! ! ! Review ! ! ! What is a Compound? Chemical combination of two or more

elements. What is a covalent bond? Electrons are shared between atoms. What are Van der Waals forces? A slight attraction between the

oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.

Carbon CompoundsSection 2-3

So, what do we know about carbon compounds?

The study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms is called organic chemistry.

Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons, which allows them to form 4 covalent bonds with many other elements. Ex: H, O, P, S, and N.

Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms to form almost unlimited chains.

Carbon can form millions of complex structures, no other element can do what carbon can do.

Carbon is COOL!

Macromolecules: giant molecules

They are made from hundreds and thousands of smaller molecules.

Polymerization – Large compounds are built by combining smaller compounds together.

Monomers – Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers.

Polymers – Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers.

There are 4 groups of Macromolecules

1.) Carbohydrates 2.) Lipids 3.) Nucleic Acids 4.) Proteins

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate – Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Living things use carbohydrates as a main source of energy.

Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural support.

The break down of a carbohydrate like glucose provides immediate energy for use in cells.

Plants and animals store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches.

Monosaccharide – single sugar molecules. Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose

Polysaccharide – Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharaides. Ex: Glycogen

Instead of glycogen to store excess sugar plants use something called cellulose, which gives them strength and rigidity.

Lipids

Lipids – are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Fats, oils, and waxes Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are also important parts of biological membranes. Steroids are lipids, many of which serve as

chemical messengers.

Many lipids form when a molecule known as glycerol combines with compounds called fatty acids.

If each atom in a lipids fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond then it is saturated.

If there is one double bond in the fatty acid chain then it is unsaturated. Ex: Olive oil

If there is more than one double bond in the fatty acid chain then it is polyunsaturated. Ex: Corn, sesame, canola, and peanut oil

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids – macromolecules made of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Nucleotides – consists of three parts; a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information.

There are two types of Nucleic Acids. DNA or

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, has the sugar deoxyribose.

RNA or Ribonucleic Acid, has the sugar ribose.

Proteins

Proteins – macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Amino Acids – are compounds with and amino group (-NH2)on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.

The instructions of how to arrange amino acids into proteins is stored in DNA.

Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some are used to form bones and muscle. Others transport substances into or out of cell or help fight diseases.

Four Levels of Organization

1.) Sequence of amino acids in a protein chain.

2.) The amino acids in the chain start to twist and fold.

3.) The chain its self folds. 4.) The arrangement and folding of

several amino acid chains. Van der Waals forces and hydrogen

bonds help maintain a proteins shape.