cells. 2 discovery of cells cells were discovered in 1665 by robert hooke. early studies of cells...
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Cells
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Discovery of CellsCells were discovered in 1665 by
Robert Hooke.
Early studies of cells were conducted by- Mathias Schleiden (1838)- Theodor Schwann (1839)
Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory.
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Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells.
2. Cells are basic units of structure and function.
3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
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Cell size is limited.-As cell size increases, it takes longer for material to diffuse from the cell membrane to the interior of the cell.
Surface area-to-volume ratio: as a cell increases in size, the volume increases 10x faster than the surface area
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Microscopes are required to visualize cells.
Light microscopes can resolve structures that are 200nm apart.
Electron microscopes can resolve structures that are 0.2nm apart.
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3 Main Parts of All Cells
All cells have certain structures in common.
1. genetic material – in a nucleoid or nucleus
2. cytoplasm – a semi fluid matrix3. plasma membrane – a
phospholipid bilayer
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Prokaryotic Cells
Pro = before Karyote = nucleus
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus.-genetic material is present in the nucleoid
Example – types of bacteria
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells possess-cell walls
-genetic material in the nucleoid- cytoplasm-plasma membrane-ribosomes-no membrane-bound organelles
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
Flagella-present in some prokaryotic cells-used for locomotion-rotary motion propels the cell
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Eukaryotic CellsEu = true Karyote = nucleus
Eukaryotic cells-possess a membrane-bound nucleus-are more complex than prokaryotic cells-compartmentalize many cellular functions within organelles -possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus-stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes-surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers-in chromosomes – DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin
- Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
• Add to Notes:• Plasma (cell) membrane – controls what
enters and leaves the cell. Is made up of a lipid bilayer (two layers of lipids and proteins).(Semi-permeable)
• Vesicle - organelles that separate and transport material within a cell. Used for storage, transport, and secretion.
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Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes-the site of protein synthesis in the cell-composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins-found within the cytosol of the cytoplasm and attached to internal membranes (rough ER)
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)-membranes that create a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm-attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance-synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)-relatively few ribosomes attached-functions:-synthesis of membrane lipids-calcium storage-detoxification of foreign substances
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Golgi apparatus (Golgi Body)-flattened stacks of interconnected membranes-packaging and distribution of materials (mainly proteins) to different parts of the cell-synthesis of cell wall components
- Proteins made by ribosomes go to Golgi to be folded!
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Lysosomes-membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules-destroy cells or foreign matter
- Breaks down malfunctioning organelles
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lysosome
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Vacuoles-membrane-bound structures with various functions depending on the cell type – overall function is to store food, water, or waste
There are different types of vacuoles:-central vacuole in plant cells (stores water – turgor pressure)-contractile vacuole of some protists (expels water from organism)
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Mitochondria-organelles present in all types of eukaryotic cells-contain enzymes for transferring the energy (cell respiration)-found in all types of eukaryotic cells
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Mitochondria
-surrounded by 2 membranes-contain their own DNA
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Mitochondria
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts-organelles present in cells of plants and some other eukaryotes-contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
- Two parts:granum (thylakoids) and Stroma
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Chloroplasts
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Centrosome
Composed of TWO cylindrically shaped centrioles.
Centrioles are perpendicular Creates spindle fibers that
help the cell divide. Each contain microtubules that help organize cilia and flagella.
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CytoskeletonCyto = cell
-network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells-supports the shape of the cell -keeps organelles in fixed locations-helps move materials within the cell
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton fibers include-actin filaments – responsible for cellular contractions, crawling, “pinching”-microtubules – provide organization to the cell and move materials within the cell- filaments – provide structural stability
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Cytoskeleton
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Cell Movement
Cell movement takes different forms.-Crawling is accomplished filaments.-Flagella ripple to move a cell.
long, few in number
-Cilia can be arranged in rows on the surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel a cell forward.
short, numerous
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Cell Movement
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Extracellular Structures
Extracellular structures include:-cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists-extracellular matrix surrounding animal cells
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Extracellular Structures
Cell walls-present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists-the carbohydrates present in the cell wall vary depending on the cell type:
-plant and protist cell walls - cellulose
-fungal cell walls - chitin
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Extracellular Structures
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