changing course in urban transport

05.10.15 Seite 1

� Manfred Breithaupt �

Changing Course in Urban Transport

FOR CHANGEAN URGENT NEED

The adverse impacts of growth in motorization - in economic, environmental and social terms - are ruining the quality of life in

our cities and our global climate.

“We and our children deserve a higher

quality place to live”

…Even crossing a road can be

dangerous in the current traffic

dominated environment.

TRANSPORT DILEMMATHE URBAN

The basic problems of traffic growth are…

Energy Consumption

CO2 Emissions & Local Air Pollution

Safety Impacts

Social Exclusion

Congestion

Energy Consumption

CO2 Emissions & Local Air Pollution

Imaginechina, 2009

Safety Impacts

Worldwide, 1.3 Million road deaths and up to 50 Million people injured per year

Congestion

Social Exclusion

Carlos Pardo, 2005

Challenges in developing cities

10-25% of urban areas are taken by road transportation infrastructure -A lot of space for cars but…

…where is the space for people? the silent pedestrian, the invisible cyclist must be seen

Over time, achieving greater sustainability in transport means...

... investing in schemes and

initiatives that improve

accessibility and developing more

effective transit cities.

Humans love to move, travel, discover…by different ways and modes…

Failures in Urban and Transport Planning

Trends in cities§ Rapidly increasing car ownership

and use§ Declining mode share of public

transport, walking, and cycling§ Declining city centres; rapid

decentralisation into car-oriented suburban sprawl

Focus was given to road design:

§ More infrastructure for cars§ More space for motorized

vehicles, which let to less density and often to sprawl

§ Unsustainable focus

Ø Greater demand for space

Ø Greater demand for travel

Ø Living areas often far away from commercial activities

Ø Greater impact on traffic

Ø Greater impact on health and environment

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITYOPTIONS FOR

AVOID Reducing the need to travel

SHIFT Changing mode choice

IMPROVEIncreasing the energy efficiency of vehicles, fuels and transport

operations

Carlos Pardo, 2008

How to tackle the problem with urban transport?

Reduced Carbon Emissions

Capacity Building

IMPROVE

Improve the energy efficiency of transport modes and

vehicle technology

• Low-friction lubricants• Optimal tire pressure• Low Rolling Resistance Tires• Speed limits, Eco-Driving

(Raising Awareness)• Shift to alternative fuels• …

SHIFT

Shift to more environmentallyfriendly modes

• Mode shift to Non-Motorized Transport

• Mode shift to Public Transport

• Public Transp. Integration• Transport Demand

Management (TDM)

REDUCE/AVOID

• Integration of transport and land-use planning

• Smart logistics concepts• …

Reduce or avoid travel or the need to travel

Traditional focus was given to road design: More infrastructure for cars, more space for motorized vehicles, unsustainable focus: Question is, how to use limited road space best

Tackling the Problem

Why starting with Liveability?• A liveable city is a city that provides a high quality of life for its

citizens

• This requires:

• Economic strength

• Social balance

• Ecological viability• All these elements are interdependent

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Other factors:

• Safety/Crime

• Schools and education

• Recreation

• Political stability

• Availability of goods/services

• Economic/Business conditions

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What influences Liveability?

Direct transport related factors:§ Infrastructure§ Accessibility§ Quality of architecture § Urban design§ Public Transportation§ Public places§ ...etc.

§ Liveable Cities & Urban Life

• Vienna, Austria (1st)• Zurich, Switzerland (2nd)• Auckland, New Zealand

(3rd )• Munich, Germany (4th)• Vancouver, Canada (5th)

§ Düsseldorf, Germany (6th)§ Frankfurt, Germany (7th)§ Geneva, Switzerland (8th) § Copenhagen, Denmark (9th) § Bern, Switzerland (10th)

Mercer Quality of Living Survey 2014 – Top 10 (worldwide):

Source: VBZ Zurich, 2009, http://vbz.ch.

Rankings of Quality of Living

Livable Cities & Urban Life

��190001500-2000

Mixed Traffic

��40000 –60000

Heavy Rail/ Metro

��

��

��

��

��

60000 –90000

SuburbanRail(e.g. Mumbai)

��

14000

��

Cyclists

��

9000

BRT single lane Pedestrians

5000

��

Regular Bus

??

BRTdouble lane

��

Light Rail

��

18000 –20000

(people per hour on 3.5 m wide lane in the city – PPHPD [PAX/hour/direction])Source: Botma & Papendrecht, TU Delft 1991 and own figures

PPHPD Range (à)

80000, HKK

Maximum PPHPD

achieved& where (à)

Why public transport priority? Corridor Capacity

Share (%) of publictransport, walking

and cycling

CO2 emissions (kg per capita per year)

Houston 5% 5690 kg

Montreal 26% 1930 kg

Madrid 49% 1050 kg

London 50% 1050 kg

Paris 54% 950 kg

Berlin 61% 774 kg

Tokyo 68% 818 kg

Hongkong 89% 378 kg

CO2 emissions from passenger transport vs. modal split: Selected cities, different densities, different lifestyles

AdoptSustainable Transportation Policy and strategies

The push and pull approach

Design and implementation of land use plans

• Curitiba’s solution: Land use and transport plans as part of a Transit-Oriented Development plan

The case of Curitiba: land use and transport

The principles of the sustainable approach

High density, compact

developmentMixed land

usesTransit

oriented development

Pedestrian / NMT scale

New York’s Sustainable Streets

Strategic Goals

o Cut annual traffic fatalities by 50% (from 2007 level)o Implement system of rapid bus lineso Double bicycle commuting from 2007 to 2012o Institute complete-street design policyo Institute programs to treat streets as public spaceo Reduce agency energy and vehicle use

Examples: Seoul

Improving the level of service for citizens through changes of infrastructure

Before After

§ International Experiences

Examples: Seoul

Demolishing an urban highway created public space and valuable redevelopment opportunities

Improved public space leads to increased quality of life

§ International Experiences

Lyon’s waterfront with bike share

Will our children find our cities as entertaining as playing a video game?

TRANSPORTDEMAND MANAGEMENT

PUBLICTRANSIT

BRT can be very productive

Guangzhou, China 35,800 pax/day/km

BRT Guangzhou (Winner of 2011 STA Award)

• 22.5 km of dedicated bus way

• Over 800,000 passengers per day on a single corridor

• 27,400 passengers per peak hour per direction


Previous Situation

Current Situation


Carlos Pardo, 2008

Carlos Pardo, 2008

A city that is good for children, the elderly, the handicapped, the poor, is good for everybody else.

- Enrique Peñalosa

Carlos Pardo, 2007

Julian Cram, Jon Bewley, Sustrans 2008

Transmilenio, 2001

NON-MOTORIZEDTRANSPORT

Manfred Breithaupt, 2006

Judiza Zahir, 2008

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Walking areas, proper sidewalks, cycling network, and car-restricted zones

§ More safety for citizens§ More pedestrian space§ More traffic calming

measures§ Preserve architectural

heritage and aesthetic value

Promoting Public Space

Promoting cycling: Amsterdam

Promoting NMT

“In terms of infrastructure, what differentiates advanced cities are not highways or subways but quality sidewalks and cycleways”

Enrique Penalosa, former Mayor of Bogota, Colombia

Street design: Example from Rotterdam

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Muenster, Germany- the German cycling City

Main Components of Sustainable Transport

• Public Transport with priority over all other modes on the road

• Non-motorisedtransport

• Creating/conserving public space

• PT Integration• TDM measures

Do you see these factors here?

Non-EuropeanCities:ü Bogotá

ü Curitiba

üSingapore

üTokyo

Europe:ü Zurich

ü Vienna

ü Berlin

üAmsterdam

ü Groningen

ü Copenhagen

ü Freiburg

üMuenster

International Experiences reg livable Cities

All of these successes featured an integrated and packaged approach:

1. High-quality public transport2. Improved conditions for walking and bicycling3. Effective integration of modes4. Supportive land-use policies5. Car-restriction measures

• Integrated Transport Policy: PT, NMT and IMT

• Modal Share of PT 36%

• More than 2/3 of journeys are done by PT and NMT

• Vienna top ranked in quality of living surveys conducted by the British consultancy firm Mercer during years 2009 to 2012

Examples: Vienna (#1 Quality of living Index)Public Transport and NMT(PT and NMT not for poorer cities, but smart solutions, promoting growth and attractive-ness. Proven to be a success factor for highincome and successful cities)

Relationship between GDP per Capita and Individual Motorized Modal ShareRelationship between GDP per Capita and Individual Motorized Modal Share

The transport paradox“Transport is unique as the only development sector that worsens as incomes rise. While sanitation, health, education and employment tend to improve through economic development, traffic congestion tends to worsen.”

…but still: Decoupling of economic growth and individual motorized transport is achievable!

Leadership

World’s best systems were developed with high levels of political support

With strong political will, anything is possible

Enrique PeñalosaFormer mayor of BogotaLee Myung-bak

Mayor of Seoul

Perspective

A real test for the success of interventions can be seen in how attractive the city is for children.

We can certainly learn much from the

development of sustainable mobility

worldwide.

Changing course can mean that strategic

societal objectives are achieved, consistent with

individual preferences and city quality of life

goals.

§ Active since 2002§ GIZ SUTP Publications§ Multimedia (gallery, videos)§ 35,000 visitors (per month)§ Approx. 20,000 downloads

(per month)

www.sutp.org

SUTP Website (Engl.,CN, Span.)

Training course manuals

• Bus Rapid Transit• Public Awareness and Behavioural

Change• Non-motorised Transport• Cycling-inclusive Policy

Development: A Handbook • Travel Demand Management• Mass Transport Options• Bus Regulation and Planning• Financing Urban Transport

WWW.capsut.org

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Our publications

• Co-founder and Partner of „Bridging theGap Initiative“ (www.transport2020.org)

• Partner and Co-founder of „Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport” (http://www.slocat.net/ )

• Numerous international partners• Close cooperation with specialised

German and European consultants

Our Partners and Networks

GIZ SUTP project

[email protected]

[email protected]

Write to us for any assistance on making Sustainable Urban Transport a reality in your city

changing course in urban transport

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