Nerve cellsMuscle cells

Epithelial cellsBone cell

Fat cells

Cytology - the study of the structure, function and diseases of cells

Cell Parts - Chart 3.1 pg 56, diagram pg 49 Fig 3.2

Plasma Membrane -Selectively permeable membrane -Phospholipid bilayer/Fluid Mosaic model

Diffusion

Simple Diffusion- molecules and ions pass from areasof higher concentration to areas of lowerconcentrations.

http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/diff.html

Facilitated diffusion- requires a carrier molecule for diffusion to take place.

Active Transport-Sodium-Potassium Pump - against concentrationgradient

Osmosis - water diffuses from higher concentration to lower concentration

*selectively permeable - allows water to flow freely but not glucose

Tonicity - the osmotic pressure of a solution-cells swell and shrink with changes in tonicity

A. Isotonic - equilibrium of water and solute

B. Hypertonic - higher concentration of solute outside the cell

C. Hypotonic - lesser concentration of solute outside the cell

http://www.connect.ab.ca/~lburns/students_tenunit2note.html

*Visual of Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic

Filtration - when molecules are forced through membranes (hydrostatic pressure).

Vessicular Transport

Endocytosis - when particles enter into the cell by means of a vesicle.

1. Pinocytosis : liquids enter into the cell in a vesicle2. Phagocytosis : solids enter into the cell in a vesicle

Vessicular Transport

Exocytosis : particles and liquids exit out of the cell

Cytoplasm - the clear liquid that is essentially the site of metabolic rxns

Organelles

Centrosome - two hollow cylinderical centrioles

Centriole - active in separating chromosomes in cell division

Cilia - small hairlike structures on the surface of the cell membrane, wavelike motion.

Flagella - longer projection on the surface of the cell, undulating wavelike motion.

Ribosomes - composed of protein and RNA, sites of

protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - a network of tubes that transport materials, contain ribosomes on their surface

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - transports materials, synthesize lipids

Golgi Apparatus - flat sacs that package, process and transport proteins

Lysosomes - digest worn out cellular parts or toxins

Peroxisomes – sac containing enzymes that help detoxify(contain enzymes peroxidase and catalase)

Mitochondria - release and transform energy into useable forms

Nucleus - control center of cell, contains DNA

Nuclear membrane - a porous double layer membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Nucleolus - a dense body composed of RNA and protein, forms ribosomes

Chromatin - loosely coiled chromosomes made of protein and DNA

DNA -> mRNA-> tRNA -> protein

Replication - copy of DNA

Transcription - DNA splits, mRNA read DNA, enters cytoplasm, binds to ribosome

Translation - mRNA is translated into DNA code by tRNA and amino acids are left

DNA

RNA

ribosomes

endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Golgi apparatus

vesicle

proteinon its way!

protein finishedprotein

Making Proteins

TO:

TO:

TO:

TO:

nucleusTO:

Cell Cycle *responsible for the growth of an infant, as wellas the repair and replacement of cells.

Interphase - grow, replicate, and prepare for division

Prophase - chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop disappears, spindle fibers appear and centrosomes move to opposite poles.

Metaphase - chromosomes line up at midline and spindlefibers attach to the centromere.

Anaphase - sister chromatids separate and move to poles, spindle fibers contract or shorten pulling them apart.

Telophase - chromosomes condense and nuclear envelop appears

Cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm

Mitosis Website: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html

Cell Cycle plays a role in :

1. Aging Geriatrics - the branch of medical science that deals with

diseases and problems specific to old people 2. Cancer Oncology - the branch of medicine that deals with tumors,

including study of their development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

3. Tumor or neoplasm benign - noncancerous growth malignant - cancerous growth

metastasis in the lung usually occurs by way of the blood stream

4. Metastasis - transfer of a disease-producing agency (as cancer cells or bacteria) from an original site of disease to another part of the body

metastases of breast cancer to bone

*Read Box 4-1 on p115 and know the difference between hyperplasia and anaplasia, neoplasm, hypertrophy, and atrophy.

Cancer - a change in your cell structure that inactivates cellular activities

Apoptosis - a programmed cell death signaled by the nuclei in normally functioning cells when they age, or become diseased.

*cancerous cells are unable to experience natural cell death

Types of Cancer

1. Carcinomas - an invasive malignant tumor derivedfrom epithelial tissue and tends to metastasize to other areas.

2. Sarcomas - a malignant tumor arising from connective tissue

3. Leukemia - cancer of the blood forming tissues

Causes of Cancer

1. Mutagen - DNA mutates or gene is altered2. Carcinogen - chemicals/toxins, radiation etc

Genes involved in Cancer•tumor suppressor genes •proto-oncogenes - normal cellular genes involved in

regulating and maintaining cell division•Oncogenes - genes that potentially induce tumor transfor-

mation, they replace normal genes

Treatments

*Surgery - removal of mass from tissue

*Chemotherapy - use of drugs or chem agents to destroy malignant cells/tissues

*Radiation therapy - exposure to radiation (X-rays) to treat disease

*Immunotherapy - induce, enhance or suppress immune response