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Kimberlyn Wayland
Instructor: Malcolm Campbell
English 1102
11/30/13
Size 00 and Photoshopped Images: Why Ad Companies Want Women To
Shrink Until They Disappear
About a week ago, I was browsing through the mall and stumbled across a store with
something quite different that I hadnt really seen before. The mannequins looked proportionate
to the average woman, and their bodies actually looked like human bodies. Wow, our culture is
really taking a step in the right direction regarding positive body image in the media, I thought
to myself. Until I glanced above and realized the store sign said Womens Plus Sizes. The
mannequins in the store window looked like healthy, average weight bodies to me. Thats a
shame. Its too bad to think that we as a culture are making women think that their bodies are
overweight because they are healthy and are more than just skin and bones. After seeing that
particular store window, I decided to go on a search, scavenger hunt if you will, to see if I could
find any sort of positive means of advertising throughout the mall. Unfortunately, in most
womens clothing stores and department stores, all photos and ads typically showed an overly
thin and photoshopped woman and the mannequins were so frail-looking and emaciated that they
began to not even look human. And nearly all of them had the garments they were wearing
clipped in the back so that they would fit the mannequins. What kind of example are we showing
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to female consumers, and why do we think making them think negatively about their own bodies
is the best advertising method?
Toxic Advertising Culture
Advertising companies feed on making consumers feel negatively about themselves but
at the same time, they show us their products that are promised to fix all of the flaws that they
have just told us we possess. It is a corrupt and toxic culture in which we live, and although we
may not think advertising greatly affects us, it does much more so than we know. In regards to
what advertising says about the female body, feminist
author, speaker, and filmmaker Jean Kilbourne states in
her filmKilling Us Softly 4 that "Ads sell more than
products...To a great extent they tell us who we are and
who we should be. Well what does advertising tell us
about women? It tells us, as it always has, thats whats
most important is how we look. So the first thing the
advertisers do is surround us with images of ideal female
beauty. Women learn from a very early age that we must
spend enormous amounts of time, energy and above all
money, striving to achieve this look and feeling ashamed and
guilty when we fail. Failure is inevitable because the ideal is based on absolute
flawlessness" (Kilbourne). The ideal body type we are so accustomed to in American culture is
typically tall, slender, white, with long, luxurious hair. For example, in this Nine West ad we see
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the perfect example of this type of ideal American Beauty. We are immersed in imagery that
depicts the "perfect" idea of American beauty, when more often than not, it's a form of hyper-
reality because the photos have been edited, retouched, and retouched again. Body Image
depicted in advertising is almost always unreal, yet many viewers don't realize this, because we
are taught to think that this unachievable look is what is expected of us.
Rewarding the Small in the Fashion Industry
The reason for negative body image in advertising may be perhaps because we think the
best way to sell a product is to glamorize the outcome and make consumers think all their wildest
dreams will come true and that they will achieve impossible perfection if they buy a certain
product. Wrong. Reality is rarely shown in the media in regards to body image. Many dont
realize just how much editing goes into the final image that many people, just like myself see,
when theyre walking through the mall, for
example. The majority of the time, the
models body is edited to make it fit the more
ideal body shape; even in this photo of a
plus-sized model, the editor felt a need to
modify her body a great deal. By seeing
images like this where the plus-sized woman
is made to appear much smaller than she actually is, the
expectations thrown upon us by the media are that females should be small, even if they are full-
figured, and even smaller if they are of average size. What we are being fed is unhealthy and
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toxic and does little to no good, as well as causing damage to self esteem. There is also a very
narrow range of what is considered the ideal beauty in our culture. American fashion model
Cameron Russell stated in her TEDTalk For the past few centuries, we have defined beauty not
just as health and youth, and symmetry that we are biologically programmed to admire, but also
as tall, slender figures and femininity. And white skin. And this is a legacy that was built for me
and a legacy that Ive been cashing out on. And I know there are some who are skeptical of what
Ive said at this point. Unfortunately I have to inform you that in 2007 a very inspired NYU Phd
student counted all the models on the runway, every single one that was hired, and of the 677
models that were hired, only 27 or less than 4 percent were nonwhite (Russell). Not only does
race play a big part in how body image is represented in the media, but weight does as well.
Mike Jeffries, the CEO of Abercrombie & Fitch says he doesnt want larger people shopping in
his store, he only wants thin and beautiful people. He was quoted saying that he doesnt want
his core customers to see people who arent as hot as them wearing his clothing because people
who wear his clothing should feel like one of the cool people writes Robin Lewis, co-author
of The New Rules of Retail (Lewis). Therefore, Abercrombie & Fitch doesnt sell pants above a
size ten and shirts above a size large because its bad for their image to have larger sizes.
Certain companies and stores are blatantly saying that they only want a specific target market
that falls under the ideal beauty category for our culture, and thats highly upsetting and quite
frankly, discomforting.
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Dismemberment Advertising
Not only are we made to think that our bodies arent the
right size, but that we as females are objects used to sell products
in a variety of ways. One way is to include making the female
body look like a product (for example, a beer bottle) like this
advertisement for Michelob Beer, or literally morphing our
bodies into a certain product. Another way that is quite
disturbing is only using part of
the body in an advertisement,
therefore dehumanizing the body and only emphasizing parts of
the female body like the breasts, legs, or butt, such as in this
Mercedes Benz Advertisement. This is called Dismemberment
Advertising and makes women think of themselves as
individual parts, rather than a whole person and if one part is
flawed or not as satisfactory as other parts, then her view on her
own personal attractiveness is often destroyed. Yet another type
of female objectification in Advertising is the blending of
different acceptable features from different models being
blended together to make a perfect or ideal woman who doesnt actually exist. Advertising
companies are creating unattainable goals that we strive to be like and often at deadly costs.
Even famous celebrities who seem perfect are often overdone in photo shoots and dont truly
look how they appear in advertisements. But, viewers dont often realize this because Photoshop
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makes these changes virtually impossible to notice unless you were to see the original photo. For
example, in this Rolling Stone
cover featuring singer Katy Perry
where the editor decided her
breasts just werent quite perky
enough, and her thighs and arms
were just a tad bit too big, oh and
dont forget, those lines on her
stomach were just not acceptable
for the public to see (Duca).
Some changes are just completely
unnecessary and when images like this get out to the public, most women who see this begin to
dislike their own bodies because they may not have a perfect body like the media makes us
believe celebrities have. Perhaps, if these flaws were kept in the photo, we would be able to
relate more to celebrities we look up to and have a higher overall sense of worth. American
clinical psychologist and author ofRevivingOphelia, Mary Pipher, ( a novel about the societal
pressures put on young girls) states Girls developed eating disorders when our culture
developed a standard of beauty that they couldn't obtain by being healthy. When unnatural
thinness became attractive, girls did unnatural things to be thin (Pipher). The body type we are
shown in advertising is one that is unachievable to most girls and if it is achievable can only be
done through harmful avenues such as starvation or overexercising.
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Skeptical Ad Campaigns
There is clearly an unequal representation of different body types and appearances in the
media. Although some have tried to create a positive outlook and promote positive change in self
love and body image, like the Dove Campaign, for example, there is still a lot going on behind
closed doors that we dont see. Many have seen the Dove Campaign For Real Beauty
commercials encouraging women to love their bodies no matter what size they are. The Dove
Company states regarding their campaign that: The campaign started a global conversation
about the need for a wider definition of beauty after the study proved the hypothesis that the
definition of beauty had become limiting and unattainable. Dove has employed various
communications vehicles to challenge beauty stereotypes and invite women to join a discussion
about beauty. However, did you know that this company is owned by the same company that
creates the advertisements sexualizing women in order to sell mens fragrance sprays and soaps?
This debate on who is really for the bettering of the nations body image arises when the very
company who markets themselves to women as being a body positive company, Dove, is also
owned by the same company who has extremely sexist ads geared towards men, this brand being
Axe Body Spray and the company being Unilever. They defend themselves by saying that their
advertising efforts are tailored to reflect the unique interests and needs of the audience. I found
this information on usnews.comin an article written by Danielle Kurtzleben who is a business
and economics reporter for US News and World Report(Kurtzleben).
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The Positive Movements
On the opposite end of the spectrum, there are certain individuals in the media
aiming to end the negative voice of the media regarding body image. One great example is when
Jessica Simpson did a photo shoot for the magazine Marie Claire
and asked them to not put any makeup on her and not to retouch
the photos at all. The message created by this brave act is that she
is showing viewers that she is a real person and not a perfect
charicature of what the media expects her to be. And guess what?
She is still beautiful, what a shock! What is so remarkable about
this particularly, is
that having photos
completely
untouched featuring
a celebrity with no
makeup is rarely seen in any magazine. Its
refreshing and definitely a step in the right
direction. Not only did Jessica Simpson participate
in this photo shoot, but she has also teamed up
with a organization called Operation Smile to
create her own campaign calledA Beautiful Mewhich aims to help teens embrace their inner
beauty (DoSomething). Another positive body image movement on a smaller and not-so-famous
scale is a tumblr-wide project called Stop Hating Your Body. On this blog, individuals can submit
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anonymous stories of how they came to peace with loving their own bodies and their own
personal struggles/successes regarding body image (Laney). Movements like this have great
impact because they connect us all by allowing us to connect to one another, and by seeing
others both speak out about their insecurities and what they love and embrace about their bodies,
we are able to maybe accept and love our own a bit more.
Conclusion
We become confused as a culture when we are constantly being fed advertisements and
images in the media that tell us that we can only look a certain way in order to be considered
beautiful or worthwhile. "The average American is exposed to about 3,000 advertising messages
a day." (Publicity.com) Its overwhelming the amount of media we are faced with each and every
day. A majority of these advertising messages deal with body image and what we should strive to
be like and many times, this is something that is unattainable. Unrealistic social norms are then
created by over-saturation of false ads and images. I think we need to focus on educating the
consumer rather than the advertising companies, because we can change how we view the
falsehoods made by these companies, but it would be very challenging to change how they
market to us because, unfortunately, their methods sell and they dont want to quit. We must
educate ourselves and others on how to unveil the fact that these images are not reality and the
opinions of those in the media have no affect on our own personal self-worth because what they
have deemed the cultural high expectation is NOT the only form of beauty and its definitely
not the most valid either. We can boycott certain companies that have negative body image
throughout their ad campaigns and even spread positivity through different campaigns like the
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tumblr-wide project Stop Hating Your Body. We need to become media literate, meaning that
we need to gain the ability to know that the images we see in advertising are not real by any
means, nor are they something we should strive to be like.
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Works Cited
Duca , Lauren. "The 9 Most Unnecessary Instances of Celebrity Photoshop." Huffington
Post. (2013): n. page. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
Laney, Annie. "Stop Hating Your Body." Stop Hating Your Body. N.p., 2013. Web. 4 Dec.
2013.
Lewis , Robin. "A&F: Exclusive or Exclusionary?."Huffington Post. (2013): n. page.
Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Lewis, Robin. "A&F: Exclusive or Exclusionary?." Huffington Post. n. page.
Print.
Kilbourne, Jean , dir. Killing Us Softly 4. Media Education Foundation, 2010. Film. 16
Oct 2013.
Kurtzleben, Danielle. "Unilever Faces Criticism For Real Beauty Ad Campaign."
usnews.com. US News, 07 26 2013. Web. 23 Oct 2013.
Lucas, Scott A., Ph.D. The Gender Ad Project South Lake Tahoe, California, 2002.
Web Images. 30 Oct. 2013.
Pipher, Mary, dir. Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls. Media
Education Foundation, 1998. Film. 23 Oct 2013.
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Russell, Cameron, dir. Cameron Rusell: Looks aren't everything. Believe me, I'm a
model. . TedTalks, 2012. Film. 16 Oct 2013.
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