case studies undp: uma bawang residents' association, malaysia

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: UMA BAWANG RESIDENTS' ASSOCIATION, Malaysia

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Malaysia

UMA BAWANG RESIDENTSASSOCIATION

Empowered live

Resilient nation


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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power of Local Action: Lessons from 10 Years

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chief: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Uma Bawang Residents Association (UBRA), and in particular the guidance a

inputs o Jok Jau Evong (Sahabat Alam Malaysia, Sarawak) and Evelyn Enna. All photo credits courtesy o UBRA. Maps courtesy o C

World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Uma Bawang Residents Association, Malaysia. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. N

York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/Power_of_Local_Action_Final_2013.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/Power_of_Local_Action_Final_2013.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/Power_of_Local_Action_Final_2013.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/Power_of_Local_Action_Final_2013.pdf


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PROJECT SUMMARYThis community-based organization operates in the orestso the Malaysian state o Sarawak. While the customary landrights o the associations indigenous Kayan people arerecognized by the Malaysian government, many lands havenot been ocially demarcated, making them vulnerable toconicting claims rom outside interests. Members o theassociation work with GIS survey and mapping technologyto compile land use maps o communally managed orests,providing a spatial basis or legally deending communityland claims in court.

Combined with active resistance to incursions by commerciallogging and palm oil interests, including road blockadesand political advocacy, and underpinned by two decades olivelihoods development, this association has been able toresist the destruction o the Kayans traditional orest lands,and instead demonstrate their sustainable management bythe local communities that directly depend on them.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2002

FOUNDED: 1990

LOCATION: Northern Sarawak

BENEFICIARIES: Roughly 100 indigenous Kayan

BIODIVERSITY: Reforestation with native tree species

3

UMA BAWANG RESIDENTS ASSOCIATIONMalaysia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 8

Socioeconomic Impacts 8

Policy Impacts 9

Sustainability 10

Replication 10

Partners 10


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4

n the 20 years between 1960 and 1980 alone, Asia lost almost a third

its tropical orest cover, the highest rate o orest conversion in

he world. Logging and unsustainable cultivation devastated tree

over, causing severe environmental degradation on many islands o

outh-east Asia. This loss o habitat poses a threat not only to species

urvival but also to indigenous communities and their ways o lie.

he Malaysian state o Sarawak, located in the north-west o the

sland o Borneo, is an example o such extensive deorestation - over

0 per cent o the states rainorest has been cleared. Sarawak is the

argest o the countrys 13 states, with a total land area o 124,449

q. km (12.4 million hectares). Located in the north-west o Borneo,

t borders its sister state, Sabah, the neighbouring country o Brunei

Darussalam, and Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory o Borneo. Thetate capital is Kuching, with Sibu, Miri and Bintulu being the major

ities and towns in the state.

arawaks population is estimated at around 2.4 million people,

pproximately hal o whom are indigenous Dayak people o various

thnic sub-groups. Other populations include Malays, Chinese,

nd a small number o Indians. Eighty per cent o the total Dayak

opulation o Sarawak live in rural areas and rely on agriculture,

unting and gathering or subsistence. The nature o the Dayak land

enure system is complex. Land has always been the most crucial

esource or the Dayak people: it provides them with their basic

ustenance, and is o major signicance to their spirituality. The right

the Dayaks to use the land is enshrined in an indigenous systemnown as the adat, a system o land tenure that also orms the basis

or their social, economic and cultural systems.

Dayak customary rights to land and its resources were recognized

uring the Brooke dynasty (1842-1946) and by the British Colonial

Administration, and continued to be recognized ater Sarawak

ained independence in 1963 and joined the Federation o Malaysia.

Although these customary land rights have not been abolished by

ny legislation and remain in orce, large portions o the customary

ands o the Dayaks are not ocially demarcated.

The Kayan people are an indigenous tribe o up to 27,000 pe

categorized as a sub-group o the Dayak people. Their culture

customs are similar to other Dayak peoples o Borneo. Traditio

they live in longhouses on river banks and their agriculture is b

upon shiting cultivation techniques and the cultivation o dry

rice. They also cultivate sago, a starch extracted rom the pith o

palm stems (Metroxylon sagu).

The remote Kayan community o Uma Bawang is located in

tropical rainorests o northern Sarawak, near the Keluan R

During the 1980s, this area was heavily deorested as land was m

available to logging companies. This imposed signicant hards

on the Uma Bawang community as orest resources were increasdepleted. Pollution and siltation o the rivers adversely afected

water supply and the sh catch, and irregular but requent

destroyed crops, discouraging the resumption o arming.

Background and Context


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hese developments led to tensions between community members

ving in the most powerul longhouse. Longhouses serve as the

raditional centers o governance in Dayak cultures, and each one

ouses several extended amilies. Some amilies benetted rom

ood relations with logging companies, gaining the chance to

arn income and achieve higher standards o living. However, this

ccurred at the expense o other amilies, and compensation rom

ogging companies or timber concessions was always insucient

nd inequitably distributed.

Establishing a new community

n April 1989, these tensions led to the ormation o a new community

hat opposed logging concessions. They based themselves in a

emporary longhouse at Sungai Keluan (Keluan River) about six miles

rom their original site. It became known as Uma Bawang Keluan,

or just Keluan. Its residents ormed and ormally registered

association, the Uma Bawang Residents Association (UBRA), in

to coordinate their practical interventions and lobbying activ

UBRA is open to any members o the longhouse. Its main object

to promote the rights and interests o the Sungai Keluan commu

and to deend their orest resources.

The group is led by a disciplinary board, with elder Kayans, wh

well versed in customary law, acting as advisers. The board is mup o people rom all social classes and several o the most a

and highest ranking UBRA members are women. The organiza

is run in a democratic ashion with board membership posit

voted upon in biennial elections. All decisions represent

collective interests o the longhouse members. Currently, UBRA

60 registered members, down rom an initial 80 ounding mem

in 1990.


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6

Key Activities and Innovations

ince its establishment, UBRA has worked to resist logging companies

nd restore degraded orests, and advocate or the protection o

heir 900 ha o land. Throughout the 1990s, UBRA set up blockades

o prevent logging companies rom entering orests, its members

acing arrests and jail terms, government oppression, law suits and

hreats. Alongside advocacy and protest activities, the Association

as employed innovative mapping eforts to deend customary land

ghts and access to orestlands. UBRA also supports communities in

eveloping diversied income generating opportunities that do not

ndanger orest ecosystems.

UBRAs campaigning and conservation work began in the late

980s, when the group attempted to stop the deorestation o theirand by blockading commercial logging vehicles. This attempt was

ltimately unsuccessul, with government soldiers arresting 42

ommunity members and imprisoning them or two weeks while

ogging continued. As a result, large areas o orest were degraded.

Undeterred, UBRA has continued to protest deorestation and

dvocate or the ormal protection o its own land, successully

chieving ormal recognition o the UBRA Communal Forest Reserve.

Participatory mapping to defend customary rights

Mapping has been central to UBRAs work, by helping them to legally

ene and deend their borders and thereore secure recognition oheir traditional lands. The group employs participatory mapping

echniques based on the practices o participatory rural appraisal

PRA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA). Participatory rural appraisal

escribes a collection o methods that enable local people to share,

nhance, and analyse their knowledge o local conditions. In rapid

ural appraisals, inormation is largely elicited and extracted by

outsiders; in PRA it is largely shared and owned by local people.

Among many applications, PRA has been used in natural resources

management, agriculture, and programmes targeting health and

ood security. In the case o Uma Bawang, the aim has been to help

indigenous people communicate their traditional rights to

to government authorities through their spatial knowledge o

landscapes and o the ecosystems they inhabit.

Geographic Inormation Systems (GIS) have also been employe

convert the maps produced into computer ormat. This comp

based system enables people to capture, record, store and ana

data over time. It can be used to create land maps and

decision-makers manage natural resources over a large area

as a watershed. UBRA members have been trained in surveying

mapping techniques, which have been used to legally deend

communitys borders in court, ensuring a land base on which

can subsist without harming the orest.

Following an initial workshop in 1995, a large-scale land use

o the Keluan project area was successully produced by U

members. This proved to be a very useul document or reso

management, by enabling local people to regain control

reserved areas o communal orest. It has also been used to ide

the boundaries between diferent individual land lots and

thereby reduced disputes between land-owners. The land area

been designated the UBRA Communal Forest Reserve. In re

years, a partner organization, Sahabat Alam Malaysia, has used

technology to input this map into computers. The use o GIS la

combined with recent satellite imagery has greatly acilitated th

o the Keluan map or resource management purposes. Since UB

rst mapping workshop, its techniques have been used increas

by the Sungai Keluan community and others to legally deend

borders and secure ormal recognition o their traditional lands

Experimenting with new activities

Alongside the process o establishing their customary righ

orest resources, one o UBRAs major goals has been to esta

a constructive and sustainable approach to natural reso


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7

management, based on alternative livelihood projects that benet

veryone in the community. In communities whose traditional

conomies operated on barter systems, UBRA has introduced a wide

ariety o new skills and activities that provide cash income (which is

ow needed or taxes, school ees and medical costs) rom marketed

roducts. To date, these projects have included a communal rice

arm and rice bank, a communal rice mill, ree-range pig rearing,

sh ponds, a crats cooperative, cultivation o ruit trees, pepper and

ighly valuable teakwood, wet rice agriculture, rog rearing, andmall-scale jatropha plantations.

ince many o these projects were new ventures, there has been a

ertain amount o trial and error involved in their implementation.

he people o Keluan have been supported by various local and

verseas organizations, but apart rom some important seed unds,

he community has been nancially sel-sustaining. A portion o the

evenue rom successul projects has been reinvested by UBRA into

ew ventures, while the majority o the prots have gone directly to

ocal producers.

An ongoing struggle

Apart rom these alternative livelihood activities, UBRA has

engaged in a long-term programme o reorestation to

regenerate orest cover lost to logging. Since 1992, villagers

Uma Bawang and neighbouring villages have planted over 35

seedlings o diferent local wood species like meranti, kapur

engkabang on land degraded by commercial logging. Six

seedling nurseries have also been built to sustain reorestaeforts.

An important ongoing ocus o UBRAs work is that o protes

against orest concessions or logging or plantations. The i

success o the Associations reorestation eforts has act

increased the human pressures on the orest environment,

logging companies returning to the area and growing interest

companies looking to establish oil palm plantations.


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8

Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS

UBRAs reorestation o lands degraded by commercial logging

began in 1992. Initially, 4,000 seedlings o native tree species were

planted in degraded areas, and UBRA unds also paid or Keluan

amilies to plant an average o 200 ruit trees in household gardens.

This project was scaled up in 2002, with a urther 9,000 seedlings

being planted in areas surrounding the UBRA Communal Forest

Reserve. One o the aims o this project was to rejuvenate the health

o a stream running through this area.

n 2006, a grant o USD 50,000 rom the UNDP GEF Small Grants

Programme allowed UBRA to plant another 10,000 seedlings withinheir reorestation area, bringing the total number o trees planted by

2007 to approximately 23,000. This has covered around 30 hectares

o land in Sungai Keluan, bringing the total orested area in Keluan to

over 1,500 ha. The reorested portions are used sustainably as open

ccess resource areas or Keluan community members, who are

permitted to hunt, gather non-timber orest products, and obtain

imber. A watershed area is protected rom timber harvesting.

The reorestation project includes the planting o native trees such

s kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica), meranti and engkabang (both

re native Shorea species). The trees that were chosen were nurtured

rom seeds that were picked rom other parts o the orests. Nurseries

were then set up to house seedlings beore they were transplantedo the orest.

The thick oliage currently visible in the orest bears no sign o

having been logged in the 1980s and reorestation eforts have

estored a number o wildlie species that were lost ater the logging,

ncluding wild boars, monkeys, deer, wildcats and many bird species.

The nursery remains stocked with seedlings to continue the work o

eoresting previously logged areas.

The success o reorestation efort has unortunately led to rene

attempts by logging companies to access the UBRA orest. UBRA

continued to protest such eforts and recent attempts to ha

timber on the borders o the orest were halted.

In January 2011, however, a private commercial palm oil com

claimed to have been awarded a provisional lease by the

government or an area o the orest, or the purpose o clearin

land or a plantation. The area covers part o the UBRA Comm

Forest Reserve area in Sungai Keluan. In February, UBRA respon

by sending a petition letter to the relevant local author

including the Ministry o Resource Planning, to state their oppos

to the project and request or the exclusion o their commorest reserve rom the concession area. To date, there has bee

encroachment on the orest reserve rom this project.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

Since its ormation in 1989, Uma Bawang Residents Associatio

sought to bring about social, cultural, and economic benets o

Keluan community. That year, they instituted the rst Warriors

celebration, which has been ollowed by other communal, tradit

estivals celebrating the culture and history o the Kayan pe

This communality within the longhouse amilies runs through

approaches to conservation and poverty reduction, and has be

strong, binding actor in this groups struggle.

The various livelihood activities initiated by UBRA have attem

to conront the lack o local sources o cash income. The tradit

economy o the community operates along the lines o a b

economy, which can meet day-to-day needs but doesnt pro

cash or payment o taxes, school ees, and medical costs. A la

these income-generating livelihood options in the past orced s

members o the community to leave or coastal cities, or to w

or plantation or logging companies. UBRAs economic acti


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are geared towards remedying this situation. While not all o the

Associations alternative livelihood ventures have been successul,

he variety o activities introduced has ensured that benets have

eached many in the Keluan community.

Project challenges

Rice arming has been a productive, low-impact activity or

mallholder armers. Various initiatives have sought to minimize thecosts involved in growing, storing and milling rice. A communal rice

arming and rice bank project began in 1989, in which one plot o

each amilys rice eld was reserved as a communal arm.

Each resident spent six to eight days a year working on this arm.

The produce was collectively harvested and stored in a rice bank.

This aimed to supplement amilies individual harvests, ensuring

hat households would not sufer rom shortages rom poor

harvests. Loans taken rom the rice bank could be paid back rom the

ollowing harvest. However, the communal approach was ended in

2000, as individual commitments or amilies took precedence over

maintaining the communal plots.

A communal rice mill begun in 1990, however, continues to serve the

community. This mill guarantees a lower cost to armers, charging 60

per cent o the price o milling 100 kilograms o rice in neighbouring

villages. Farmers continue to use this communally-owned mill,

which has helped to improve local incomes by reducing the cost o

arming or UBRA members.

Another project that was eventually abandoned was ree-range

pig rearing. This was begun in response to the diculty o hunting

wild boar due to commercial logging. Community members began

earing domestic pigs in 1991 as a source o protein and income.

While this endeavour was ultimately unsustainable, more success

has been had with sh ponds.

UBRA supported Keluan residents to begin constructing sh ponds

n 1992. Diferent sh species were trialled until a suitable type was

dentied. These ponds have been maintained, and have proved

uccessul, inspiring replication in other villages. Less successul was

a rog-rearing project, begun in 2002, that sought to meet demand

rom restaurants in coastal cities or certain rog species. Although a

pen was built or housing the rogs, the project was abandoned due

o diculties sourcing suitable rog eed.

Other projects, too, had short-term benets, but were ultimately

ended. These include a 1996 project to plant pepper and ruit trees,and a 1997 project to plant kayu jati (teakwood trees), in 1997. 8,000

o the latter species were initially planted in household gardens or

heir high-value, ast-growing properties. These trees did not grow

well in the Keluan climate, however.

Wet rice agriculture was introduced as an alternative to grow

rice on hillsides. This was begun in some at, low-lying land a

in 2001, and was initially successul, proving ar more produ

than arming on poor hillside soils. Ultimately, however, the la

water sources or suciently irrigating the rice elds meant tha

project could not be sustained.

Two recent projects have been explored as alternative liveli

options. Growing jatropha in small-scale plantations prounprotable due to the low price o seeds and a lack o local dem

In 2008, UBRA introduced small-scale rubber cultivation in s

smallholdings. This project is ongoing and maximizing produ

and accessing suitable markets will be the principal challenge

establishing this activity as a viable source o income generatio

Gaining access to markets has proved a challenge or enter

development in Keluan, given its remote location, and compet

rom cheap, mass-produced goods imported rom Indonesia. In 1

demand rom oreign visitors to the area led to the establishme

a regional womens crats cooperative, encompassing Keluan an

neighbouring villages.

Women in this cooperative, called the Baram Indigenous Wom

Association (BIWA), made traditional artisanal handicrats or sa

tourists. The cooperative closed, however, due to competition

widely-sold, cheap crat items in local markets. This is indicativ

the challenges that UBRA aces in trying to develop sustain

income-generating activities or its members. Nonetheless, s

successes have been achieved in this area.

Other socioeconomic benets that have accrued to U

members include the construction o a new longhouse in 199

accommodate 40 amilies, and the continued maintenance o

single road that provides access to the Sungai Keluan commun

POLICY IMPACTS

UBRA has consistently challenged the government and comme

loggers by protesting and blockading access to nearby o

in attempts to prevent logging. Although the Association

unsuccessul in its protests in the 1980a and the communitys o

were largely cleared, they have continued to advocate or the o

recognition and protection o their land.

In 2002, UBRA requested that the State Government exclude

area rom the Long Lama Oil Palm plantation project. This req

was granted. Today UBRAs 900 hectares o land can no longedisturbed by Government or any project as it has been exclu

rom the States development plan, although UBRA continue

have to ght to ensure that this agreement is honoured.

9


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Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYo date, UBRA has been sustained by the dedication o its members.

Although membership o the residents association is voluntary, ew

Keluan residents have not joined. Members pay a ee, which has

elped to cover the organizations administrative costs. Although

UBRAs projects have received initial external unding, the activities

hemselves oten predated these contributions and are essentially

el-nancing. Where projects have generated income, part o this

ccrues to UBRAs communal und. The communal rice arming and

milling project has been the most productive source o income,

while sale o handicrats also produced revenue. A book-keeping

ystem ensures accountability.

REPLICATION

As well as its local success, UBRA has transerred knowledge and

xpertise to neighbouring villages. Since 2006, knowledge exchange

as been one o the initiatives key activities. UBRA members have

rained three other Penan communities, and visited Long Belok and

ong Nen, two neighbouring villages, to share their experience with

etting up nurseries to support reorestation programmes.

he Long Belok initiative began in 2006, when the community cleared

and near their village to plant 200 sago plants (Cycas revoluta). In

007, 40 amilies planted 200 rubber seedlings in household gardens.y mid-2007, Long Belok had successully planted 3,000 native

ree species near their communal orest reserve area in Ulu Sungai

elok. About 1,000 tree seedlings and 300 young sago palms remain

n their nursery. In 2009, they planted an additional 1,000 kapur

Dryobalanops aromatica) seedlings. In Long Nen, the communitys

im was to restore local tree varieties, including native medicinal

lants. Established in 2008, their nursery stores seedlings o kapur,

meranti and sago trees. These collaborations were undertaken in

artnership with Sahabat Alam Malysia (SAM), an NGO based in

earby Marudi.

PARTNERSUBRA has been assisted in its work by various local and internat

partners. The partnership with SAM has helped to advance

and regional knowledge-sharing and collaboration with o

indigenous communities that have been also afected by log

and plantations. The chairman o UBRA has worked with SA

their Marudi oce since 1995, and currently serves as the N

coordinator in Sarawak. The use o this oce has allowed U

better access to communications technology, and has acilit

collaboration with other groups, with SAM requently co-ho

land rights awareness workshops at Uma Bawang Keluan.

communities that have beneted rom SAM and UBRAs wor

mainly located in the Miri, Bintulu and Kapit Divisions o Sara

The collaborative eforts UBRA has engaged in via SAM have he

to advance the cause o indigenous rights to orest resourc

Sarawak. However, there is still a long way to go in this regard.

On the international scale, UBRA has had a productive partne

a with US-based NGO, The Borneo Project, since 1991. This grew

o a relationship between the University o Caliornia, Berkeley

the community o Uma Bawang Keluan. The Borneo Project he

to provide coverage o UBRAs struggle to resist logging o

land, and has since broadened to cover many other commun

within Sarawak. The project assisted UBRA by providing tech

training, international publicity, and helping with undraisingorganizations no longer work as closely, since UBRA has been la

successul in resisting logging o their orest. The Borneo Project

partners with and supports other indigenous land rights initia

but the original inspiration or their work, however, remains the

o Uma Bawang.

More recently, UBRA has benetted rom unding rom the UNDP

Small Grants Programme. The organization received a grant o

50,000 grant in 2006 in partnership with WCS Malaysia. This g

was used to expand UBRAs reorestation project in Sungai Kelu


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Equator Initiative

Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Tel: +1 646 781 4023

www.equatorinitiative.org

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and

necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati

o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2012 by Equator Initiative

All rights reserved

FURTHER REFERENCE

Uma Bawang Residents Association Video (Vimeo) http://vimeo.com/27016883

Evong, J. J., and Amarthalingam, T. 2007. The Story o Ubra and the People o Uma Bawang, in Osbeck, M., Wojciechowska-Shibuy

(eds.) 2007. Forest Partnerships. Enhancing local livelihoods and protecting the environment in Southeast Asia and the Pacic. IU

Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 26-28. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/orest_partnership.pd

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case studies undp: uma bawang residents' association, malaysia

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