Chapter 1
8th Grade ScienceIntroduction to Physical Science
What is Physical Science?
• Physical science is the study of ______, ______ and the ______ they undergo.
• _______ - anything that takes up _______ and has _____
• ________ - is the ability to do _____ or cause ________.
• Physical science is divided into two main areas: __________ and __________.
Matter
energy changes
Matter space
mass
Energy work
change
chemistry physica
Chemistry
• Chemistry is the study of the ______________ and how ________
• In chemistry we will learn about :`– _____________________– ___________________________________– ___________________________________
properties of matter
matter changes
Particles that make up matter
Why different forms of matter have different properties
Changes that occur in matter – physical and chemical
Physics
• Physics is the study of _______ and _______ and how they interact.
• in physics we will learn about:– ________– ________– __________________________– ______________– __________________
matter energy
Motion
forces
The relationship between motion and forces
Forms of energy
Laws that govern energy
Scientist Skills
• Scientist s use the skills of ________, _______, and _______ to lean more about the natural world.
• ________ - using one or more senses to gather information.– _________________ - are descriptions that don’t
involve numbers or measurements– _________________ - measurements including
______ and _______ = DATA or EVIDENCE
observing inferring
predicting
observing
Qualitative observations
Quantitative observations
height weight
Inferring / Predicting
• _______ - based on _______ from what you already know.
• ________ - when you explain or interpret your observations
• _______ are not always correct.• _________ - a ________of what will happen in
the future based on past ________ or __________.
• ______ - not based on any data
Inferring reasoning
Inferences
Inferences
Prediction forecastexperience
evidence
Guess
Scientific Inquiry
• ___________ - different ways that scientists use to study the natural world.– Ongoing process of _______ in science– First step in scientific inquiry is ___________!!!!– Other habits of mind include:• _______- reporting observations truthfully• ______________ - accepting new and different ideas• _________ - doubtful about information presented
with out evidence• ________-coming up with new ways to solve problems
Scientific Inquiry
discovery
CURIOUSITY
HonestyOpen-mindedness
skepticism
creativity
Process of Inquiry
• The process that scientists use to solve problems include:– ________________– ________________– _________________– ______________________– _______________– _______________________
Posing a Question
Developing a hypothesis
Designing an experiment
Collecting and interpreting data
Drawing conclusions
Communicating ideas and results
Posing a Question
• Scientific Inquiry cannot answer questions based on _________, _________, or _________!!!!!
• Scientific questions can be answered by ______________, ___________, and __________________– Is running a better sport than swimming?– Does running make your muscles stronger than
swimming? Scientific Inquiry based question!!!– Which brand of running shoes looks best?
opinions values judgments
Making observations Collecting data
Providing supporting evidence
Developing a Hypothesis
• Scientific Inquiry moves forward when ______ can be _________.
• __________ - possible ________ to a scientific question or an __________ for a set of _________.
• Hypothesis is NOT a _____ - one possible way to answer a question
• Hypothesis must be _________ by _________ or ___________!!!!
• Many ________ are needed before a hypothesis can be accepted as true
ideastested
hypothesis answerexplanation
observations
fact
TESTABLE OBSERVATIONEXPERIMENT
trials
Designing an Experiment / Variables
• _______ - factors that can change in an experiment
• In a well designed experiment only ONE variable is PURPOSELY changed!!!!
• ________________ or _______________ - the variable that is CHANGED!!!
• ________________ or _______________ - the variable that is expected to change because of the manipulated variable.
variables
Manipulated Variable Independent Variable
Responding Variable Dependent Variable
Controlled Variables / Experiment
• To be sure that changes in the _____________ are causing the changes in the ______________, scientists ONLY change ONE variable at a time.
• ALL other variables are kept ________ = _______
• _______________ - an experiment in which ALL variables except ONE are kept constant
Manipulated Variable
Responding Variable
Controlled
Constant
Controlled Experiment
Analyze the Data - page 13 (1-5)
Collecting Data
• _______ - the facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations
• _________ - an organized way to collect and record observations
• ___________ = qualitative or quantitative• ________ = qualitative or quantitative• Qualitative data – recorded in a _______ or
_____
data
Data table
observations
data
journal
Log
Quantitative Data / Interpreting data
• Scientists make it easier to _______ quantitative data by using the same system of measurement called the __________________ - meters, grams, liter, celcius
• Skills Handbook – Page 778• After data is collected it must be _________ or
_______ - graphs reveal ______ or _______
share
International System of Units (SI)
interpreted
explained trends patterns
Conclusions / Communicating
• After scientists _________ their data, they draw a _______ about their _______.
• __________ - states whether or not the ______ support the __________
• ____________ - sharing ideas and conclusions with others through _________ or ________
• Others can ______ the experiment to check the ______
interpret
conclusion hypothesis
conclusion
data hypothesis
Communicating
speaking writing
repeat
results
Scientific MethodObjective--purposeHypothesis--educated guess
Test--experimentData--
informationConclusion--answerTheory--general
explanationLaw—proven theory
Scientific Inquiry
Scientific Models / Laws
• ______________ - a picture, diagram, computer image, or other representation of an ________ or _______.
• Scientific models are used when it is impossible to observe certain objects or scientific process due to size and/or distance
• ___________ - statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of ________ - “A RULE OF NATURE”
Scientific model
objectprocess
Scientific laws
conditions
Laws versus Theories
• ______ - has been verified over and over again– _________ pattern in nature without trying to
_________ it.___________ - a well tested ___________ for a
wide range of ___________ or _______________.__________ - only when there is a large body of
evidence to support it_______________ - future evidence does not
support it
laws
observed
explain
Scientific Theory explanationobservations Experimental results
accepted
Modified or discarded
Law of Gravity vs. Atomic Theory
Science Lab Safety
• Lab Safety Contract
Technology vs. Science
• __________ - a way of _______ the natural world to meet human needs to solve a problem.
• _________ - study of the natural world in order to ________ it.
• __________ - someone who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve a practical problems.
technology
science
understand
changing
Engineer
Technology Design Process
• Engineers follow a _______________ - a set of steps – to solve a problem.– ___________-clearly define problem– _______________ - gather information – ____________ - best design meets the needs with
fewest negative characteristics– ____________________ - working model – ___________________ - analyze a design– __________________ - share accomplishments
Technology Design Process
Identify a need
Research the problem
Design a solution
Build and evaluate a prototype
Trouble shoot and redesign
Communicate the solution
Technology Design Process Vocab.
• ____________ - process in which a group of members freely suggest any creative solutions that come to mind
• _________ - a factor that limits or restricts a design
• ________ - exchange in which one benefit is given up in order to obtain another.
• ________ - a working model used to test a design
Brainstorming
Constraint
Trade-off
Prototype
Technology Systems – page 26
• _________ - made of parts that work together• Technological systems include:– ______ - purpose– ________ - something that is put into the system to
achieve the goal– ________ - a sequence of actions that the system
undergoes– ________ - result or product– ________ - information a system uses to monitor the
input, process, and output so that the system can adjust itself to meet the goal
Systems
goalinput
Process
outputfeedback
Technology and Society
• Evaluate one technological advance from the Stone Age through today. Include both positive and negative effects of the advance. Analyze risk versus benefits.
• One page essay – Four paragraphs– 1 – introduction– 2 – Positive effects / benefits to society– 3 – Negative effects / risks to society– 4 – Conclusion –Are we better off?