building construction assignment1

Building Construction (ARC 1523)Project 2 : Integrated Construction Detailing and Drawings

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Introduction of site

2.0 Site and Safety

2.1 Plants and Machinery

3.0 External Work

3.1 Setting out and Earth work

4.0 Foundation

4.1 Foundation type and construction process (from site visit)

4.2 Foundation type and construction process (from reference)

5.0 Superstructure (from site visit and reference)

5.1 Beam and Column

5.2 Slab

5.3 Wall

5.4 Staircase

6.0 Opening

6.1 Window

6.2 Door

7.0 Roof

7.1 Roof type and construction process (from site visit)

7.2 Roof type and construction process (from reference)

8.0 Summary

9.0 Reference

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE

1.1 Introduction To The Site

SITE A

Location : Lot 37340, Bandar Mahkota Cheras, Mukim Cheras, Daerah

Hulu Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Date of Approval : 1st October 2011

Owner : Mr. Loo Kok Jiang & Ms. Low Lee Siang

Architect : Architectonic Design

Contractor : Advance Contech Sdn. Bhd.

House Type : 3 Storey Bungalow

SITE B

Location : Bandar Mahkota Cheras, Mukim Cheras, Daerah Hulu

Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

House Type : 3 Storey Terrace House

SITE B

SITE A

2.0 Site and safety

Safety signs that commonly found in construction site.

Dress code

• Closed toe shoes only. Work boots are preferred but thick-soled tennis shoes are allowed.

• Due to the nature of the construction work involved, long pants are preferred. However, shorts are permitted, but

cannot be shorter than mid-thigh. No overly baggy pants should be worn.

• Shirts are required at all times. No tank tops, tube tops, spaghetti string tops, or halter tops are allowed. All

undergarments must be covered.

• Protective glasses are provided by Habitat, and are available for all construction site volunteers/workers. A

worker must wear protective glasses any time he or she is operating a power tool or when instructed by a Habitat

construction site crew chief or safety officer.

• Dust mask are provided by Habitat, and are available for all construction site volunteers/workers installing

insulation, sanding, or when instructed by a Habitat construction site crew chief or safety officer.

• Ear plugs are provided by Habitat, and are available for all construction site volunteers/workers using a power

tool or when instructed by a Habitat construction site crew chief or safety officer

Prepared By: TEO KEAN HUI

SITE AND SAFETY

2.0 Site and safety

Worker safety series

Safety nets must be used by every construction which is more than one floor to prevent thing falling down and hit people below it. Scaffolding must be used for every construction site for many purposes such as plastering, painting and so on. It must be equip properly and strong enough to prevent collapse.

Personal fall arrest systems must be used on every worker that work on the high ground so that he/she can be saved from falling to the ground.

Ladder must be checked and ensure that is save before using it to avoid anything that is unpleasant happened. Besides, ladders are required to place at the place that needed so that workers can use it all the time when they need it.

First aid kits are important for every construction site and it must be placed in spot that easily seen so that everyone can find and use it when needed.

Fire extinguisher must be place in each corner of construction site in case any fire or burning happened can be put out.

Water storage tanks that store clean water is important as a source of drinking water for worker.

Portable toilet must be installed in construction site so that business can be done in a proper place for everyone in construction site.


Scaffolding

Personal fall arrest system

Safety nets

LadderFire extinguisher Water storage tank Portable toilet

SITE AND SAFETY

2.0 Site and safety

Electrical equipment

An electrical equipment must be used according to propel instruction and sequences. All the workers are advice to go for training and instruction should be done by a qualified

person but not “do-it-yourself”. Workers are advice to operate any electrical with the presence of instructor until the instructor satisfies with worker’s way of operating electrical

equipment in proper way.

Clean the electrical equipment daily and it should be checked for defective switches, cords, plugs, and proper grounding to avoid any accident happen.

Any electrical equipment that has problem must be report to the Site Safety Officer so that it can be repair or replace.

To avoid from electric shock,

A proper and licenced plug must be used on all the electrical equipment.

Extension wire that used must not have frayed insulation and should not simply wrap it with tapes but to change it or repair it by qualified person.

All the lights used in construction site must equip with the nonconductive guard.

Attitude

Think before you do your work or task.

Ask a Construction Crew Chief or Safety Officer for assistance if you are uncertain about how to do a task or how to operate a power tool.

Concentrate on your task and eliminate distractions.

Know the location of the first-aid kit and how to get emergency help.

Inspect all tools on a daily basis including power tools, hand tools, ladders, and scaffolding.

Advise a Construction Crew Chief or Safety Officer immediately of any unsafe condition or hazard.

The worker get the right to rest to rest 30 minutes for each 3 hours.


SITE AND SAFETY

PLANTS AND MACHINERY

2.1 Plants and machinery Backhoe loader, digger, JCBA big bucket on the front and a small bucker at the back.Commonly used in urban engineering and small construction projects.Light transportation of building materials.Digging holes, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads.The buckets attach on it can be remove and replace with another machine to perform other task such as pneumatic.

Truck, tipperMainly function as vehicle that carries sand and stones for construction site.In Malaysia, the called it “lori hantu”.The bucket behind it can be change to become other useful vehicle in construction site such as transit mixer and many more.

Telescoping boom truck mounted mobile craneCable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers or rubber-tired carriers.There are also hydraulic-powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers or as self-propelled models.Mainly used as a machine to carry different types of load such as steel bars, concrete by using concrete pouring bucket with little or no setup or assembly.

Transit MixersA machine that that used to combines cement, aggregate and water to form concrete in big amount.Vehicle that carries a big revolving drum to mix the components. Normally concrete are pour into concrete pouring bucket from transit mixer to use.Gets cement mixing materials from cement plants.

Plate compactorUsed to compact soil or road surface.Only for small scale project.Compacted soil can free from shifts and settles that cause by the exposure to water, freezing and thawing cycles thus pressure from above due to vehicles or foot traffic that can lead to unstable and uneven surface.


2.1 Plants and machinery

Concrete mixerA machine that that used to combines cement, aggregate and water to form concrete in small amount.Uses a revolving drum to mix the components

Concrete pouring bucketWork together with Telescoping boom truck mounted mobile crane to carry concrete from transit mixer.Operate manually by worker.

Pneumatic Pavement Breakers A tool that used commonly to break down solid such as stones, harden concrete and bricks.Uses the vibrating system to break down the particle of solid things.

Power generator Function as a machine to generate power for other machine that not so big by using fuel.

Bar bending machineThis machine used to shape steel bar for reinforcement of the building’s parts such as piles and wall.Normally uses power generator to operate.

Light lifting machine Used to carry limited amount of load in construction site.Operate physically and manually.

LoaderDigging holes, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads.Commonly used in urban engineering.Only one bucket at the front.


PLANTS AND MACHINERY

EXTERNAL WORK

3.1 Fencing

Prepared By: KIEW WEE KEE

Galvanized Chain-Link Fence (used in construction)

Introduction to Chain-Link Fence

A chain-link fence (also referred to as wire netting, wire-mesh fence, chain-wire fence, cyclone fence, hurricane fence, or diamond-mesh fence) is a type of woven fence usually made from galvanized or LLDPE-coated steel wire. The wires run vertically and are bent into a zig-zag pattern so that each "zig" hooks with the wire immediately on one side and each "zag" with the wire immediately on the other. This forms the characteristic diamond pattern seen in this type of fence.

Types of Link

Knuckle - Knuckle

The wire is knuckled at both ends & is abbrievated as KK

Knuckle - Barbed

The wire is knuckled at the bottom & twisted into a barbed selvedge at

the top & is abbrievated as KB

Barbed - Barbed

The wire is twisted into a barbed selvedge at both ends & is abbrievated as

BB

EXTERNAL WORK

3.1 FencingGalvanized Chain-Link Fence (used in construction)

Terminal Post Cap

Rail End BandTension Band

Terminal Post

Fence TieTop Rail

Line Post

Bottom Tension Wire

Gate Fork Latch

Gate Post Hinge

Gate Frame Hinge

Chain-Link Fence & Gate (Parts & Lists)

Examples of Chain-Link Fence at Construction Site


EXTERNAL WORK

3.2 Setting OutSetting Out Building Outline (Process)

1. Set out the building line

Centre of the road

Peg

Building Line

Kerb Peg

Boundary Distance determined by the authority

2. Set out the base (frontage line)

Centre of the road

Kerb

Building Line

Frontage Line

AB

First corner peg set to the distance "D" from the boundary

D

Second peg set the distance of the width of the building to determine the frontage line

Boundary

3. Set out the first right angle to the frontage line

B AFrontage Line

90°

Squared Line

C

Peg set well outside the proposed building's position

4. Set out the second right angle to the frontage line

Frontage LineB A

90°

Squared Line

C DPeg set well outside the

proposed building's position

Distance set from peg C to ped D is to be the same as

for A - B; this will ensure that the lines are parallel

5. Set out the final (Back) line

B AFrontage Line

C D

Peg set well outside the proposed building's position

E FG H


EXTERNAL WORK

3.2 Setting OutSetting Trenches & Profiles

Typical Trenches Layout

Foundation & Trench

Profile Boards

Wall

Typical Profile Boards

Painted Band

Wall

Trench

Saw Cuts

50 X 50 Posts

150 X 38 Crossboard

Concrete Strip Foundation

Trench width markd with a line/ dots of dry lime powder for hand excavation

Centre line of trench marked with dry lime powder for machin e excavationusing trench width bucket

Profile Boards Cords between Profiles

When the building has been set outand proved by checking the diagonals, profiles can be erected to enable the corner points to be easily located after the trenches had been excavated:

The profile is marked with the wall position by saw cut or nail.

This is particularly important when the excavation is to be carried out by means of a mechanical digger.

Positioning of Profiles

Profiles must be positioned well away from the proposed excavations to allow an adequate working space.


EXTERNAL WORK

3.2 Setting OutSetting Profiles Level

Level is transferred from datum to corner peg

Corner profile set to the required finished floor level

Temporary datum mark is protected with concrete

Boning Rods

Boning RodLine of Sight

Line of Excevation/ Depth RequiredFixed LevelFixed Level

Site Datum 1 3 2

When setting up profiles, it is essential that they are as level as possible. This ensures that lines cross very closely at intersections Avoids inaccuracies when re-measuring walls and diagonals before commencing the brickwork. The profi le can be levelled using an optical or laser level, and is most conveniently levelled to the DPC level of the proposed building.

Function:

Used to transfer levels between two known points. Speed up the transference of levels. Eye sight is used instead of a spirit level.

A simple device used to quickly position levelling pegs. Consists of two pieces of timber nailed together at right angles


EXTERNAL WORK

3.3 Earthwork

Types of Earthworks

Earthworks can be calssified based on the tyoe of excavated material:

Topsoil Excavation:

Removal of the exposed layer of the earth’s surface, including vegetation. Since the topsoil, or mantle soil, supports growth of trees and other vegetation, this layer contains more moisture than that underneath.

Earth Excavation:

Removal of the layer of soil immediately under the topsoil and on top of rock. Used to construct embankments and foundations, earth usually is easy to move with scrapers or other types of earthmoving equipment.

Rock Excavation:

Muck Excavation:

Removal of a formation that cannot be excavated without drilling and blasting. Any boulder larger than 1⁄2 yd3 generally is classified as rock.

Removal of material that contains an excessive amount of water and undesirable soil. Its consistency is determined by the percentage of water contained. Because of lack of stability under load, muck seldom can be used in an embankment.


FOUNDATION

4.1 Introduction to Foundation

Prepared By: CHRISTIODY

Foundation is the lowest part of the building. The first function is to support the building and anchor the superstructure above and transmit its loads safely into the earth.

Foundation system must anchor the superstructure to prevent the wind- induced sliding, uplift and overturning withstands the sudden ground movements of an earthquake then resist the pressure imposed by the surrounding soil mass and ground water.

As the building is constructed, some settlement is to be expected as the load on the foundation increases and causes a reduction in the volume of soil voids containing air or water

Differential settlement

Proper designed construct foundation

Substructure

Anchorage to resist sliding,

uplift and overturning

Foundation

FOUNDATION

4.1 Types of Foundation systems


Foundation have a lot of combination of bearing walls, columns and piers to transmit building loads directly to the earth.

There are some structural elements can form various types of substructures, such as, basement wholly , crawl spaces, concrete slabs on grade and a grid of independent.

Two types of foundation systems are Shallow foundation and deep foundation.

Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation

Shallow Foundation

Basement wholly

Crawl spaces

Concrete slabs on grade

A grid of independent

FOUNDATION

4.2 Foundation Site Process


1

2

3 4

51. Back holder excavating the soil to create the mold for foundation.

2. The foundation mold has been applied and ready for pouring cement.

3. Add the steel bar inside the mold that going to pour by cement to stronger the foundation.

4. Cement Mixer car start pouring cement and the worker help to spruce up the cement so that the cement is poured by cement mixer car does not spill out of the mold.

5. Concrete Foundation wall.

FOUNDATION

4.3 Foundation General Process (Underpinning and Footings)


Underpinning means the process of rebuilding the foundation of an existing building .

Alternative to extend a new foundation wall and placing new footing

Raft Foundation

Grid of Ribs

Temporary support while an existing foundation is

repaired

Support/alternative to extend new foundation

FOUNDATION

4.3 Foundation General Process (Footings)


Isolated Footings Continuous Footing

A cantilever Footings Combined Footings

Column Footings

Wood PostSteel Column

Reinforced Concrete Column

Verticcal reinforcement

Lateral reinforcement

Steel dowels

Steel base plate

A variety of proprietary bases are available

FOUNDATION

4.3 Foundation General Process ( Foundation walls )


Foundation wall Concrete Foundation Wall Concrete Masonry Foundation

Foundation wall

FOUNDATION

4.3 Foundation General process ( Foundation on sloping Ground and Pole foundation)


Pole Foundation means an elevate timber structures above the ground plane, require minimal excavation and preserve the natural features and existing drainage patterns of site.

Foundation on sloping Ground can cause overlapping soil stress and ground surface should not encroach on bearing prism of soil rock

Spaced wood beams (solid)

Poles

5.1 Column & Beam

Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Column• A supporting pillar consisting of a base, a

shaft and a capital.

• A structural element that transmits, through compression , the weight of the structure above to other structure below.

• Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings.

Types of Column

• In ancient, there are three types of columns been used to construct the support of the building in Greek and Roman. They are Doric, Ionic, Corinthian.

• Nowadays, to construct columns, there are few materials been used such as reinforced concrete, steel bar and etc.

Materials Used to Construct Column and Beam on Site

• Reinforced concrete- cement and steel bar

Beam• A structural element that is capable of

withstanding load primarily by resisting bending.

5.1 Column & Beam

000

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

Diagram 1.3

Diagram 1.1 : Diagram shows that the steel bar was tied to the foundation’s rebar to construct columns.

Diagram 1.2 : Wooden panels were set up around the steel bars.

Diagram 1.3 : 1. Wooden panels were set up to form the shape of the columns. 2. Cement is poured into the set –up wooden panels to form columns. 3. Remove the wooden panels after the cement form concrete shape and it takes time around two weeks. 4. Concrete columns were completely dry up in 28 days in normal weather without raining.

Step to Construct Column

Rebar

Wooden panel

Cement

1 2 3 4


5.1 Column & Beam

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Cement


Diagram 1.4

Diagram 1.4 : 1. Wooden panels are set-up as the formwork to construct the reinforced concrete beam. 2. Cement is poured into the formwork to form concrete beam. 3. Wooden formwork are removed after 28 days when it dry.

1 2 3

Pictures shown on the left are the beams of the site we visited.


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.1 Column & Beam Advantage of Reinforced Concrete Column:

• It has a relatively high compressive strength;

• It has better resistance to fire than steel;

• It has a long service life with low maintenance cost; In some types

of structures, such as dams, piers, and footings, it is the most

economical structural material;

• It can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in

precast structural components. It yields rigid members with

minimum apparent deflection.

Disadvantage of Reinforced Concrete Column:

• It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its compressive

strength;

• It needs mixing, casting, and curing, all of which affect the final

strength of concrete;

• The cost of the forms used to cast of concrete placed in the forms;

• It has a low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio

is about 1:10, depending on materials), which leads to large

sections in columns of multistory buildings;

• Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the application

of live loads.

Pictures shot during site visit

Advantage and Disadvantage of Reinforced Concrete Column

Other Basic Structural of Column and Beam

1. I Beam 2. Steel C Channel 3. Hollow section

1. 2 3.


5.2 Slab

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Slab

• A common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings , while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.

Concrete Slab

Gravel

Concrete Ground Slab

Two way Concrete Ceiling Slab

Materials Used to Construct Slab on Site

• Reinforced concrete- cement and steel bar


5.2 Slab

SUPERSTRUCTURE

1 2

3 4

Rebar

Cement

Wooden panel

Diagram 1.5 : 1. Wooden panels were set

up to form the shape of

the slab. Besides that,

the rebar is placed on the

gravel to withstand more

force.

2. Cement is poured into the

wooden formwork to form

reinforced concrete slab.

3. Remove the wooden

panels after the cement

form slab shape and it

takes time around two

weeks.

4. Reinforced concrete slab

is totally dried up around

28 days.


Wooden panel


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.2 Slab

Advantage of Reinforced Concrete :

• Reduced project time & Improved Cash Flow

• Shorter start to finish time

Reason of concrete crack: Shrinkage, Rapid Drying of the

concrete, Improper strength concrete

poured on the job.

Prevent slab from crack : Know the allowable water for the mix the

contractor is pouring- or be very sure you

have chosen a reputable contractor who will

make sure the proper mix is poured. It is

more expensive to do it right- it simply takes

more manpower to pour stiffer mixes.


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG

A wall is a vertical structure, usually solid, that defines and sometimes

protects an area. Most commonly, a wall delineates a building and

supports its superstructure, separates space in buildings into sections,

or protects or delineates a space in the open air.

Constructing a concrete brick wall:-

Brickwork bond used on site:Stretcher bond (Running bond)

Types of bricks used on site:-Clay brick and Cement sand brick

Features:- Most common bond Easy to build Produces very little waste Use for interior setting because of its thin wall

Step 1: FoundationPour a concrete foundation if you do not have an existing slab, brick ledge, or footing to work on.

Concrete footing

Soil

Wood board (formwork)

Aggregates

Perspective view

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 2: Measure the brick

Step 5: Next level brick

Always start at each end then fill in the middle till you get to your destined height. Remember to adjust your hook line every level you goes.

For example if your brick is 9 5/8 inches long, then you may want to mark 10 inches intervals for each brick. The remaining 3/8 inch gap you can fill them with mortar.

Start by putting a brick down at each end of where you want the wall to go. Measure the size of your brick because bricks come in variety of sizes; long, short, wide, skinny, etc.

get the length of your wall

9 5/8” 3/8”

10”

Set up the line Fill the middle

Step 3: Set up the line

Hook a line at both ends so it lines up with the very top of the two bricks. Then fill up the middle.

Keep the height of all bricks the same by using a spirit level or carpenter’s level. Check them once in a while to be safe.

Spirit level

Step 4: Consistency

Half size brick

Full size brick


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 6: Wiring and piping

After constructing the brick till the top, you have to get all kinds of piping ready depending on what you need: wire, air conditioner, water and etc. Then, you need to craft a cylindrical-like space on the wall vertically or horizontally depending on your piping system. Then, you can start setting up your pipes.

Step 7: Laying the mortar

Before you start to lay the mortar, construct a small flat-topped pyramid with mortar at every corner and side end (make sure they are all same height). This method is use to make sure the mortar is laid perpendicularly. After the flat-topped pyramid mortar has dried, you can now finish off by laying the rest mortar on the wall.

Constructing a drywall partition wall

Advantages:- Easy and fast installation Fire resistant (contains gypsum) Superior in terms of insulation Environmental-friendly

Step 1: Mark and record

Determine where you want to place your partition wall and on the spot, put a mark on the ceiling. From the mark, drop a plumb bob and mark the floor. Repeat it on the other side where the partition wall going to end.

Plumb bobFlat-topped pyramid mortar


Cylindrical-like space for pipes

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 2: Measure and cut

Prepare studwork timber to make the frame of the partition wall. Using measuring tape, measure and dimension the size of the wall you want it to be. Note that the distance between every stud has to be in 16 inches because:-

The standard dimension of heat and sound insulations are 16 inches as it could fit exactly into it.

By the time it comes to time, you might want to put things outside the plasterboards such as baseboard, crown mold, cabinets and etc. It is good to know where the studs are for nailing and screwing purposes.

Cut the studwork timbers using a saw into the dimension (according to the size of your wall) shown below:-

Step 3: Assembling the pieces

Lay the cut studwork timber on the floor first then proceed by joining them together. Drive two 16d nails into each edge at 45 degree angle. This method is to make sure the studworks are firmly attached.

Step 4: Screw the plasterboards

Cut the plasterboard of that size of the outer frame. Screw the plasterboard in, at only one side of the frame.

Top plate

Studs

Noggings

Base plate

16”Maximum 1350 mm

Nail at 45 degree


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 5: Install insulations

Leave the other side of the wall empty so that you can place the insulation in. Make sure you install the right type of insulation depending on what you need: heat, sound, or both. Measure and cut the insulation into the right size so that it fits exactly.

Step 6: Finish the plasterboards

After inserting all the insulations you want, cover them with plasterboards. Again, cut the plasterboard of that size of the outer frame and screw the plasterboard in.

Pre-cast wall

Advantages:- Rapid construction Good quality control Minimal wastage

Disadvantages:- Limited building design flexibility Skilled workmanship is required on the site Connections are difficult

Step 1: Plotting the wall element

Mark the outline of the wall with the dimensions you want.

Step 2: Moulding and placing electric/water installations

Place the electric and water pipes on the mark (depending on what you need).

Heat/sound insulation


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 4: Concrete filling

Pour mortar onto the iron bar.

Step 3: Inserting reinforcement (ironing)

Insert iron bars within the outline of the wall.

Step 5: Vibration and rotation (double wall formation)

After the mortar has dried, rotate the dried mortar and stack it with another prepared wall.

Step 6: Storing the walls

Hook the wall off to a side as it is available to be cast to construction


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Reinforced concrete wall

Features:-

Higher relative strength Used in skyscrapers and bridges Have expansion joints to prevent cracking in response to

changes of temperature

Step 1: Setting steel and inspection

Step 3: Removing forms

Step 2: Formwork and mortar

Set up the skeletal structure with steel bars.

Set up the formwork and pour mortar into the formwork.

After the mortar has completely dried, remove the formwork.

Glass block wall

Advantages:-

Transmit light in both direction Distorting image to create privacy Resistance in heat, sound and impact Cost effectiveness (minimal maintenance)


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 1: Determine the number of blocks

Measure and plan your project as glass block cannot be cut. Do not forget the thickness of mortar joints.

Step 2: Prepare mortar

Mix an amount of glass mortar depending on your usage.

Step 3: First row

Lay a bed of mortar and start placing the glass blocks. The spaces between the end of the block will be filled with expansion strip instead of mortar due to climate changes.

Step 4: Second row

Repeat step 3. After filling the second row, place panel anchors on the glass blocks and screw them into the side wall of both ends.

Step 5: Complete wall

Continue laying the glass blocks until the top. Remember to add panel anchors in every two rows to increase its endurance.

Expansion strip

Panel anchors


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase

Stairs is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.


Staircase terminology

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase

Step 2: Determine the foundation’s dimension

The dimensions of the staircase’s foundation are the total length of run and total width of staircase as you have measured in step 1.

Step 3: Build the form

Use either plywood or framing lumber to build the form. Cut the side forms according to the tread and riser calculations.

Constructing a stairs

Step 1: Calculate the stairs’ dimension

Standard measurement of: Rise (7 inches) Tread (11 inches)

Measure the height of one floor to the other. (to get the total number of rise)Divide the height with 7.25 inches to see how many steps you will need. Measure the horizontal distance the staircase will span (total run) and measure the width of staircase from left to right (total staircase width).


Vertical face

Rise

Run

Total rise

Total run

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase

Step 6: Add finishing touches

Step 7: Leave and wait

Use a simple wood float to clean and smooth the surface of the mortars.

Spray the stairs with curing compound and cover it with burlap. After a week, you can remove the form lumber.

Step 5: Pour the mortar

Step 4: Prepare the concrete

You might need a portable cement mixer to produce sufficient and well-mixed mortar.

Start at the bottom; pour one step at a time. Make sure the mortars are spread evenly. Use a spade to remove the trapped air bubbles.


Filled with mortar

Wood float

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase

Constructing timber staircase

Step 1: Calculate rise and run

Find the total length of your rise and run. Also, measure the width of your staircase. Divide your total rise by 7 inches then you will get your number of steps.

Step 2: Cutting stringers

Mark the tread notches using a framing square

fitted with stair gauges. Cut the notches using a

circular saw. Screw each stringer to the deck-frame

blocking, which was spaced 16 in. on centre. With

the stringers in place, check that each step is level,

and use a block plane to shave down high spots

Step 3: Install treads and risers

Cut the risers to the length and fasten them to the stringers. Cut the risers and treads to overhang the outer stringer by 1 ¼”. Leaving 1 ¼” space is for nailing purposes.


The volume of the stairs

Stringers

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase


Types of staircase

Straight staircase

Circular staircase

Quarter landing staircase

Spiral staircase

Dog-legged or half landing staircase

Winder staircase

OPENING

6.1 Window

Prepared By: HO LEON

Window Introduction

There are varies types and sizes of windows, the choices of windows not only affect the physical look of a building, but also the natural lighting, ventilation, potential view and interior spaces’ spatial quality of a building. Throughout the site visits, I found out there are several types of windows used in the construction project which provide a good spatial quality.

Basic Window Elements

Window frameIn our visited site, the window frame used is all metal window frames .

Jamb

Head

Sill

Rough opening

Exterior casingNot necessary used, normally is drip cap or head casing.

Casing trim/ Architrave

Sash and Glazing

Window Operation in our visited site

Fixed window0% ventilation

Sliding window50% ventilation

OPENING

Installation methods of aluminium window frame

1. Cast-in window System2. Sub frame System3. Lug System

Cast-in window System

Throughout the fabrication and construction process, the window frame must be protected.

Window frame setting on the precast wall panel casting mould.

Sub frame system

1. Position the sub frame using aluminium plate and ride up blocks.

Ride up block

Aluminium plate

Ride up block

Aluminium plate

Sub frame

2. Check the alignment of the plumb and the sub frame

3. Anchor the sub frame to the rough opening.

4. Seal the anchor heads and the joints with the wall with protection tape on the frame.

Wood stiffener

Protection tape

Joint with wall

Anchor head

5. Placing main frame on to the sub frame. Millet is use to knock the finishing trim.

Millet


6.1 Window

OPENING

Lug system

This is the window frame installation method used in the site we visited. This installation method straight away use main frame but no sub frame.

V-shaped timber wedge

Metal straps

Aluminium frame

1. Clean and wet the rough opening.

2. Use straps and V-shaped timber wedge to position the frame.

Some use broken ceramic tiles to position

Metal straps

Aluminium frame

Mortar plastering after setting the frame.

3. Lastly, check the alignment of the frame with the wall and prepare to anchor the straps and start plastering.

Level peg

Plaster finished level


6.1 Window

OPENING

6.2 Door

Door Introduction

Doors and doorways always provide access from the outside into the interior of a building as well as passage between interior space. Exterior doors provide weathertight seal and maintain the thermal insulation value. Whereas interior doors should offer visual and acoustical privacy to the owner.

Basic Doorframe Elements

Door typesIn the construction we visited, the client had demanded to use both wood doors and metal doors.

Head

Jamb

StopAct a stop when the door closes.

Rough opening A wall opening to fit a doorframe.

Casing/ ArchitraveA trim which provide finishing to the joint between door frame and rough opening

ThresholdSill of doorway. Providing weather protection and covers joints of two flooring materials. It can be replaced by door mat

Door hardware


OPENING

In terms of door operation, the

construction we visited had planned to

use three types of it. Which are the

swinging, surface sliding and

bypass sliding and the folding

doors.

Swinging Surface sliding

Bypass sliding Folding

The client of this construction project demanded wood panel door with sash to be the entrance door. Wood panel door with sash is one of the design of wood rail and stile doors.

Possible design of the wood panel door with sash to be used.

Basic Panel Door Design

Head

Top rail

Frieze rail

Lock rail

Panel

Bottom rail

Frame

Style


6.2 Door

OPENING

Installation methods of Wooden Door frame

There are three methods I had researched on the wooden doorframe installation. Which are:

1. Traditional System2. Rebated and lift-up door system3. Sub frame System

Traditional System

The installation of doorframe was done before the plastering the wall or installing the wall tiles.

Door frame may shrink, damaged or stained due to movement, tension, moisture condition and temperature during plastering.

Architrave

Main frameWall

Door panel

Traditional System

Rebated and lift-up door system

It provide a gap between door and frame. It cause a better acoustic effect. Make user easier to uplift door panel with the use of lift up hinges.

Architrave

Main frame

Sub frame

Lift up hinge

Door panel

Rebated and lift-up door System

Sub frame system

This is the method they used during the installation of wooden door frame during our site visit.

Door panel

Architrave

Sub frame

Main frame

Wall

Sub frame System


6.2 Door

OPENING

Sub frame system process

1. Verify and confirm the door location and the dimension of the rough opening.

2. Measure the sub frame too make sure the dimension to be more accurate.

3. Ensure proper alignment between sub frame and the setting out line.

Plumb bobTo ensure the doorframe is straight

Measuring tape

Metal Straps

4. After aligned the frame, position the frame using metal straps.

5. Grout the gap between the sub frame and the rough opening

6. Measure the dimension of sub frame in order to install the main doorframe.


6.2 Door

OPENING

7. Apply bonding agent on the main frame and the sub frame. Apply silicon on the edges of the frame too.

SiliconTo resist water

8. Install the main frame to the sub frame using wave nails.

Cylinder LockLever Handles

Mortise Lock

9. Install the door panel, hinges and the door hardwares which use in our visited site.

10. Clean the unwanted material around the architrave area. Mark down the angle and the distance alignment between the architrave and the main door frame.

11. Saw the marked architrave and apply bonding agent.

12. Lastly, hit the nail slant to achieve stable structure.


6.2 Door

ROOF

7.0 Roof

Prepared By: NG YOU SHENG

Roofing Introduction

A roof shape which has two surfaces that rise from the center to the eaves with a valley in the center; resembles the wings of a butterfly.

The butterfly roof design is not only meant for the good looks but also have some advantages, the interiors of the house feels very airy and fresh. It also allows more sunlight to enter the house due to increased height of walls. Besides, it forms a v shaped valley so the roof is capable of storing rainfall.

However, leakage problem makes the butterfly design less comfortable, it requires a little bit extra maintenance than other roofing, which is the main reason why butterfly roof is less popular.

Introduction to Butterfly Roof

A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather and the invasion of animals. In most countries, the roof protects primarily against rain, heat, sunlight, wind, cold and snow.

ROOF

7.1 Butterfly Roof and Shed Roof (on site) Modern Construction Method Step by step

Roof Truss: Sloping Top Chord

These metal trusses are pre-fabricated in a factory and delivered to site ready for fixing, much simpler than traditional roofing carried out entirely on site.

Roof Framing

The purpose of a roof frame is to provide a structure that spans the walls of the building and supports the roof covering. The slope of pitch is to allow rain water to run off and be drained away from the dwelling. The roof frame also assists in bracing the structure from wind forces from various directions.

Install Acoustic Insulation Panel on top of Roof FramingRoofing insulators that prevent heat flux through the roof, they are set below water proof roofing materials.

Flashing: Install Corrugated Galvanised Steel Roofing on top of Insulation Panel pieces of sheet metal usually lead, attached around the joints and angles of a roof to protect against leakage

1 2

3 4


ROOF

7.1 Butterfly RoofBasic Rules and Gutter

BASIC RULES OF CONSTRUCTING BUTTERFLY ROOF

LOW END OF BUTTERFLY ROOF

MAXIMUM 3’ ABOVE HEIGHT LIMIT

MAXIMUM 4’ ABOVE HEIGHT LIMIT

HEIGHT LIMIT

EXTERIOR WALL

CENTRAL GALVANISED GUTTER FALLING TO RAINWATER HEAD

GUTTER BOARDS ON FRAIMING TO FALLS

BUTTERFLY ROOF GUTTER


ROOF

7.2 Steel Framing and Terms of Roof Truss

The roof trusses are made of C-channel steel barsThese steel bars then form roof trusses in the factory, and the roof trusses were brought to the site, during installation, they were connected using steel gussets.

Steel Gusset

Terms of Roof Truss Members

Web

Leg

Ret

C Channel Steel

Web Tie

RoofingWebs

Pitch Pitching Point

Top ChordRoof Batten

Fascia

Overhang

Nail Plates

Bottom Chord

Bottom Chord Tie

Overall Length

Normal Span

Ceiling Batten

Cantilever Web

Ceiling

CantileverOverhang

Pitching Point

Steel Framing

A truss is a frame that supports loads by efficiently transferring its forces to end supports.

Roof Truss


ROOF

7.2 Types of Roofs

The gable roof has two sloping sides that meet at the top to form a gable at each end. It is the most common type of roof.

GABLE ROOF

The gambrel roof is the variation of a gable roof. It has a steep slope on two sides , a second slope begins partway up and continues to the top.This type of roof is commonly used on barns.

GAMBREL ROOF

The gable roof has two sloping sides that meet at the top to form a gable at each end. It is the most common type of roof.

MANSARD ROOFHIP ROOF

The hip roof slopes at all sides, results in an even overhang all around the building. It is a very strong roof and is commonly found in regions where have severe storms. This roof is very popular due to its low maintenance needed.


ROOF

7.2 Types of Roofs

CURVED PANEL ROOF A-FRAME ROOF

FLAT ROOFSHED ROOF

Curved roof is known for their aesthetic appeal. Other than that, it may allow for greater indoor areas or extra floors where height restrictions are a concern. In addition, a curved roof may also help to reduce resistance to wind.

A-Frame Roof is normally used in countries which have snowfalls, the steep slope allows the snow slides to the ground instead of remaining on top. A-Frame house have limited space and are usually built as vacation cottages.

The flat roof is not perfectly flat, the rafters are laid at a slight angle to allow rain water to flow. Sheathing and roofing are applied to the top of the rafters.

Shed roof, also called a lean-to roof, the shed roof is often used for an addition to an existing building. A shed roof is similar to a flat roof but has more pitch.


8.0 Summary

Although both site A and site B are three-storeys building, but we found that the construction process of site B is much efficient. In

our opinion, site B uses more advanced machines and the land area is operated by developer. From our observation, the workers

in site B are more skilled and attentive compared to site A. The superstructure of site B can be pre-casted because it required less

design flexibility.

SITE A (Bungalow house)SITE B (Shop houses)

9.0 References

1. Ching, F.D.K., 2008. Building Construction Illustrated. Fourth Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Willey & Sons, Inc.

2. Allen, E. and Iano, J., 2009. Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. Fifth Edition. Hobeken, New Jersey: John

Willey & Sons, Inc.

3. Varghese, P.C., 2007. Building Construction. New Delhi: Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited.

4. Anonymous, n.y.. Design. [online] Available at: <http://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/others/doordesign.pdf> [Accessed 16

October 2013].

5. Anonymous, n.y.. Installation. [online] Available at: <http://www.bca.gov.sg/professionals/iquas/..%5CIquas%5Cgpgs%5CAWindow

%5CAWInstallation.pdf> [Accessed 16 October 2013].

6. Anonymous, n.y.. Installation. [online] Available at: <http://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/others/doorinstallation.pdf> [Accessed 16

October 2013].

7. Civil Engineering: Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://bahkalimantap.blogspot.com/2011/10/advantages-and-disadvantages-of.html

8. Ching, F. K. (2010). Building Construction Illustrated. John Wiley & Sons.

9. Retrieved from

http://bernardcustom.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/construction-phase-cantilevered-foundation-wall-awaiting-soil-to-protect-wall.jpg

10. Construction stages of precast wall [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jenYP9Acivg

11. How to build concrete stairs the easy way [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpdMrbRHBLU

12. How to Create and Install a Glass Block Wall : How-To : DIY Network. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/how-to-create-and-install-a-glass-block-wall/index.html

13. How to Build Stairs - Easy Steps Building Stairs - Popular Mechanics. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-to-plans/woodworking/4224738

http://bahkalimantap.blogspot.com/2011/10/advantages-and-disadvantages-of.html

http://bernardcustom.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/construction-phase-cantilevered-foundation-wall-awaiting-soil-to-protect-wall.jpg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jenYP9Acivg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpdMrbRHBLU

http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/how-to-create-and-install-a-glass-block-wall/index.html

14. How To Build A Brick Wall - Channel4 - 4Homes. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.channel4.com/4homes/how-to/diy/how-to-build-a-brick-wall

15. How to Quickly Build Small Partition Dry Wall ( Wood Framing ) Inside for Your House. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.wikihow.com/Quickly-Build-Small-Partition-Dry-Wall-%28-Wood-Framing-%29--Inside-for-Your-House

16. Homemag, NY Mag, designingyourperfecthouse.com, Sheetmoss (2010, July). staircase terminology. Retrieved from

http://www.atticmag.com/2011/06/staircase-sensibilities/

17. Types of Excavation ~ Engineers Daily. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.engineersdaily.com/2011/04/types-of-excavation.html

18. Chain Link Fence Index - Chain link fence materials and supplies, free fenceinstallation manuals, calculators, and tips. Our chain link

fence index features links tofence fittings, fabric and mesh, free fence installation manuals and material calculator. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.hooverfence.com/chain.htm

19. Excavation in Construction from Construction Knowledge.net. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.constructionknowledge.net/sitework/sitework_excavation.php

9.0 References

http://www.channel4.com/4homes/how-to/diy/how-to-build-a-brick-wall

http://www.wikihow.com/Quickly-Build-Small-Partition-Dry-Wall-(-Wood-Framing-)--Inside-for-Your-House

http://www.engineersdaily.com/2011/04/types-of-excavation.html

http://www.hooverfence.com/chain.htm

http://www.constructionknowledge.net/sitework/sitework_excavation.php

LECTURER: MR. BRUCE LEE

LOO GIAP SHENG KIEW WEE KEE DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT HO LEON

NG YOU SHENG CHRISTIODY TEO KEAN HUI

building construction assignment1

Business

daerah hulu

selangor darul

apply bonding

bandar mahkota

john willey

construction

dry lime powder

wood panel