bonnets and rebellions: imperialism in "the lady's newspaper"

Bonnets and Rebellions: Imperialism in "The Lady's Newspaper"Author(s): Kathryn LedbetterSource: Victorian Periodicals Review, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Fall, 2004), pp. 252-272Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Research Society for VictorianPeriodicalsStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20084014 .

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Bonnets and Rebellions: Imperialism in The Lady's Newspaper

KATHRYN LEDBETTER

The illustrated "Paris and London Fashions" column in the Lady's News

paper of 7 May 1853 features two views of a spring straw bonnet "lined

with white aerophane, laid in small, neat folds" and generously trimmed in black velvet ribbon. In a column that surrounds one of the bonnet

illustrations, an article appears, titled "The Formidable Rebellion in

China." The article peripherally refers to the Taiping Rebellion (1850-64) that weakened the Ch'ing court, enabling Britain a greater presence in the area. As with many articles in The Lady's Newspaper, its author depends on news from other sources; in this case, the missionary's tale comes from

a California journal. Thus the news of imperialist opportunities comes to

women readers delayed by time, distorted by rumors and retelling, and

textually destabilized by its presentation with bonnets, carriage costumes, and fancy dress balls. Recent book history scholars demonstrate how bib

liographic codes inherent in such varied texts invite multiple interpreta tions, and all these texts mediate the periodical with its reader; as Gerard

Genette reminds us, "every context serves as a paratext" (8). Thus one

might view the disruption in the Lady's Newspaper of the middle-class woman reader's desire for fashionable bonnets with news about violence

abroad as a textual displacement, an irregular, anti-thematic juxtaposition and collision of the traditional feminine domestic sphere with the mascu

line imperialist world. Indeed, such textual collisions between the domes

tic and the imperialist urge, evident in images, fiction, advertising, travel

narratives, news reporting, and feature articles here and in other issues of

the Lady's Newspaper, produce inescapable evidence of Victorian

women's unselfconscious, complicated, and powerful role in forming

imperialist ideology during mid-century, subverting our notions of

women's propriety and placement in traditional stereotypes of separate

spheres.



KATHRYN LEDBETTER 253

The Lady's Newspaper (1847-63) did not position itself as a disrupting force. However, as one of the first newspapers for women,1 some degree of adherence to the genre's tradition undoubtedly required an immediacy and a divergence from normal standards demanded for women's monthly

magazines and other women's periodicals. The fourteen-page sixpenny illustrated weekly appeared each Saturday from January 1847 until it

merged with the Queen in 1863. It featured articles on activities of the

European court and its attendants, Paris and London fashions, literature, social events, and society marriages. Editor Charles Dance announces in

"Good News for the Ladies!," published in the debut issue on 2 January 1847:

We shall make you acquainted with all the leading events of the day, without

fatiguing or

disgusting you with lengthy disquisitions. We can tell you that a bat

tle has been won or lost, without shocking your sensibilities by its painful details.

We can inform you that a minister has resigned, and yet omit the long dull

speeches which preceded his doing so ... . Accidents and offences even can be

recorded without heart-rending particulars.... (2)

Dance promises articles on needlework, cookery, dance, floriculture,

popular science, painting and drawing, domestic economy, and travel,

making the Lady's Newspaper an

omnibus of information - a

public vehicle of advancement, -

of which all may

avail themselves with comfort and with safety. ... Thus, freighted with knowledge

and drawn by the countless horse-power of public opinion, it will proceed to its

anxious destination, -

the hearths and homes of our inestimable English wives,

mothers, and daughters... .

(2)

As Beetham notes, the Lady's Newspaper featured a complex mix of news that "more closely resembled the cheap sensational newspapers," in

spite of its stated purpose (91). It printed sometimes gruesomely detailed

reportage on murders, suicides, unusual deaths, court trials, and news of

massacres and rebellions abroad. If shocking one's sensibilities with pain ful details was to be avoided, the Lady's Newspaper consistently over

looked its mission. Illustrations and reports from foreign observers also

provided imperialistic, patriotic notions of empire that helped to justify the need for western presence and violence abroad. Weekly columns, fea

tures, fiction and poetry, or advertisements featured models of the racial Other that promoted white superiority, demonstrating an early example of Deirdre David's point about later Victorian reading audiences:

The wealth derived from empire served to create a curious and mainly middle



2 54 Victorian Periodicals Review 37:3 Fall 2004

class reading public: the audience for Victorian writing about Britain's geopoliti

cal power, whether in the form of political essays, travel narratives, missionary

tales, or novellas that question the imperial project. In turn, this writing imagina

tively collaborates, consciously or not, with structures of civil and military power

to constitute and secure the red spaces that prove so comforting

to Marlow, and to

Conrad's British readers. (2-3)

Volumes of the Lady's Newspaper from the 1840s and 1850s provide

ample evidence of ideology that does not question but confidently con

firms imperialist ideology. While the Lady's Newspaper fulfilled its promise to provide amuse

ment and instruction, it showed that women readers wanted more. The

Volume 1 title page of the Lady's Newspaper in 1847 features a full-page

engraving of three muses standing on a pedestal beneath the Lady's News

paper banner, topped with a leafy, floral cameo of Queen Victoria, her

crown lifted high above her dignified profile. At the bottom of the title

page, three vignettes feature women busy with their accomplishments:

piano playing, horseback riding, and careful dressing before a mirror. The

palette for her painting and a musical instrument complete the composi tion of symbols for feminine achievement in the illustration, the pub lisher's attempt to relate his new publication with women's lives. News

about violent rebellions abroad, international trade, colonial politics, mil

itary campaigns, emigration, geographical details, and patriotic notions of

empire disturb the paper's professed focus on the proper lady pursuits,

promoting the fantasies and moral urgency required for their complicity in the "noble" pursuit of world dominance.

The Lady's Newspaper s editor articulates an intellectual role for his

publication in 1849, required by women readers who are now the moral

influence that can tame the revolutionary urge in Europe. England is "the

only quiet oasis of sunshine - the only haven of refuge - while the 'hurly

burly' of storm is almost everywhere around." Therefore, "LADIES OF

THE UNITED KINGDOM" must be informed about world events in

their position "on the highest ground in the social scale" ("Address" ii). The editor's "grand object" will be "to keep pace with the intelligence of the age," while it maintains its proper domestic function as a lady's pub

lication, professing that "practical" and "usefulness" are key consider

ations with the volume's new features, including "domestic chemistry"

(cooking), etching, and descriptions of the botanic gardens in Chelsea.

Yet a quick review of articles in Volume Five (January to June 1849) con

firms that the Lady's Newspaper is also printing news about civic con

cerns, industry, local and national politics, and international intrigues, events traditionally assigned to the male sphere and consistently flavored

with conservative, imperialistic attitudes toward empire, giving women



KATHRYN LEDBETTER ^55

readers opportunities to read a breadth of material much broader than

domestic concerns.

The lead story on 6 January 1849, "The Past and the Future," calls on

women readers of the Lady's Newspaper to influence the world as it sum

marizes the frighteningly rapid and violent political changes then occur

ring across Europe: "Thrones have been shaken, dynasties overthrown, and the whole of Europe, with one or two solitary exceptions, has been

convulsed to the very foundation of social and political existence" (1). The story's illustration consumes over half the page and features a female

Roman warrior enthroned beneath a crown much like the one that sits

above Queen Victoria's head in the banner above the story. With "Lib

erty" engraved on her throne and the Union Jack flowing behind, the

warrior surveys a chaotic world represented by miniature individual

scenes of revolutions in Italy, Germany, and Austria, identified by spe cific flag designs or, in the case of France, the insignia of Napoleon II. The

image promotes England as an island of peace in its conservative rejection of liberal democratic Chartist demands; men surround the woman war

rior, their feet firmly controlling a defeated dragon inscribed "Chartist

Revolution." The article's author claims that "Utopian Chartists in

England, and wild Repealers in Ireland, mischievously showed their

absurdity" by disturbing the peace with violent uprisings, the events

"called forth into active demonstration the loyalty of the nation at large.

English, Scotch, and Irish, with a few solitary exceptions, vied with each

other in testifying their fidelity and obedience," while wives and mothers

sent their men to confront threats of revolution on the home front (2). Women readers of the Lady's Newspaper could place themselves in the

role of woman warrior, fighting for the status quo: "The coward disturb

ers must have quailed at such a sight, which showed to all in brilliant and

unmistakeable [sic] characters how few were the faithless - how many were the true" (2). Ennobling women as defenders of tradition places them with the monarchy in a nationalistic display of female superiority that makes England "the pride and envy of the world" (2).

Such nationalistic desire implied a sense of racial superiority that com

bined with the Christian mission to carry Englishness throughout the

world. The Lady's Newspaper s advertisers thus encouraged pleasant fan

tasies of conquest for its women readers. The 9 January 1847 issue fea

tures full page ads for Gilbert's Modern Atlas of the World in sixty

imperial quarto maps, with a "consulting gazetteer index of nearly 50,000 names of place engraved on the maps, with their latitudes and longitudes, and the number of the map in which each place is to be found" (Adver tisement 47). Rana Rabbani reminds us that "The idea of travel as a means

of gathering and recording information is commonly found in societies

that exercise a high degree of political power," and maps open the door



256 Victorian Periodicals Review 37:3 Fall 2004

for a nation's geographical expansion, if only in the imagination while

gathered around a drawing room table (1). The ad features a section titled

"The Importance of an Atlas of the World," justifying the need for a fam

ily map that makes its viewers consumers of the products of world trade

and enables the fantasies that made imperialistic ventures possible: "Thus ... we should be enabled to drink our coffee in the groves of Yeman, with

turbaned Arabs and loaded camels around us; and, under that balmy sky, we could look across the Red Sea, where there is in one place an assem

blage of worm-built reefs, extending line upon line, and white with the

foam produced by an angry wind ..." (47). The romantic ad invites the

reader to run a finger over individual countries on the map to explore "varieties of the human race, in appearance and character ...

and, whatever

order he takes them, he will find that the people stand up, as it were, the

instant that his finger touches that country, as if that country were

touched by the wand of a magician" (47). The invitation creates an image of one white English finger magically and powerfully playing with minia

ture figurines of Others in foreign lands, causing them to rise up to atten

tion at the owner's call.

Literature contributed by anonymous writers also provided opportuni ties for imperialistic fantasy. Mostly anonymous fiction in the Lady's

Newspaper often covers its native protagonists with a blanket of proper

Englishness that enables their heroic status, thus conquering unacceptable native social patterns and customs with western ideals of duty, efficiency,

loyalty, and English propriety. The paper occasionally featured romantic eastern tales common to Victorian periodicals of the era, and the notions

of Other portrayed in these stories have little to do with accurate repre sentation. In "How to Choose a Husband; or, All is Not Gold that Glit ters. An Eastern Tale" (23 February 1850), Zeila and Amedan are blessed

by a good marriage because Amedan doesn't surround Zeila with guards "as was the custom of his country" (102). But Zeila is bored with her man

and confides in an old woman from a nearby village that her husband

"'has no brilliancy; there is such a sameness in his character that it makes

me die of ennui', he never rises above the generality of men, nor do I ever

hear him praised for his talents or his wit... I perceive with grief that my husband will never make a figure in the world'" (102). The old woman

uses a magic mirror to display various men who might excite Zeila. Pre

dictably, Zeila decides after all that Amadan has "the only qualities that

can ensure the happiness of a wife - kindness, delicacy of mind, implicit

confidence ... and good common sense - a treasure far more

precious, and

which is daily becoming more rare, than great or splendid talents" (124). Thus the tale praises righteousness, simplicity, and humility in a husband,

qualities inherent in the average "unexceptional" partner. Other than the

expectation and refusal by Amedan to place guards on his wife, nothing




distinguishes this tale as eastern; its value system simply confirms moral

Christian Englishness and encourages women readers to be satisfied with

their husbands, in spite of foolish boredom. The oriental context indicates a nineteenth-century interest in everything foreign, while demonstrating the rejection of everything foreign in its screening of native truths. Such

textual representations unselfconsciously display imperialism in the

Lady's Newspaper. The 30 January and 6 February 1847 issues feature a story titled "The

Sultana Valid?," about Aline Dupr?, a woman born to a French Martin

ique landowning family, who gets captured by pirates at sea after escaping a slave rebellion on her father's estate. She is sold into slavery by pirates, and eventually convinces her owner that she is not of the slave class, say

ing, "Armenian, your fortune and mine are now in your hands. If I have

observed aright, you do not confound me with these poor ignorant slaves, who have bodies but no souls. Such as they subjugate the eyes, but not the heart. My character is different from theirs, and so will my destiny be. It will be a high one, and your fortunes shall rise with it"(i55). Here her

freedom depends on racist distancing between herself and soulless slaves,

setting herself above them as a superior woman of class. She asks to be introduced to the Sultan Abdul-Hamed to plead for her brother's life, also wrongly enslaved. The sultan eventually frees Aline Dupr?'s brother but marries Aline, making her the Sultana Valid?, who outlives the sultan and has a son, Mahmoud, whose "civilised spirit... may in part be traced to the instructions of his mother" (155). The story demonstrates a

resourceful white woman from a merchant background who lives out

dangerous fantasy adventures without physical harm, maintains her

European racial supremacy, attains status in the sultan's aristocratic hier

archy, and dominates his future generations by influencing his son with middle-class English domestic values through the cult of true English motherhood, without complaining about her later servitude as the sul tan's wife. Female power in Victorian era literature again comes through dominance in the domestic sphere by women as mothers, wives and sis

ters, whether it is at the English hearth or in the sultan's tent. Ironically, the article immediately following the story of the Sultana Valid? is a tuto

rial on the Indian Sceptre, or Mugdar exercises, designed to strengthen the woman reader's chest and arms. I would suggest that, after reading these two features, the reader may also be exercising her imagination to support idealistic notions of world dominance through her role as a crucial ingre

dient of English imperialist culture.

Perhaps the woman's role would be through emigration to foreign lands. As men increasingly pursued wealth, adventure, and the civilizing

mission abroad, the Lady's Newspaper kept its women readers informed about conditions for emigration to various countries so that they, too,




could pursue their dreams of colonization and acquisition in what the

paper calls "emigration mania" ("California" <)y). Well before William R.

Greg asked questions about what to do with England's "redundant

women" (National Review, April 1862), the Lady's Newspaper was creat

ing roles for its women readers in nationalistic commercial ventures as

settlers and missionaries of the moral message. Rita S. Kranidis writes:

When the issue of female emigration is discussed, unmarried women's problem

atic status within England is revised so that it is linked to the broader imperial

agendas as an

integral component of imperialism in general. Such arguments

obscure the significant role of gender in women's colonial emigration and reveal

the extent to which an explicit commodification of women as national property

had to be invented before they could be incorporated into the empire's impera

tives and interests. Women's excessively problematic place in the hegemony had

to be refigured and their cultural value renegotiated ...." (3-4)

Thus the Lady's Newspaper helped to commodify the imperial agenda by

encouraging women to

explore the geography, people, animals, scenery,

alternate lifestyles, and potential wealth available in foreign lands.

Inspired by stories of "the almost magical discovery of a gold-yielding soil, that throws the fabled scenes of Arabian story into the shade of

neglect, when avarice dreams of speedily-acquired wealth," the author of a feature on economic potential abroad compares California with Brit

ain's new East African colony of Natal (17 February 1849) where, unlike

California, water, food, and climate are luxuriantly available for settle ment by the "evidently favoured Anglo-Saxon race" ("California" 97). The article reads like a brochure advertising a vacation resort. In Califor

nia, "Prostrate on the ground with arms and legs extended, we see human

beings performing their first salutation, and murders already committed

tell something of the human blood, which has yet to flow in honour of

that Moloch, gold"; but in Natal, "In a short day's journey it would be

possible to remove from a country producing cotton, sugar-cane, and the

delightful banana fruit, to where the Indian corn, and tobacco might be

cultivated extensively, and from this, to where, the grain, the vegetables and the fruit of Britain are produced luxuriantly" (<)y). The moral British

reap moral trade goods, while questionable, immoral adventurers from

the United States pursue Mammon.

Illustrating the article is an engraving of the uncrowded, neat interior of an emigrant ship, its mostly middle-class inhabitants contentedly eating,

drinking, talking, and playing with family members. The scene portrays the journey as an extension of domestic activities back home. The image's connection to the article is as a visual addendum to the written text; com

bined, the newspaper is clearly recommending that readers colonize with




domestic morality and English character, rather than with the violence

displayed by crude primitives in the United States, although columns on

"Foreign and Colonial Intelligences" for the next few years seem to be

conversely focused on reporting how much gold is arriving on British

ships from the Indies and Australia. The purpose of annexation in both

California and Natal is identical, to reap financial rewards through

"enterprise and action"; yet the domestic sheen of the image disguises

imperialistic greed and sets England apart as morally superior while plac

ing its women squarely at the heart of empire. On 26 January 1850, the Lady's Newspaper lists specific numbers of

emigrants to various colonies and reports that "there are not less than

fourteen vessels in the London and St. Katherine's Docks bound to Aus

tralia, New Zealand, and Port Natal, for the most part with passengers"

("Emigrants" 52). A comprehensive listing of emigrant totals and their

specific destinations indicates how many of these are orphaned Irish girls, Irish women, women from workhouses, and badly behaved boys from

the "Ragged Schools" of London. The paper's lower and middle-class women readers clearly demanded extensive emigration details to help them make decisions about starting new lives in the colonies, where seem

ingly endless opportunities beckoned, claimed Samuel Sidney, quoted from his influential Female Emigration-as it is-as it may be: A Letter to

the Rt. Hon. Sidney Herbert, M.P. (London, 11 January 1850):

For respectable domestic servants, for dairymaids, and girls accustomed to farm

work the demand in Australia is almost unlimited. Young women capable of

teaching reading, writing, and arithmetic, plain sewing etc., and willing to take sit

uations as nurserymaids, may place themselves very comfortably, and marry well.

("Emigrants" 52)

However, experienced advisors in Lady's Newspaper articles consistently warn women readers that life in the colonies makes difficult lifestyle demands:

Now, in England, if you have plenty of money, it is not necessary that a wife be

anything but ornamental. It is not so in the colonies. In all countries the happiness of married life depends very much on a

well-managed house, and above all, on a

comfortable dinner ... ladies thinking of Australia or the western states of Amer

ica, and the bounteous crops of husbands there, must understand that... the salt of

happy colonial life lies in the mystics of the pie and pudding, the roast and the

boiled, in the whole art of washing and ironing, in the secret of training a raw

country girl into a light hand servant, of pulling down insolence and encouraging

good humour. (52)



26o Victorian Periodicals Review 37:3 Fall 2004

Distasteful as this prospect may seem, scant opportunities for marriage and economic self-determination in England made the notion of a new

life abroad seem like an exciting, Utopian dream that tempted thousands

of women each year to populate the colonies with English culture,

making emigration an integral element in nineteenth-century British

imperialism. A similar focus on emigrants appears in the 23 February 1850 issue,

along with another, more extensive article on Natal. The author reports that emigrants "go to extend the freedom, language, and civilization of the

parent country, and to form communities which will reflect the glory of

Britain, when, like other great powers, it perhaps may have passed to

decay" ("Natal" 106). The paper illustrates its feature with a picture of the

Lady Bruce emigrant ship in a harbor and another of the interior, where

families busy themselves in an idyllic scene described by the author:

In one corner might be seen a handsome middle-aged woman, with an infant at

her bosom ... half a dozen strong and healthy children frolicking about ... two or

three of the male emigrants, surrounded by a dozen anxious listeners examining

a

map ... little groups of children, most of them with slates and pencils, endeavour

ing to write and draw. Many of the women had already got the needle and thread

to work. (106)

An engraving on the facing page provides an idyllic depiction of Port

Natal, rich with vegetation, and a map of the area. A detailed accounting of products encourages the notion of wealth and prosperity to be had in

Natal: "The advantages of a country where no labour or expense of clear

ing ground is required, but where the plough can at once be set to work, are too obvious to need any comment" (107). Sections on "Farming Stock" and "Game, Exports, etc." include sections from Sidney and other

reprinted sources to give first-hand information about climate, agricul ture, and settlement history of Natal. "Emigration Promoters" follows,

giving the reader instructions on emigration procedures. After three pages of useful information for potential emigrants, the author makes no men

tion of any native people in the area. The map shows Natal bordered by Zulu Country and Fakus Territory, but the article does not mention

native human habitation, as if the area is newly discovered virgin land.

The Lady's Newspaper s compulsive reporting on female emigration consumes a considerable degree of space in 1850 as it provided detailed

information about emigration activist Caroline Chisholm (1808-77), wno

provided unmarried female emigrants with husbands, jobs, and homes in

Australia through her Immigrants Home in Sydney (1841-46). In 1848, she organized the Family Colonization Loan Society to provide informa

tion and loans to emigrating families. Chisholm's mission emphasized




washing the lawless land with feminine British morality and successfully

inspired philanthropic efforts toward the population of Australia and

India with otherwise "redundant" women. The Lady's Newspaper devotes two and a half pages of the 6 April 1850 issue to Chisholm,

including a biography and reprints of articles about her from Sydney newspapers, and a copy of Promt's diorama of a settler's cottage in Aus

tralia that supports the paper's promotion of emigration. The engraving has no accompanying written text, but the image portrays a large wooden

cottage nestled in a thick, primeval forest, its monstrous trees replaced by the cottage and a meadow where sheep passively graze. A man casually stands close to the reader (in relation to the cottage beyond), one elbow

braced upon a fence rail and the opposite hand stroking a large dog. While

his wife and perhaps their child sit next to the house in the distance, the man is dwarfed by several huge tree trunks between himself and the

viewer. The scene provides

a testament to man's power over the wilder

ness in Australia; the settler has made something out of "nothing" and

assumed his God-given position as conqueror of the natural world. One

of the article's reprinted segments (from the Sydney Morning Herald, 8 October 1845) *s an extract from a Legislative Council, where

Dr. Nicholson says:

It is proper for young England to demand whether those who can find no

employment at home ought not, in the wide tracts which are

nominally dependent on the English Crown, profitably employ their labour in subjugating the forest

and conquering the wilderness. Colonies are the parents of nations of future cus

tomers for our produce and our manufactures ....

("Mrs. Chisholm" 192)

Nineteenth-century attitudes about nature as a rebellious entity needing

England's moralizing influence parallels the imperialistic context involv

ing native colonial peoples. Nature and native customs need to be con

quered by England's enlightened state.

Two illustrations from 8 June 1850 textually explore a similar relation

ship between English institutions, empire, and the natural world. At the

top of page 317 appears an engraving of Chillingham Castle, "a splendid fabric of the order of building in the reign of Queen Elizabeth," and the seat of the Earls of Tankerville. Thick stone walls and turrets characterize

the aristocratic mansion as a fortress against the dense woods surrounding it. Inside, the castle is "ornamented with the effigies of armed British war

riors, carved in stone," representations of military prowess necessary as

proud conquerors. The image just beneath portrays a small hippopota mus and its Arab keeper. According to the article accompanying the

image, hunters captured the creature after wounding its mother and

donated it to the Zoological Society. The article's writer reports at length




on physical characteristics of the hippopotamus and confidently reassures

the reader that "Its appetite has been in no respect diminished by the con

finement and inconveniences of the sea voyage, or by change of climate"

("Hippopotamus" 318). The same obsession with travelogues that catalog

foreign cultures to educate colonists about their possessions appears in

scientific display of captured exotic animals such as the hippo. The aristo

cratic institutions encoded in the engraving of Chillingham Castle domi nate the Arab keeper in the image, the animal captured by hunters, and

the African hunters themselves, while the physical position of the image on the page dominates the subjects in the image below it; regardless of the

size of the Arab keeper and his hippo, the castle at the top of the page

provides a visual cap that keeps the image below it in its place. Ironically, a writer quoted in the article on Chillingham notes that its grounds con

tain an

original breed of wild cattle, which is the only remnant of the nobler denizens of

the forest that Britain now contains, and is the last fierce animal of chase remain

ing. The wild boar and the bear have long since perished, and the last wolf in

Great Britain was slain about a century ago in the Highlands; but the milk-white

bulls of the ancient wild breed still exist in their pride and purity of descent in the

woods and parks of Chillingham. (318)

Undoubtedly, the article's emphasis on tourism signals doom for these

wild creatures, too, as sight of them "'is a grand treat, well worth a long

journey.'" Curiosity about exotic creatures, whether they be man or ani

mal, summons the need to control by describing, naming, cataloging, cap

turing, conquering, or

erasing their identity as exotics.

Collecting exotic colonial artifacts became a feature of Victorian cul

ture, exemplified by the masterful display of world dominance organized in the Great Exhibit of 1851. Yet other collections appeared in England, such as the Museum of the London Missionary Society, featured in the

Lady's Newspaper of 16 April 1853. The front page features an illustra

tion of the museum, its visitors dwarfed by a stuffed giraffe and other

dead creatures such as a pelican, a vulture, and the skull of an undefinable

tusked animal. Cases and cabinets of artifacts on display chronicle Brit

ain's great imperialistic adventure. Spears, swords, model houses, figu rines, and pictures line the walls as relics of native cultures surrendered to

the Christian missionary. The curiously out of place carved bust of a mis

sionary hero sits on a column, severely surveying the room of oddities as

a couple meets his gaze from the floor below. According to the writer, the

museum is "unequalled in the world - particularly in the collection of

idols of worship, which have been cast from them by the people of vari

ous countries, in consequence of missionary exertions" ("Museum" 237).




One hesitates to contemplate how missionaries acquired these items for

the museum, as "Thou shalt not steal" is a commandment certainly to be

feared, although the author commends the Tahitian king Pomar for con

tributing a large collection to the museum after his conversion. Idols col

lected from Tahiti "are carefully preserved, and will no doubt long remain

there as relics of British philanthropy, energy, and of the state of barbar

ism which is now fast vanishing before the progress of Christianity" (238). Descriptions of the museum's cases include other things such as

dress, household utensils, and personal items, as well as articles used in

pagan worship ceremonies from the Pacific islands, China, India, and

Africa. Apparently, all cultural artifacts hold the same idolatrous status in

the shadow of British energy and Christian progress. These items represented the remains of cultures violated by the ideol

ogy driving British energy and Christian progress, and the most disturb

ing aspects of imperialism in the Lady's Newspaper is the frank reportage of the resulting violence abroad, with a faithful focus on bloody detail that contradicts the editor's promise to avoid shocking ladies' sensibili ties. An example appears in the 6 February 1847 issue, featuring a front

page illustration of a massacre at Calabar that depicts the violent slaughter of half-naked native women by straw-skirted dark men armed with clubs, axes, swords and knives (Fig. 1). This startling illustration does not corre

spond with the lead story, however; the reader must flip through six pages of other news before reaching an account of Calabar. Instead, the text

between the Lady's Newspaper banner and the illustration reads "Hearts versus Clubs," by Charles Dance, Esq. The lead story picks up on a theme about men's clubs from former issues; Dance writes:

For many purposes, both of business and pleasure, the modern clubs are not only

unobjectionable, but even desirable institutions. We never heard a reasonable

woman object to a moderate indulgence in the conveniences and advantages they

afford; but they hold out temptations to married men to

neglect their homes and

to forget for a time that marriage, like property, has its duties as well as it rights;

and weak husbands have so often yielded to these temptations that we cannot

wonder at the growing alarm with which wives regard them. (122)

The Lady's Newspaper obviously needed to acquire a woman editor who would promote a woman's point of view as the Queen did when the two

publications merged, but what is one to think of a publication for women, its front page illustrating a bloody confrontation between men and

women of an African tribe, juxtaposed with a much less bloody confron tation about the gendered spaces of home versus men's clubs? Is the sen

sational picture (and controversial article on men's clubs) merely an

editor's tactic to attract potential buyers? Is a massacre of women in




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Africa so removed from English women's lives that it can parallel a

domestic battle?

After stories of murders, suicides, fires, riots and a war in Kafir Land, the story on Calabar finally appears five pages later, about "the horrible

sacrifice of human life at Calabar, on the African coast" (Dance Editorial

Note 127). According to the report, the mother of an African king's son

(who died while drinking) thought he had been poisoned. In spite of the

efforts of missionaries, the queen ordered a sacrifice of slaves because she

had no one with whom to leave her property. Three holes were dug and soon filled with the corpses of 30 female slaves, 40 male slaves, and 29

Creoles. This paragraph is followed by a discussion of the moral influence

of missionaries who, unfortunately, failed at Calabar:

Assuredly, in the year 1847 ?f tne Christian era, a scene so horrible as that nar

rated above ought not to stain the page of modern record in a country over which

we already exercise a great collateral influence, both religious and political. Great,

- but not enough; and to this we call the attention of those who both desire and

actively promote the spread of those pure and holy doctrines which assure an

immortality of blessing as the result of "Peace on earth and good will towards

man!" (127)

The editor's shocked tone suggests that the noblest missionary efforts

could not contain the barbarity witnessed in Calabar, justifying a stronger

presence of western "collateral influence."

Women readers were evidently also shocked, but only by the illustra

tion, although, since the series on men's clubs continues into the next

issue (hiding from women in men's clubs is at least more civilized than

clubbing them to death); Calabar is not mentioned until a month later

when the editor righteously defends himself in the March 13 issue, saying:

Some parties, more fastidious than philanthropic, have objected to our ILLUS

TRATION of this dreadful scene in no. 6 of the LADY'S NEWSPAPER; but, as

it has been a chief instrument in effecting great good, we hope that such persons

will now give

us credit for some portion of that religious feeling and that spirit of

enlarged humanity by which our illustration and our remarks on that occasion

may be supposed to have been influenced. (Dance "Massacre" 242)

The evidence of complaint suggests that some women readers felt that the

Lady's Newspaper had either not protected them from violent news of the

world or had not demonstrated adequate sensitivity to the devastating

display of cruelty. Victorian attitudes toward empire are "almost always

unambiguously racist," according to Deirdre David, who notes that read ers were also




occasionally worried about the European erosion of native customs, often uneasy

about the domestic prices demanded for the maintenance of distant territories,

frequently fearful of the consequences of British invasion and subjugation, some

times infatuated with the exotic delights of alien cultures, and periodically atten

tive to what is construed as the moral responsibility of imperial rule. (8)

Such factors may have collided with any sisterly concern about treatment

of the women slaves, however sensitive women readers might have been to humanitarian challenges in the visual text.

Casual references to atrocities and rebellions against British power abroad make the Lady's Newspaper seem insensitive to the violence and trauma of individuals in colonized countries. In the 6 March 1847 issue, the "Foreign Intelligence" column brings the report from the coast of

Africa that 2000 slaves have been murdered on a beach, their heads stuck on poles because the steamship carrying them did not have enough provi sions. In China, "the accounts are altogether without interest," but in

Cabool, Naib Abdool Sumneh Khan was found guilty of treason and

"thrown into the Seah Chah, or black well," and a thief in Bombay cut off a boy's hands because he made a sound while being robbed (221). The last two stories are interrupted by a paragraph about a ball in honor of Sir

Harry and Lady Smith in Calcutta on the anniversary of Aliwal, and a

brief report of precautions being taken in Lahore to keep troops away from the townspeople: "a racecourse, a racket-court, and a theatre were

about to be constructed, and there was some talk of getting the services

of a chaplain and erecting a temporary church" (221). The juxtaposition of violence and social f?tes creates in striking relief the civilized aspects of

Englishness and the barbarity of foreign cultures. "Foreign and Colonial

Intelligence" on 14 April 1849 brings news from St. Lucia, West Indies, that a riot took place on March 5, when "About 400 insurgent negroes

besieged the governor in the council-chamber, and when dispersed they

again assembled riotously in various parts of the town" (202). After read

ing The Riot Act, soldiers killed three and wounded three before the

crowd dispersed. The report cheerily concludes by stating that "The

islands generally are reported as healthy, the weather favourable, and the

crops good" (202). The "West India Mail" in the 4 May 1850 issue brings news that a "slight disturbance" occurred when natives tried to take pos session but merchants interfered and the natives were flogged "by order

of the British Consul" in Nicaragua (245). The presentation of such

diverse information must have seemed frightening, demanding new ways of perceiving an incomprehensibly complex and violent world. It suggests a civilized English society attempting to isolate itself by necessity in a

place of "inherent violence." According to Rana Rabbani, such themes




had their significance in medieval thought, and would continue to be voiced with

varying degrees of forcefulness up to the present time ... . If it could be suggested

that Eastern peoples were slothful, preoccupied with sex, violent, and incapable of

self-government, then the imperialist would feel himself justified in stepping in

and ruling. Political domination and economic exploitation needed the cosmetic

cant of mission civilisatrice to seem fully commendatory. (6)

An article from the 8 May 1847 issue makes these foreign Others seem

like primitives needing authority to control turbulence in their chaotic,

overpopulated countries. The story comes as layers of second-hand

reportage from the May 3 Moniteur Belge, which relates an account from

the American missionary publication, the Chinese Repository. This is a

report that "could hardly be credited had we not positive proofs of the

density of the population of the Chinese empire," records the writer

("Foreign Intelligence" 436). Its headline reads: "A CIVIL WAR IN

CHINA. - ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHT PERSONS KILLED OR WOUNDED" (436). During the feud,

24,515 houses and 668 huts were pillaged and burnt to the ground, and 130,638

persons killed or wounded. It appears that wars of this kind are of frequent occur

rence in the interior of this country, without the Government attempting, or

rather caring, to interfere. It is stated that when riots of this description take place,

bearing no

political character, the authorities care little about the results to the

inhabitants .... The empire, say they, is too thickly populated; therefore there can

be no harm in allowing turbulent people to make room for a more quiet set. (436)

The journalist confirms the story with reports of China's high popula tion; the mortality rate can only be believed if the population will yield such figures. The irony of the article's last lines might be compounded if

the reader's eye continues to the next line in the column: "The Queen and

Prince Albert honoured the rehearsal of the Concert of Ancient Music at

the Hanoversquare Rooms [sic] with their presence on Monday" (436). The column continues with a long list of nobility and gentry attending this event, an airing in the royal gardens, and a dinner party at Bucking ham Palace. While very specific atrocities occur in China, the Queen and

Prince Albert lead the cultured, civilized, ceremonial activities at the heart of the great English empire. The Chinese appear indisputably barbaric in

contrast. Later issues express common prejudices against the Chinese that

work to justify English policies of aggression (9 February 1856):

To domineer over and crush all around them is the object they constantly have in

view; and to attain it, they have an inexhaustible resource in their native cunning




and pliability of character. Once allow them to get the upper hand, and it is all

over with you .... The Chinese mandarins are pretty well like their own bamboos.

If one can but manage to get hold of them the right way, they are

easily bent dou

ble and kept so; but, if for a second you let go, they are up again in a moment as

straight as ever. ("The Chinese" 1)

Ironically, this article appears in a supplement to the Lady's Newspaper that provides embroidery patterns. The racial generalizations become

light news fillers between women's quotidian needlework instruction.

Uprisings in India became a common and important feature for the

Lady's Newspaper, its readers often related to memsahibs living with hus

bands pursuing fortune in British civil service or industry abroad. India was also critical to Britain's status as a dominant world power, and the

Lady's Newspaper dutifully reported on the culmination of England's war to annex the last barrier to complete control of India, the military state of Punjab. A series of articles appear in these issues that describe

with considerable detail skirmishes with rebel Sikhs of the Punjab and

blend in ironic cultural context with other images and articles focused on

traditionally feminine concerns, making the paper's gendered status seem

inconsistent and ambiguous. The lead story on 27 January 1849 concerns Lord Gough's encounter

with Sikh troops near Ramnuggur. "The News From India" features a

half-page illustration of mounted British and Sikh fighters in close combat, swords raised and wild-eyed horses raging. The central focus of the image

portrays a British soldier pointing a sword into the side of an angry Sikh

who is poised to strike another British soldier downed by an injured horse.

In addition to a detailed account of the battle, the article includes extracts

from an additional letter written by a witness to the scene. The degree of

detail about the nature of wounds is shocking: "Colonel Havelock, one of

the most chivalrous officers in the service, had his right hand severely wounded, and his left leg and left arm nearly cut off, and was left dead upon the field. Eleven of his men fell fighting by his side - their bodies were

found a fortnight after, decapitated" (43). In keeping with a Lady's News

paper tendency to fill its front page with shock value, the illustration is dra

matic; the British soldiers defend themselves against a native warrior figure that appears much larger than they and whose powerful white horse rears

its head in dominance over the downed, weaker horse beneath it. Formi

dable enemies make better heroics, and this visual text codifies the "gallant conflict of the 14 Light Dragoons" in a valiant defensive position, regard less of the aggressive military goals behind the siege.

Another violent visual portrayal of the Mooltan incident appears in the

March 10 issue, after a renewal of the fighting. The article gives a blow-by blow account of the battle and capture of Mooltan by the British and lists




the men and horses killed, wounded and missing with great officiality. The

paper's warlike position momentarily wavers in a 17 March 1849 editorial

titled "The Widows of the Punjaub." Mourning losses in the area that

leave widows and orphans, a writer then asks, "Are we never to arrive at a

rational accommodation of disputes? To talk of arbitration with the Sikhs, as barbarous in their thirst for war as by lamentable evidence they have

proved themselves accomplished in its conduct, would be the merest non

sense ..." (143). Yet the crusade against war seems shallow without self

examination by both sides, and the writer does not consider the insatiable

English quest for annexation that created the Sikh resistance, blaming the

Sikhs for their native barbarity. The next issue (24 March 1849) restates the

familiar apology at work in India and other colonies:

Without our colonies the name of England would cease to be a power, and, in

order to preserve our own independence,

we should have to spend

more than we

do now in the business of defence. It would be supposed that we gave them up

because we could not help it. We should be, with respect to other nations, like the

bird which has been wounded, and which, therefore, the others peck to death.

("Table Talk" 165)

Thus, the plea for peaceful resolution gets lost in imperialist discourse.

The March 31 issue concludes its reports on the disaster at Mooltan and

expresses convincing justification for annexation of the Punjab in a

description of the rebel hero, Dewan Moolraj, as "pleasing and prepos

sessing." Citing the deaths and devastation of recent events, the writer

opines that "we do not see how English honour can be sustained, or

English interests in India considered safe, by any less operation than the

annexation of his province, at least, to our Indian empire" ("Dewan

Moolraj" 169). An illustration shows the Dewan Moolraj being escorted

by British soldiers out of the city. The article details riches stored up in

the Moolraj's house and describes the stench of animals and humans

around the site. News reports such as those in the Punjab helped to jus

tify British expansion for the women readers several years before the

Mutiny of 1857, an event most historians view as the moment when Brit

ish policy in India became more aggressively racist and imperialistic. A byproduct of colonial development for the colonized should be

progress, according to writers in the Lady's Newspaper. The 24 May 1856 issue features a portrait of Egyptian Viceroy Said Pacha and remarks that

the country is marching ahead:

Railways, steam-boats, hotels, omnibuses, seem at once the pioneers and the sym

bols of progress ... . Much of all this has been, doubtless, owing to the constant

intercourse kept up with Europeans, in consequence of the Overland Route, and




the concomitant residence of some hundreds of European officials, from highly

educated civil engineers to Bill the stoker. ("Egypt" 321)

Much credit is also due to Pacha, who was educated in Europe and speaks

English. He is a "benevolent and enlightened man, and a friend to science

and learning" (321). A later issue (31 May 1856) expresses hope for the

Muslim world in "Travelling in Africa," accompanied by an engraving of

hooded Muslims riding on camels with spears and a man on foot with a

long rifle. The article claims that in 50 years these men may not be riding camels:

In Egypt, French and English science and progress, fostered by an enlightened government, is already spanning the wild desert with that most

cockneyfied of all

conveyances, a "bus," and will soon follow with a railway, and probably a canal.

Along a considerable proportion of the north coast, and far up towards the Great

Desert, French civilisation is winning its difficult way, surely if not speedily; whilst in the south, and on the east and west coasts, British enterprise is, against

numberless impediments, also making steady progress towards the interior;

exploring parties are

paving the way for valuable commercial speculations, to be

certainly followed by improved modes of communication; and who knows how

long or short a time it may be before the gigantic work fast completing through

the jungles of India shall have its counterpart on the burning sands and among the

dense, tangled forests of Africa? We may live to find our sons or grandsons specu

lating in "Central Africans," or taking return tickets to Timbuctoo. (345)

Unembarrassedly speculative, expansionist, and arrogantly western, the

tone of this paragraph encodes in his simplest form the imperialist ideo

logue's impatience, precursing language of the "Race for Africa"

expressed by imperialists later in the century. Ironically, the facing page features original music "Written Expressly for the 'Lady's Newspaper'" titled "The Departing Warrior":

Foremost in love my daring heart

Won the bright love of thine; Foremost in war upon that heart

Thy parting gift shall shine.

Farewell, and if in trench or field, One warrior do as well,

To him e'en thy bright love I'll yield -

Victory or death! Farewell!

Victory or Death! fare-well! fare-well! (344)

The sentiment expressed in the song written specifically for the Lady's




Newspaper s women readers is the supreme sacrifice required for world

domination expressed in the article on Africa, and death will come not

only to the French and British soldiers fighting to conquer Africa with "science and progress," but also for the armed Muslim warriors in the

engraving, as they fight to retain their culture.

Texas State University-San Marcos

NOTES

i Margaret Beetham names the Lady's Newspaper as the "first ladies' newspa

per" in A Magazine of Her Own (91), but Mary Hargrave lists The Ladies3

Mercury as the "first newspaper devoted especially to women readers," its first

issue appearing on 27 February 1693. See Mary Hargraves, "Women's News

papers in the Past," The Englishwoman 21 (Jan.-Mar. 1914): 292-301.

WORKS CITED

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Advertisement. The Lady's Newspaper 1.2 (9 January 1847): 47.

Anonymous. "How to Choose a Husband; or, All is Not Gold That Glitters. An

Eastern Tale." The Lady's Newspaper y.165 (23 February 1850): 102 and 7.166

(2 March 1850): 124.

?. "The Sultana Valid?." The Lady's Newspaper 1.5 (30 January 1847): 111 and

1.7 (13 February 1847): 155. Beetham, Margaret. A Magazine of Her Own? Domesticity and Desire in the

Woman's Magazine, 1800-1914. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.

Bivona, Daniel. British Imperial Literature, iSyo-1940: Writing and the Adminis

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Chaudhuri, Nupur. "Issues of Race, Gender and Nation in Englishwomen's Domestic Magazine and Queen, 18 50-1900." Negotiating India in the Nine

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Chaudhuri, Nupur, and Margaret Strobel. Introduction. Western Women and

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Dance, Charles. Editorial Note. The Lady's Newspaper 1.6 (6 February 1847): 127.

?. "Good News for the Ladies." The Lady's Newspaper 1.1 (2 January 1847): 2.




?. "Hearts versus Clubs." The Lady's Newspaper 1.6 (6 February 1847): 121-22.

?. "Massacre at Calabar." The Lady's Newspaper 1.11 (13 March 1847): 242.

David, Deirdre. Rule Britannia: Women, Empire, and Victorian Writing. Ithaca

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"Lord Gough." The Lady's Newspaper 5.113 (24 February 1849): 100.

"Lord Gough." The Lady's Newspaper 7.166 (2 March 1850): 113-14.

"Mrs. Chisholm." The Lady's Newspaper 7.171 (6 April 1850): 190-92.

"Museum of the London Missionary Society." The Lady's Newspaper 13.329

(16 April 1853): 237-38. "Natal." The Lady's Newspaper 7.165 (23 February 1850): 106-08.

"The News From India." The Lady's Newspaper 5.109 (27 January 1849): 43-44.

"Paris and London Fashions." The Lady's Newspaper 13.332 (7 May 1853): 288.

"The Past and the Future." The Lady's Newspaper 5.106 (6 January 1849): 1-2.

"The Rajah Shere Singh." The Lady's Newspaper 5.109 (27 January 1849): 55. "Table Talk." The Lady's Newspaper 5.117 (24 March 1849): 165.

"Travelling in Africa." The Lady's Newspaper and Pictorial Times 19.492 (31 May

1856): 345. "West India Mail." The Lady's Newspaper 7.175 (4 May 1850): 245. "The Widows of the Punjaub." The Lady's Newspaper 5.116(17 March 1849):

143.



bonnets and rebellions: imperialism in "the lady's newspaper"

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