ - working model – ___________________ - analyze a design– __________________ - share accomplishments

Technology Design Process

Identify a need

Research the problem

Design a solution

Build and evaluate a prototype

Trouble shoot and redesign

Communicate the solution

Technology Design Process Vocab.

• ____________ - process in which a group of members freely suggest any creative solutions that come to mind

• _________ - a factor that limits or restricts a design

• ________ - exchange in which one benefit is given up in order to obtain another.

• ________ - a working model used to test a design

Brainstorming

Constraint

Trade-off

Prototype

Technology Systems – page 26

• _________ - made of parts that work together• Technological systems include:– ______ - purpose– ________ - something that is put into the system to

achieve the goal– ________ - a sequence of actions that the system

undergoes– ________ - result or product– ________ - information a system uses to monitor the

input, process, and output so that the system can adjust itself to meet the goal

Systems

goalinput

Process

outputfeedback

Technology and Society

• Evaluate one technological advance from the Stone Age through today. Include both positive and negative effects of the advance. Analyze risk versus benefits.

• One page essay – Four paragraphs– 1 – introduction– 2 – Positive effects / benefits to society– 3 – Negative effects / risks to society– 4 – Conclusion –Are we better off?