c lecture#03 environmental aspects of harbour maint

8/8/2019 C Lecture#03 Environmental Aspects of Harbour Maint

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1

Welcome to theWelcome to the

Conversion Course leading toConversion Course leading to

Bachelors Degree Bachelors Degreeinin

Marine Engineering Marine Engineering ( Module( Module--6 )6 )



2

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

RELATED TORELATED TO

MARINE ENGINEERINGMARINE ENGINEERING

Lecture on



4

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES INENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN

WATER RESOURCESWATER RESOURCES

-- Water in natureWater in nature--our blue Planetour blue Planet

-- Water CycleWater Cycle

-- Water & The living Matter Water & The living Matter

HABITAT, CONSITITUENTS,HABITAT, CONSITITUENTS,

VECTORVECTOR

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN WATER RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN WATER RESOURCES



5

HABITATHABITAT ± ± was made possible by thewas made possible by the

properties of sea water properties of sea water

11-- Thermal stability, meaning tempThermal stability, meaning temp--

variations are slow & moderate.variations are slow & moderate.

22-- Abundance of nutrients in formsAbundance of nutrients in forms

EASY to ABSORB & ASSIMILATEEASY to ABSORB & ASSIMILATE

33-- Minimal resistance to motionMinimal resistance to motion

44-- Abundance of OXYGEN &Abundance of OXYGEN &

protection from SOLARprotection from SOLAR

RADIATION¶SRADIATION¶S




6

CONSTITUENT of living organism,CONSTITUENT of living organism,

Water represents upto 90% to 98% of theWater represents upto 90% to 98% of theweight of some aquatic speciesweight of some aquatic species

andand

6060--70% of the weight of an adult human70% of the weight of an adult human

being.being.




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VECTORVECTOR -------- Water is the vector of Water is the vector of

nutrients distributed throughout thenutrients distributed throughout the

whole organism the forms of solutions.whole organism the forms of solutions.

A mature man needs at least 2.5 liters of A mature man needs at least 2.5 liters of

water per day, everyday during his entirewater per day, everyday during his entire

existence.existence.

This amount varies up to 101 / daysThis amount varies up to 101 / days

depending on local temp.depending on local temp.




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WATER & HUMAN COMMUNITIESWATER & HUMAN COMMUNITIES

WATER AS A RESOURCEWATER AS A RESOURCE-- MUNICIPAL & INDUSTRIAL USE.MUNICIPAL & INDUSTRIAL USE.

-- IRRIGATIONIRRIGATION

-- GENERATION OF ELECTRICITYGENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

-- WATER USE IN THERMAL POWERWATER USE IN THERMAL POWERPLANTSPLANTS

-- WATER FOR LEISURE & BEAUTYWATER FOR LEISURE & BEAUTY




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WATER RESOURCESWATER RESOURCES

97% IS SEA WATER,97% IS SEA WATER,

OF THE REMAINING FRESH WATER 75%OF THE REMAINING FRESH WATER 75%

IS IN SOLID STATE IN THE PLANT¶S ICEIS IN SOLID STATE IN THE PLANT¶S ICE

CAPS & GLACIERSCAPS & GLACIERS

NATURAL WATER RESOURCES ARENATURAL WATER RESOURCES ARE

THE SEAS, NATURAL LAKES, RIVERS,THE SEAS, NATURAL LAKES, RIVERS,

SUB SURFACE WATER, GLACIERS.SUB SURFACE WATER, GLACIERS.




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COASTAL WATERSCOASTAL WATERS

For various reasons people haveFor various reasons people have

attracted to coastal waters.attracted to coastal waters.

ECOLOGYECOLOGY

(flora, fauna, soil, climate) plays an(flora, fauna, soil, climate) plays an

increasingly important role in theincreasingly important role in the

preparation, construction, andpreparation, construction, andManagement of Hydraulic EngineeringManagement of Hydraulic Engineering

projects.projects.




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The implementation of a project has aThe implementation of a project has a

distinct Impact on coastal areas,distinct Impact on coastal areas,

such as TRANSFORMATIONsuch as TRANSFORMATION

sedimentation, erosionsedimentation, erosion

CLOSURE Fresh or salineCLOSURE Fresh or saline

REDUCTION OF TIDAL ACTIONREDUCTION OF TIDAL ACTION




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PERMANENT EXPOSURE fertile landPERMANENT EXPOSURE fertile land

reclaimedreclaimed

RECLAMATIONRECLAMATION

POLLUTION Industrial Waste, Pesticide,POLLUTION Industrial Waste, Pesticide,

Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals

Coastal Area are NURSERIES for youngCoastal Area are NURSERIES for young

fishes & an excellent Habitat for manyfishes & an excellent Habitat for many

birds.birds.




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GUIDE LINES TO WORK OUT EFFECTIVEGUIDE LINES TO WORK OUT EFFECTIVE

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

11-- SETTING UP THE INSTITUTIONALSETTING UP THE INSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK Consisting of FRAMEWORK Consisting of

representative of provincial &representative of provincial &

central government.central government.

22-- SETTING THE BOUNDARIES OFSETTING THE BOUNDARIES OF

THETHE AREA COVERED BYAREA COVERED BY

THE PLAN.THE PLAN.




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33-- ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTINGASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTING

SITUATION AND WAYS IN WHICHSITUATION AND WAYS IN WHICH

THE AREA IS CURRENTLY BEINGTHE AREA IS CURRENTLY BEING

USED.USED.44-- ASSESSMENT OF HOW THE AREAASSESSMENT OF HOW THE AREA

WOULD BE EXPECTED TOWOULD BE EXPECTED TO

DEVELOP WITHOUT CHANGE OFDEVELOP WITHOUT CHANGE OF

POLICY.POLICY.55-- ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIALASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL

AND REQUIREMENT OT VARIOUSAND REQUIREMENT OT VARIOUS

USERS.USERS.




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66-- EVALUATION OF WAYS IN WHICH THEEVALUATION OF WAYS IN WHICH THE

AREA IS USED AND HOW THESE USESAREA IS USED AND HOW THESE USES

ARE CHANGING IN RELATION TOARE CHANGING IN RELATION TO

OTHER USES AND OTHER FACTORS, TOOTHER USES AND OTHER FACTORS, TO

OBTAIN INFORMATION ON ACTUAL OROBTAIN INFORMATION ON ACTUAL ORPOTENTIAL AREAS OF CONFLICT ANDPOTENTIAL AREAS OF CONFLICT AND

TO IDENTITY AREAS IN WHICH MORETO IDENTITY AREAS IN WHICH MORE

INFORMATION IS NEEDED.INFORMATION IS NEEDED.

77-- FORMULATION OF AIMS AND WAYS INFORMULATION OF AIMS AND WAYS IN

WHICH THE USES OF THE AREAWHICH THE USES OF THE AREA

SHOULD BE DEVELOPED.SHOULD BE DEVELOPED.

Full control,Full control, Rigid control, StandardRigid control, Standard

control, Marginal control, Lack of control.control, Marginal control, Lack of control.




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88-- MAKING A SELECTION FROM THESE OPTIONSMAKING A SELECTION FROM THESE OPTIONS

AND DECIDING ON THE FORM OFAND DECIDING ON THE FORM OF

MANAGEMENT REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THEM.MANAGEMENT REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THEM.

-- Concerning the nature of policy analysisConcerning the nature of policy analysis

-- Concerning the contents of policyConcerning the contents of policy

analysisanalysis

-- Concerning the stages of policy analysisConcerning the stages of policy analysis

-- Concerning the selection processConcerning the selection process

-- Concerning the issue to be consideredConcerning the issue to be considered-- Concerning the need of a policy planConcerning the need of a policy plan

-- Concerning socioConcerning socio--economic dataeconomic data

availabilityavailability




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99-- IDENTIFYING THEIDENTIFYING THE

ADMINSTRATIVE ANDADMINSTRATIVE AND

LEGAL INSTRUMENTSLEGAL INSTRUMENTS

REQURIED BY THIS FORM OFREQURIED BY THIS FORM OF

MANAGEMENT, AND DEVELOPINGMANAGEMENT, AND DEVELOPING

THEM IF NECESSARY.THEM IF NECESSARY.

1010-- CHARTING THE CONSEQUENCESCHARTING THE CONSEQUENCESOF THE POLICY FOR THEOF THE POLICY FOR THE

POLICIES OF THE VARIOUSPOLICIES OF THE VARIOUS

REGULATORY AGENCIES ACTIVEREGULATORY AGENCIES ACTIVE

IN THE AREA.IN THE AREA.




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1111-- DRAWING UP AN ACTION PLANDRAWING UP AN ACTION PLAN

CONTAINING THE OBJECTIVES TOCONTAINING THE OBJECTIVES TOBE ACHIEVED BY VARIOUSBE ACHIEVED BY VARIOUS

AGENCIES DURING THEAGENCIES DURING THE

PLANNING PERIOD.PLANNING PERIOD.




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1212-- FORMULATING A PROCEDUREFORMULATING A PROCEDURE

FOR MODIFYING THE PLAN.FOR MODIFYING THE PLAN.

1313-- FORMULATING AN INTERIMFORMULATING AN INTERIM

POLICY TO BE IMPLEMENTEDPOLICY TO BE IMPLEMENTED

DURING THE PERIOD THAT THEDURING THE PERIOD THAT THEESTUARY IS UNDERGOINGESTUARY IS UNDERGOING

SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES.SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES.




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What activities can, besides regular What activities can, besides regular

organizational duties, more or less beorganizational duties, more or less be

defined as standard agency activities?defined as standard agency activities?

A small, not necessarily exhaustive,A small, not necessarily exhaustive,

listing may indicate tasks to belisting may indicate tasks to be

performed:performed:




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1. Concerning the reconnaissance of the1. Concerning the reconnaissance of the

estuary problem one may consider to:estuary problem one may consider to:

-- Program researchProgram research

-- Assign external projectsAssign external projects

-- Implement structured interviews of Implement structured interviews of political actorspolitical actors

-- Scrutinize newspapers, bulleting, etc.Scrutinize newspapers, bulleting, etc.

trying to isolate major issuestrying to isolate major issues

-- Implement structured interviews of Implement structured interviews of scientistsscientists

-- Make a list of expected strengths andMake a list of expected strengths and

weaknessesweaknesses




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2. Concerning the formulation of 2. Concerning the formulation of

(general) goals regarding the estuary to:(general) goals regarding the estuary to:

-- Initiate managementInitiate management

-- File information on all people andFile information on all people and

organizations involved in the estuaryorganizations involved in the estuary

-- Scrutinize past and current actionsScrutinize past and current actions-- List all current procedures involvedList all current procedures involved




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4. Concerning the design of alternative courses of 4. Concerning the design of alternative courses of

action to:action to:

-- Make function maps of the estuary basin ( on a periodicMake function maps of the estuary basin ( on a periodic

basis preferably in GIS) (i.e. a map of streamsbasis preferably in GIS) (i.e. a map of streamsinfrastructure, Industries, energy production, agriculture,infrastructure, Industries, energy production, agriculture,

urban areas, etc.)urban areas, etc.)

-- Locate emission points of pollutionLocate emission points of pollution

-- Trace areas downstream of outlets having low water Trace areas downstream of outlets having low water

velocity (such as coastal bays)velocity (such as coastal bays)

-- Locate vulnerable areas such a mud flatsLocate vulnerable areas such a mud flats

-- Develop courses of action that aim at achieving theDevelop courses of action that aim at achieving the

stated maxima of the objectivestated maxima of the objective




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5. Concerning the evaluation of 5. Concerning the evaluation of

these courses of action to:these courses of action to:

-- Assign external projectsAssign external projects-- Organize a panel of expertsOrganize a panel of experts

-- Provide courses for the actorsProvide courses for the actors

involvedinvolved

-- Produce ready information for Produce ready information for politicianspoliticians

-- Provide proper information for localProvide proper information for local

newspapers, incidental and periodic.newspapers, incidental and periodic.




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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

OFOFHARBOUR MAINTENANCEHARBOUR MAINTENANCE

ANDAND

DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTS



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IntroductionIntroduction

Port and harbor development normallyPort and harbor development normally

create economic growth and prosperity.create economic growth and prosperity.

However experience has shown thatHowever experience has shown thatnegative environmental aspects arenegative environmental aspects are

associated to these developments, asassociated to these developments, as

well.well.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HARBOURENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HARBOUR

MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENTSMAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENTS



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Many activities can have seriousMany activities can have serious

implications for may aspects of theimplications for may aspects of the

environment.environment.

This lecture has been prepared with theThis lecture has been prepared with the

object of providing a global overview of object of providing a global overview of

the range of environmental problems inthe range of environmental problems inports and harbors, and to indicateports and harbors, and to indicate

directions for solution.directions for solution.





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The following items shall be discussed:The following items shall be discussed:

1.1. Quality aspectsQuality aspects

2.2. Ship discharges and spillsShip discharges and spills3.3. Dredging quantityDredging quantity

4.4. DredgingDredging

5.5. Sediment qualitySediment quality

6.6. LandLand ± ± related impactsrelated impacts7.7. SolutionsSolutions





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BackgroundBackground

The background of environmentalThe background of environmental

concern is the global awareness that theconcern is the global awareness that thenatural resources of the earth must benatural resources of the earth must be

safeguarded for present and futuresafeguarded for present and future

generations.generations.

During United Nations Conferences on theDuring United Nations Conferences on the

Environment, several declarations relatedEnvironment, several declarations related

to this subject have been launched.to this subject have been launched.





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The FAOThe FAO (Food and Agriculture(Food and Agriculture

Organization)Organization) has also described that thehas also described that the

use of natural resources should notuse of natural resources should not

result in their degradation nor their result in their degradation nor their

destruction:destruction:

For the survival of man is tied to theFor the survival of man is tied to the

maintenance of their productivity.maintenance of their productivity.





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The concern of these and other The concern of these and other

international organizations has beeninternational organizations has been

caused by their observation of the qualitycaused by their observation of the quality

of life being threatened by the negativeof life being threatened by the negativeeffects of mans pursuit of certain socialeffects of mans pursuit of certain social

and economic goals.and economic goals.

It turns out that the delicate balance of It turns out that the delicate balance of nature has been disturbed in manynature has been disturbed in many

places by mismanagement.places by mismanagement.





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The cost to restore this natural balance isThe cost to restore this natural balance is

manifold more expensive than themanifold more expensive than the

prevention of environmental damage.prevention of environmental damage.

Therefore, sound management of naturalTherefore, sound management of natural

resources and systematic attention to theresources and systematic attention to the

impact of our actions on the environmentimpact of our actions on the environment

is essential.is essential.





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This is the only way to create aThis is the only way to create a

sustainable development of life.sustainable development of life.

Natural resources include not onlyNatural resources include not only

resources like water, soil and air, butresources like water, soil and air, but

also living resources like plants, animalsalso living resources like plants, animals

and fishes.and fishes.





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These principles have been laid down inThese principles have been laid down in

several declaration, agreements andseveral declaration, agreements and

conventions.conventions.

This means for the authorities of portsThis means for the authorities of ports

and harbors that environmental concernand harbors that environmental concern

is a vital item in port management.is a vital item in port management.

It has been found that environmentalIt has been found that environmental

damage can be prevented or greatlydamage can be prevented or greatly

reduced at acceptable cost.reduced at acceptable cost.





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More over, in many cases environmentalMore over, in many cases environmental

projection measures have economicprojection measures have economic

benefits that exceed their economic cost.benefits that exceed their economic cost.

In other cases qualitative or not readilyIn other cases qualitative or not readilyquantified benefits, (particularly formquantified benefits, (particularly form

avoidance of irreversible effects) mayavoidance of irreversible effects) may

readily justify the cost of protection.readily justify the cost of protection.

In most cases, preventive measures giveIn most cases, preventive measures give

more effective protection and at less costmore effective protection and at less cost

than later remedial measures.than later remedial measures.





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Related to ports and harbors, problemsRelated to ports and harbors, problems

that may occur through human actionsthat may occur through human actions

include:include:

-- accelerated erosion or accretionaccelerated erosion or accretion

caused by a new harbourlay outcaused by a new harbourlay out

-- salt wedge intrusionsalt wedge intrusion





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-- contamination from:contamination from:

* pollution from ship spills or discharges* pollution from ship spills or discharges

* uncontrolled run* uncontrolled run--off or waste disposaloff or waste disposal

* disturbance by disposal of polluted* disturbance by disposal of polluted

dredged materialsdredged materials* accidents* accidents





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This may result in:This may result in:

-- loss of animal, plant or marineloss of animal, plant or marine

species or the natural habitats onspecies or the natural habitats on

which they dependwhich they depend

-- loss of fishery potentialloss of fishery potential

-- occupational and health hazards,occupational and health hazards,

etc.etc.





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Clearly, for any particular project, onlyClearly, for any particular project, only

some of the impacts need to besome of the impacts need to be

considered.considered.

Also, the impacts that have to beAlso, the impacts that have to be

considered in a port in the Pakistan willconsidered in a port in the Pakistan will

be quite different from those in a port inbe quite different from those in a port inthe USA.the USA.





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Even for ports in adjacent countries theEven for ports in adjacent countries the

impacts are likely to be very different asimpacts are likely to be very different as

a consequence of the cargo being handled,a consequence of the cargo being handled,

the geography,the geography,

the hydrology,the hydrology,

the relative urban and industrial locations,the relative urban and industrial locations,and numerous other factors.and numerous other factors.





43

There are however, some environmentalThere are however, some environmental

aspects in ports and harbors which seemaspects in ports and harbors which seemto occur with greater frequency thanto occur with greater frequency than

others and these will be discussed in thisothers and these will be discussed in this

lecture.lecture.





44

Quality aspects of contaminantsQuality aspects of contaminants

in aquatic ecosystemsin aquatic ecosystems

Through the release of industrial,Through the release of industrial,

household and agricultural effluents andhousehold and agricultural effluents and

waste in reveres and harbors, manywaste in reveres and harbors, many

contaminants are introduced in thecontaminants are introduced in theecosystem of the harbor.ecosystem of the harbor.





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The main groups of environmentalThe main groups of environmental

contaminants which can becontaminants which can be

distinguished, are :distinguished, are :

1.1. nutrientsnutrients

2.2. pathogenic organismspathogenic organisms

3.3. marine saltsmarine salts

4.4. heavy metalsheavy metals





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5.5. inorganic substancesinorganic substances

6.6. aromatic hydrocarbonsaromatic hydrocarbons

7.7. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonspolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAH)(PAH)

8.8. chlorinated hydrocarbonschlorinated hydrocarbons

9.9. pesticidespesticides

10.10. mineral oil and othersmineral oil and others





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The components from the first four The components from the first four

groups have a natural background.groups have a natural background.

However, if the concentration of theseHowever, if the concentration of these

components is too high harm or danger components is too high harm or danger

can occur.can occur.

Nutrients Substances which belong toNutrients Substances which belong to

this group are phosphorus and nitrogen.this group are phosphorus and nitrogen.

They serve as a source of nutrient (food)They serve as a source of nutrient (food)

for the living organisms in the aquaticfor the living organisms in the aquatic

environment.environment.





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CHECK LISTCHECK LISTFORFOR


OFOF

HARBOUR MAINTENANCEHARBOUR MAINTENANCE

ANDAND

DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTS





49

CHECKLISTCHECKLIST

For port and harbor authorities itsFor port and harbor authorities its

important to know the environmentalimportant to know the environmentalaspects to deal with.aspects to deal with.

This check list gives an overview of theThis check list gives an overview of the

relevant environmental aspects thatrelevant environmental aspects thatshould be considered in harbor should be considered in harbor

maintenance or development.maintenance or development.





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To help in using this list a small box []To help in using this list a small box []

has been put before each item as well ashas been put before each item as well as

the number of the paragraph in which thethe number of the paragraph in which the

subject has been dealt.subject has been dealt.

The box [] can be used to check as youThe box [] can be used to check as you

go through the list to note your havinggo through the list to note your having

considered this particular aspect.considered this particular aspect.





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[] 1. Legislation[] 1. Legislation

[] 1.1[] 1.1 Knowledge of existing national andKnowledge of existing national and

international legislation.international legislation.

[] 1.2[] 1.2 Port regulation in accordance withPort regulation in accordance with

national and internationalnational and international

legislation.legislation.

[] 1.3[] 1.3 Port regulations inclusivePort regulations inclusive

enforcement for the purpose of theenforcement for the purpose of the

control of the environmentalcontrol of the environmental

aspects in the port.aspects in the port.





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[] 2. Control[] 2. Control

[] 2.1[] 2.1 Port procedures for monitoring andPort procedures for monitoring and

control of environmental aspectscontrol of environmental aspectsand nuisance.and nuisance.

[] 2.2[] 2.2 Procedures for the handling of Procedures for the handling of

dangerous substances.dangerous substances.

[] 2.3[] 2.3 Identification of possible sourcesIdentification of possible sources

of pollution.of pollution.





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[] 2. Control (Contd.)[] 2. Control (Contd.)

[] 2.4[] 2.4 Identification of areas that areIdentification of areas that are

sensitive to spillage andsensitive to spillage and

procedures for the handling of procedures for the handling of spills.spills.

[] 2.5[] 2.5 Procedures for cleaning and repair.Procedures for cleaning and repair.

[] 2.6[] 2.6 Procedures for collection andProcedures for collection and

treatment of garbage, sewage andtreatment of garbage, sewage andoily ballast and bilge water oily ballast and bilge water

[] 2.7[] 2.7 Contingency plan for the case of Contingency plan for the case of

accidents.accidents.





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[] 3. Facilities[] 3. Facilities

[] 3.1[] 3.1 Identification of possible andIdentification of possible and

necessary facilities.necessary facilities.[] 3.2[] 3.2 Identification of appropriate areasIdentification of appropriate areas

for handling hazardous cargo.for handling hazardous cargo.

[] 3.3[] 3.3 Facilities for collection andFacilities for collection and

treatment of tank washings,treatment of tank washings,

machinery residues and sledges.machinery residues and sledges.





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[] 3. Facilities (Contd.)[] 3. Facilities (Contd.)

[] 3.4[] 3.4 Facilities for the collection andFacilities for the collection and

treatment of oily ballast and bilgetreatment of oily ballast and bilgewater.water.

[] 3.5[] 3.5 Facilities for the collection andFacilities for the collection and

treatment of sewage both fromtreatment of sewage both from

ships as from land discharges.ships as from land discharges.[] 3.6[] 3.6 Facilities for the collection andFacilities for the collection and

disposal of garbage.disposal of garbage.





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[] 3. Facilities (Contd.)[] 3. Facilities (Contd.)

[] 3.7[] 3.7 Facilities for cleaning and repair.Facilities for cleaning and repair.[] 3.8 Equipment specialized to oil spill[] 3.8 Equipment specialized to oil spill

response.response.

[] 3.9[] 3.9 Commercial weighing of theCommercial weighing of the

financing of the above.financing of the above.





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[] 4. Organization[] 4. Organization

[] 4.1[] 4.1 Organization structure for theOrganization structure for themonitoring and control of themonitoring and control of the

environmental aspects in the port.environmental aspects in the port.

[] 4.2[] 4.2 Organization structure in case of Organization structure in case of emergencyemergency





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[] 5. Land[] 5. Land--related impactsrelated impacts

[] 5.1[] 5.1 Identification of port activities withIdentification of port activities withenvironmental consequencesenvironmental consequences

(construction, excavation, cargo(construction, excavation, cargo ± ±

handling, navigation, traffic,handling, navigation, traffic,

industry, runindustry, run--off from developedoff from developedareas, waste generation andareas, waste generation and

disposal, recreation).disposal, recreation).





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[] 5. Land[] 5. Land--related impacts (Contd.)related impacts (Contd.)

[] 5.2[] 5.2 Identification of quality objectives.Identification of quality objectives.

[] 5.3[] 5.3 Visual amenityVisual amenity

[] 5.4[] 5.4 Identification of visual offencesIdentification of visual offences

(uncontrolled dumps, broken(uncontrolled dumps, broken

structures, visible oil spills etc).structures, visible oil spills etc).

[] 5.5 Care for landscaping and[] 5.5 Care for landscaping and

aesthetics.aesthetics.

[] 5.6 Management structure to control[] 5.6 Management structure to control

the visual amenity.the visual amenity.





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[] 5.7 Soil pollution[] 5.7 Soil pollution

[] 5.8 Identification of possible sources of [] 5.8 Identification of possible sources of

soil pollutionsoil pollution

[] 5.9[] 5.9 Environmental, geological andEnvironmental, geological and

hydrohydro--geological data of possiblegeological data of possible

soil pollution areas.soil pollution areas.

[] 5.10 Investigation and determination of [] 5.10 Investigation and determination of

priorities for the remediation of priorities for the remediation of

soil pollution.soil pollution.





61


[] 5.11 Preventive measures for possible[] 5.11 Preventive measures for possible

future soil pollution.future soil pollution.[] 5.12 Air pollution and dust[] 5.12 Air pollution and dust

[] 5.13 Identification of possible sources.[] 5.13 Identification of possible sources.

[] 5.14 Meteorological data and data on[] 5.14 Meteorological data and data on

air air--borne substancesborne substances[] 5.15 Identification of sensitive areas.[] 5.15 Identification of sensitive areas.

[] 5.16 Sources and control measures.[] 5.16 Sources and control measures.





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[] 5.17 Noise[] 5.17 Noise

[] 5.18 Identification of sources.[] 5.18 Identification of sources.

[] 5.19 Planning for strategic location of [] 5.19 Planning for strategic location of

noise sources and buffer zones.noise sources and buffer zones.

[] 5.20 Measures for suppression, shield[] 5.20 Measures for suppression, shield

and control.and control.

[] 5.21 Health and safety[] 5.21 Health and safety





63


[] 5.22 Knowledge of existing legislation[] 5.22 Knowledge of existing legislation

and regulation.and regulation.[] 5.23 Protective measures (ventilation,[] 5.23 Protective measures (ventilation,

protective gear etc)protective gear etc)

[] 5.24 Training of personnel.[] 5.24 Training of personnel.

[] 5.25 Regular health check of [] 5.25 Regular health check of personnel.personnel.

[] 5.26 Emergency routines.[] 5.26 Emergency routines.





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[] 5.27 Degradation of nearby areas[] 5.27 Degradation of nearby areas

[] 5.28 Identification of sensitive areas[] 5.28 Identification of sensitive areas

(nature reservation, wetlands,(nature reservation, wetlands,

drinking water resources,drinking water resources,

shellfish and fishery grounds,shellfish and fishery grounds,

coastal areas, recreation areas,coastal areas, recreation areas,

agricultural areas, etc.)agricultural areas, etc.)





65


[] 5.29 Identification of activities with[] 5.29 Identification of activities with

environmental impact on theseenvironmental impact on these

areas (construction activities,areas (construction activities,

handling of cargo, shiphandling of cargo, ship

discharges and spills, industrialdischarges and spills, industrial

discharges, sanitary and nondischarges, sanitary and non--

sanitary waste, excavation andsanitary waste, excavation and

land reclamation, runoff fromland reclamation, runoff from

storage and industrial sites etc).storage and industrial sites etc).





66


[] 5.30 Measures for prevention and[] 5.30 Measures for prevention and

control of possible degradation.control of possible degradation.

[] 5.31 Measures in the contingency plan[] 5.31 Measures in the contingency planfor the protection of nearby areas.for the protection of nearby areas.





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[] 6.[] 6. MonitoringMonitoring

[] 6.1[] 6.1 Monitoring programme:Monitoring programme:

Determination of the amount, placeDetermination of the amount, placedepth and frequency of sampling indepth and frequency of sampling in

each monitoring step.each monitoring step.

[] 6.2[] 6.2 Determination of the relevantDetermination of the relevant

parameters to analyses.parameters to analyses.[] 6.3[] 6.3 Determination of the equipment toDetermination of the equipment to

be used for sampling.be used for sampling.





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[] 6.[] 6. Monitoring (Contd.)Monitoring (Contd.)

[] 6.4[] 6.4 Quality standardsQuality standards

[] 6.5[] 6.5 Selection of the criteria for Selection of the criteria for

classification.classification.

[] 6.6[] 6.6 Selection of dredging and disposalSelection of dredging and disposal

options for the various sediments.options for the various sediments.

[] 6.7[] 6.7 Determination of the amount, depthDetermination of the amount, depth

and class of the various sediments.and class of the various sediments.





69


[] 6.4[] 6.4 Quality standardsQuality standards

[] 6.5[] 6.5 Selection of the criteria for Selection of the criteria for

classification.classification.

[] 6.6[] 6.6 Selection of dredging and disposalSelection of dredging and disposal

options for the various sediments.options for the various sediments.

[] 6.7[] 6.7 Determination of the amount, depthDetermination of the amount, depth

and class of the various sediments.and class of the various sediments.





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[] 6.8[] 6.8 Environmental DredgingEnvironmental Dredging

[] 6.9[] 6.9 Consideration of possibilities for Consideration of possibilities for

reducing the quantity of reducing the quantity of

contaminated sediments to becontaminated sediments to be

dredged.dredged.

[] 6.10 Reducing dispersion land[] 6.10 Reducing dispersion land

settlement of resuspendedsettlement of resuspended

sediments during dredgingsediments during dredging

operations.operations.





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[] 6.12 Protection of personnel during[] 6.12 Protection of personnel during

dredging operations.dredging operations.[] 6.13 Dredging equipment and methods[] 6.13 Dredging equipment and methods

of operation to be used.of operation to be used.

[] 6.14 Impact of capital dredging and[] 6.14 Impact of capital dredging and

consequent altered bathymetry or consequent altered bathymetry or

configuration on: current patterns, flows,configuration on: current patterns, flows,salt wedge intrusion, natural sedimentsalt wedge intrusion, natural sediment

deposition, erosion, groundwater flow.deposition, erosion, groundwater flow.





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[] 6.15 Impact of dredging operations on[] 6.15 Impact of dredging operations onbottom habitat, aquatic biota andbottom habitat, aquatic biota and

fishery.fishery.

[] 6.16 Transport of the dredged material.[] 6.16 Transport of the dredged material.





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[] 7.[] 7. Environmental dredgingEnvironmental dredging

preparationpreparation

[] 7.1[] 7.1 Identification of the sources of Identification of the sources of contamination of the sediments.contamination of the sediments.

[] 7.2 Consideration of the necessity to[] 7.2 Consideration of the necessity to

adapt dredging operations due toadapt dredging operations due tovery contaminated dredgedvery contaminated dredged

material.material.





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[[] 8.] 8. Disposal of dredgedDisposal of dredged

materialmaterial

[] 8.1[] 8.1 PreventionPrevention

[] 8.2[] 8.2 Identification of sources of Identification of sources of

pollution of the sediments.pollution of the sediments.

[] 8.3[] 8.3 Identification of possibilities for Identification of possibilities for prevention of contamination of prevention of contamination of

sediments.sediments.





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[] 8.[] 8. Disposal of dredged materialDisposal of dredged material (Contd.)(Contd.)

[] 8.4 Consequences of possible[] 8.4 Consequences of possibleprevention, both in terms of socioprevention, both in terms of socio--

cultural as cost consequences.cultural as cost consequences.

[] 8.5[] 8.5 Beneficial useBeneficial use

[] 8.6[] 8.6 Identification of possibilities for Identification of possibilities for beneficial use.beneficial use.





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[] 8.7[] 8.7 Cost identificationCost identification

[] 8.8[] 8.8 Disposal on landDisposal on land

[] 8.9[] 8.9 Identification of the environmentalIdentification of the environmentalimpact when disposed on landimpact when disposed on land

(drainage, loss of vegetation,(drainage, loss of vegetation,

contaminants, slumping,contaminants, slumping,

rere--vegetation, aquifer vegetation, aquifer

contamination and dispersion,contamination and dispersion,

leaching, capping, monitoring andleaching, capping, monitoring and

control, etc.)control, etc.)






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[] 8.10 Identification of the technical,[] 8.10 Identification of the technical,sociosocio--cultural and legislativecultural and legislative

consequences.consequences.

[] 8.11 Cost of the solution[] 8.11 Cost of the solution

[] 8.12 Disposal under water [] 8.12 Disposal under water






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[] 8.13 Identification of the environmental[] 8.13 Identification of the environmental

impact when disposed under impact when disposed under water (dumping methods, loss of water (dumping methods, loss of

bottom biota, biologicalbottom biota, biological

rere--colonization rates currentcolonization rates current

patterns and wave action,patterns and wave action,requirements for capping,requirements for capping,

monitoring and control, etc.)monitoring and control, etc.)






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[] 8.14 Identification of the technical, the[] 8.14 Identification of the technical, thesociosocio--cultural and legislativecultural and legislative

consequences.consequences.

[] 8.15 Coast of the solution.[] 8.15 Coast of the solution.

[] 8.16 Artificial island[] 8.16 Artificial island






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[] 8.17 Identification of environmental[] 8.17 Identification of environmental\ \impact when stored in an artificialimpact when stored in an artificial

island (leaching, consolidation,island (leaching, consolidation,

future destination, capping,future destination, capping,

monitoring and control, etc.)monitoring and control, etc.)






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[] 8.18 Identification of the technical, the[] 8.18 Identification of the technical, thesociosocio--cultural and the legislativecultural and the legislative

consequencesconsequences

[[] 8.19 Cost of the solution] 8.19 Cost of the solution

[[] 8.20 Treatment] 8.20 Treatment[] 8.21 Possibilities of treatment.[] 8.21 Possibilities of treatment.






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[] 8.22 Cost and socio[] 8.22 Cost and socio--cultural impact of cultural impact of

the various alternatives.the various alternatives.[] 8.23 Selection of the optimum[] 8.23 Selection of the optimum

solution based on bothsolution based on both

environmental, technical, socioenvironmental, technical, socio--

cultural, legislative and costcultural, legislative and costconsequences of the variousconsequences of the various

alternatives.alternatives.





T

hank T

hank you! you!

c lecture#03 environmental aspects of harbour maint

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