cell structure chapter 4. 2 cell theory cells were discovered in 1665 by robert hooke. early studies...
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Cell Structure
Chapter 4
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Cell Theory
Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.
Early studies of cells were conducted by
- Mathias Schleiden (1838)
- Theodor Schwann (1839)
Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory.
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Cell Theory
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the smallest living things.
3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
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Cell Theory
Cell size is limited.
-As cell size increases, it takes longer for material to diffuse from the cell membrane to the interior of the cell.
Surface area-to-volume ratio: as a cell increases in size, the volume increases 10x faster than the surface area
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Cell Theory
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Cell Theory
Microscopes are required to visualize cells.
Light microscopes can resolve structures that are 200nm apart. (What is a nanometer?
Electron microscopes can resolve structures that are 0.2nm apart.
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Cell Theory
All cells have certain structures in common.
1. genetic material – in a nucleoid or nucleus
2. cytoplasm – a semifluid matrix
3. plasma membrane – a phospholipid bilayer
4. ribosomes
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
-genetic material is present in the nucleoid
Two types of prokaryotes:
-Domain Archaea
-Domain Bacteria
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells possess
-genetic material in the nucleoid
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
-cell wall
-ribosomes
-no membrane-bound organelles
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell walls-protect the cell and maintain cell shape
Bacterial cell walls-may be composed of peptidoglycan -may be Gram positive (lots of
peptidoglycan) or Gram negative (small amount of peptidoglycan)
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Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells
-possess a membrane-bound nucleus
-are more complex than prokaryotic cells
-compartmentalize many cellular functions within organelles and the endomembrane system
-possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus
-stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes
-surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers
-in chromosomes – DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes
-the site of protein synthesis in the cell
-composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
-found within the cytosol of the cytoplasm and attached to internal membranes
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Endomembrane System
Endomembrane system
-a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm
-divides cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur
1. endoplasmic reticulum
2. Golgi apparatus
3. lysosomes
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Endomembrane System
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
-membranes that create a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm
-attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance
-synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
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Endomembrane System
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
-functions:
-synthesis of membrane lipids
-calcium storage
-detoxification of foreign substances
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Endomembrane System
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Endomembrane System
Golgi apparatus
-flattened stacks of interconnected membranes
-packaging and distribution of materials to different parts of the cell
-synthesis of cell wall components
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Endomembrane System
Lysosomes
-membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules
-destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis
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Endomembrane System
Microbodies
-membrane bound vesicles
-contain enzymes
-not part of the endomembrane system
-peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes and catalase
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Endomembrane System
Vacuoles-membrane-bound structures with various functions depending on the cell type
There are different types of vacuoles:-central vacuole in plant cells-contractile vacuole of some protists-vacuoles for storage
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
-organelles present in all types of eukaryotic cells
-contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for transferring the energy within macromolecules to ATP (AKA: Cellular Respiration)
-found in all types of eukaryotic cells
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Mitochondria-surrounded by 2 membranes
-smooth outer membrane
-folded inner membrane with layers called cristae
-matrix is within the inner membrane
-intermembrane space is located between the two membranes
-contain their own DNA – mtDNA – maternally inherited – circular plasmid
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Mitochondria
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts
-organelles present in cells of plants and some other eukaryotes
-contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
-surrounded by 2 membranes
-thylakoids are membranous sacs within the inner membrane
-grana are stacks of thylakoids
- also have own DNA – circular plasmid
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Chloroplasts
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Endosymbiosis
-proposal that eukaryotic organelles evolved through a symbiotic relationship
-one cell engulfed a second cell and a symbiotic relationship developed
-mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved this way
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Much evidence supports this endosymbiosis theory.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts:-have 2 membranes-possess DNA and ribosomes-are about the size of a prokaryotic cell-divide by a process similar to bacteria
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
-network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells
-supports the shape of the cell
-keeps organelles in fixed locations
-helps move materials within the cell
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton fibers include
-actin filaments – responsible for cellular contractions, crawling, “pinching”
-microtubules – provide organization to the cell and move materials within the cell
-intermediate filaments – provide structural stability
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Cytoskeleton
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Cell Movement
Cell movement takes different forms.
-Crawling is accomplished via actin filaments and the protein myosin.
-Flagella undulate to move a cell.
-Cilia can be arranged in rows on the surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel a cell forward.
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Cell Movement
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells have a similar structure:
-9+2 structure: 9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by a 2 central microtubules
-Cilia are usually more numerous than flagella on a cell.
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Cell Movement
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Extracellular Structures
Extracellular structures include:
-cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists
-extracellular matrix surrounding animal cells
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Extracellular Structures
Cell walls
-present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists
-the carbohydrates present in the cell wall vary depending on the cell type:
-plant and protist cell walls - cellulose
-fungal cell walls - chitin
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Extracellular Structures
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
-surrounds animal cells
-composed of glycoproteins and fibrous proteins such as collagen
-may be connected to the cytoplasm via integrin proteins present in the plasma membrane
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Extracellular Structures
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