Carbon Compounds

Ms. Clarke

Biology

CHHS

Carbon’s Special Properties

1) Carbon atoms have four valence electrons.

2) Each electron can join with an electron from another atom to form a strong covalent bond.

Carbon’s Special Properties

3) Carbon has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures.

-- No other element even comes close to matching carbon’s versatility.

Carbon’s Special Properties

4) Carbon can actually form bonds with other carbon atoms.

Organic Chemistry

5) Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

Macromolecules

6)Macromolecules are made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules.

Macro- means big

Monomers

7) Monomers are small compounds joined together to form polymers.

--Polymerization is the process in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.

--The result of polymerization is a macromolecule.

Monomers

8) Monomers may identical or they may be different.

4 Organic Compounds

9) Organic carbon compounds found in all living things are divided into four groups: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

10) Carbohydrates

Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.

--Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

Carbohydrates

11) Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, and O at 1:2:1.

12)The most common form of a carbohydrate is sugar.

Carbohydrates

13) The breakdown of sugars such as glucose, supplies immediate energy from all cell activities.

14)Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches. An example of starch is pasta.

**Starch is made of monomers of glucose.

Monosaccharide vs. Polysaccharide 15) A single sugar molecule is known as a

monosaccharide.

--mono- means one

16) A polysaccharide is formed from many monosaccharides.

--poly-many

Polysaccharide

17) The most common polysaccharide is glycogen, or animal starch.

---Glycogen is stored in the body and is released to be used as energy when needed.

Polysaccharide

18) Plants use a polysaccharide known as cellulose because its fibers both tough and flexible. It gives plants strength and rigidity.

Cellulose is a major component of wood and paper.

Ex. corn

Lipids

19) Lipids are generally not soluble in water. (They do not dissolve in water)

Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.

The different categories of lipids are: fats,

Lipids

20) Lipids can be used to store energy and are important in membranes and waterproof coverings.

Lipids

Lipid molecules are made of glycerol and fatty acids. When each carbon atom is joined by a single bond in a fatty acid is called a saturated.

Lipids

Where there is a double bond on one of the carbons then it is said to be unsaturated.

Lipids

21) More than one double bond is called polysaturated.

An example of a saturated fat is butter and is solid at room temperature.

An example of an unsaturated fat is olive oil and it is a liquid at room temperature.

Nucleic Acids

22) Nucleic Acids contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

23) Nucleic Acids are made up of nucleotides.

--A nucleotide has three parts: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Nucleic Acids

24) Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.

25) There are two types of nucleic acids: RNA and DNA.

26)RNA contains the sugar ribose. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar.

Proteins

27) Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.

28) Amino acids are compounds with an amino (NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other end.

Proteins

29) Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.

Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles.

Other proteins transport substance into or out cells or help fight diseases.