ch7_plate_tectonics_students
DESCRIPTION
Power point packet notes for studentsTRANSCRIPT
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CH. 8 – PLATE TECTONICS
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Continental Drift
1915:
Alfred Wegener
- hypothesized the supercontinent Pangaea (“all land”)
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Plate Tectonics
WWII New technology = echosounder-used to map ocean floor
topography
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Sea-floor spreading
a) Ocean crust splits apart at mid-ocean ridges (MOR)
- pushes continents away from each other
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Sea-floor spreading
b) Ocean crust pulled down into mantle at deep-sea trenches
New idea: ocean crust is moving!
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Evidence for sea-floor spreading (late 1960’s - 1970’s)
1) Deep-sea Drilling Projects
Glomar Challenger
Discovered:
a) Ocean crust is __________
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Deep-sea drilling projects
b) Sediment thickness varies:
- thicker further away from MOR
c) Sediment age:
- increases with distance from MOR
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2) Submersible Expeditions
1974 FAMOUS expedition
(French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study)
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Submersible Expeditions
Evidence for mafic eruptions: - hydrothermal vents (~350o C)- pillow lavas
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Problem:
How does crust move over solid rock of mantle?
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3) Clues: seismic waves
Lithosphere – rigid rx of crust and uppermost mantle
Asthenosphere – weaker rocks (partially molten) in upper mantle
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Plate Tectonics Theory
Plate – rigid slab of lithosphere
7 major plates on Earth
Each plate moves independently
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Same plate
Locations do not change position relative to one another
Ex: NYC & Peoria always same distance apart
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Different plates
Locations do change position relative to one another
Ex: NYC & London getting further apart
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Plate Boundaries
Identified by geologic activity:1) Earthquakes2) Volcanism
- mid-ocean ridges - circum-Pacific belt
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EQ Foci
Volcanic Activity
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Plate Boundaries
3) Mountain Ranges- indicates plate collisions
4) Deep-Sea TrenchesSubduction = one plate “dives”
beneath another
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Subduction
Marked by Benioff Zone
- line of shallow- to deep-focus EQ’s along a deep-sea trench
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Deep-Sea Trenches
NOTE: Most trenches located in Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean is predominately a spreading center
Plates converge on Pacific Ocean side
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Types of Plate Boundaries
1) Divergent – plates pull away from each other
Characteristics:a) shallow-focus EQ’sb) mafic magmac) rift valleys
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
b) mid-ocean ridges
Ex: Iceland
b) continental rift valleys
Ex: East African Rift Valley
Red Sea
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Types of Plate Boundaries
2) Convergent – plates collide
3 subtypes:
a) Ocean-Continental
- ocean plate subducted beneath continental plate
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Ocean-Continent Convergent
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Ocean-Continental Convergent
Characteristics:
Deep-sea trenches parallel continent
Benioff Zone
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Ocean-Continental Convergent
Volcanic arcs on continental margin - source of magma is melting plate- composite cones
Ex: Andes Mtns., S. America Peru-Chile Trench
Cascade Mtns., N. America
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Types of Convergent Boundaries
b) Ocean-ocean
Denser ocean plate is subducted
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Ocean-Ocean Convergent
Characteristics:
Deep-sea trench
Benioff Zone
Volcanic island arcs (composite cones)
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Ocean-Ocean Convergent
Ex: Japanese Islands
Aleutian Islands
Caribbean Islands
Indonesia
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Types of Convergent Boundaries
c) Continent to Continent
Characteristics:
Shallow-focus EQ’s only
No volcanism
Complex folded mountains
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Continent-Continent Convergent
Ex: Himalayan Mtns. (active)
Appalachian Mtns. (inactive)
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Types of Plate Boundaries
3) Transform- plates slide laterally
Characteristics:- shallow-focus EQ’s only- crust neither created nor
destroyed
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Transform Boundary
Ex: San Andreas Fault
North American Plate meets Pacific Plate
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Hot Spot Volcanism (handout)
Associated with intraplate volcanism
Hot spots are stationary w/in mantle (“mantle plume”)
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Exam 3
EQ & Plate Tectonic Study Guide
Map on back of PT Study Guide
Know: plate boundaries
characteristics
locations