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Slide 2 Slide 3 Bioremediation The use of biological agents, such as bacteria or plants, to remove or neutralize contaminants, as in polluted soil or water. Any processes that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Slide 4 Each year, industrial residues, domestic waste and agricultural run-offs contaminate water, soil and air. The U.S. spends millions of dollars to clean contaminants, prevent further pollution, and restore the site to its natural vegetative state. Slide 5 Bioremediation is used to clean up environmental hazards cause by industrial toxic waste. N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 CO 2 Slide 6 The contaminants are metabolized and transformed into harmless organic and inorganic molecules: nitrogen, carbon dioxide and salts. Slide 7 In-Situ & Ex-Situ Slide 8 In-situ bioremediation- clean up of chemicals at the contaminated site Ex-situ bioremediation- removal of chemicals from the contaminated site to another location for treatment Slide 9 The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989. The Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef and spilled 260,000 to 750,000 barrels (41,000 to 119,000 m 3 ) of crude oil. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human- caused environmental disasters. Slide 10 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), used Pseudomonas developed by Ananda Chakrabarty to degrade components in crude oil. Exxon Valdez oil Spill Slide 11 The Deepwater Horizon oil spill ( BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the BP oil disaster or the Macondo blowout), an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which flowed for three months in 2010. It is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. Scientist believes that that natural bacteria will slowly degrade the toxic waste. When the influx of oil from the Deepwater Horizon leak began, it is likely bacteria began consuming and reproducing rapidly, breaking down oil into byproducts such as carbon dioxide, water and other biomass. Slide 12 Slide 13 Crude Oil Spill, Bemidji, Minnesota Crude Oil Spill, Bemidji, Minnesota Exxon Oil spill, 1989 Exxon Oil spill, 1989 Pesticides, San Francisco, Bay Estuary Pesticides, San Francisco, Bay Estuary Oil release by Kuwait, 1991 Oil release by Kuwait, 1991 Slide 14 Ex-Situ bioremediation requires that the contaminated soil or water be physically removed before treatment. Slide 15 Removal of contaminants at different location taken from the contaminated site Removal of contaminants at different location taken from the contaminated site More expensive and damaging to the area More expensive and damaging to the area More difficult compare to In-situ bioremediation More difficult compare to In-situ bioremediation Examples: Sewage Treatment Examples: Sewage Treatment Slide 16 Slide 17 A new and growing type of bioremediation is phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is the depolluting of contaminated soil, water or air using plants. Slide 18 It is use of plants to clean up potentially damaging spills. It is use of plants to clean up potentially damaging spills. The plants work with soil organisms to transform contaminants, such as heavy metals and toxic organic compounds, into harmless or valuable forms. The plants work with soil organisms to transform contaminants, such as heavy metals and toxic organic compounds, into harmless or valuable forms. Slide 19 Examples: Cottonwood, poplar trees and Alpine pennycress have been used extensively to leach heavy metals. Used by: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Energy (DoE) EPA Alpine pennycress is used by the USDA to remove heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium. Slide 20 Phytoremediations most publicize appearance came during the Chernobyl nuclear waste cleanup in the Ukraine. Sunflower plants were planted to remove and degrade radioactive cesium and strontium. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jIj 3ZyLIOY- pLjO7m6Z_Llr7x1nQ?docId=29c8cbbf334a420a9584c45 a2f05298c http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jIj 3ZyLIOY- pLjO7m6Z_Llr7x1nQ?docId=29c8cbbf334a420a9584c45 a2f05298c Slide 21 Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant in the mustard family, has two bacterial genes added to its genome in order for the plant to remove arsenic from the soil. The first gene converts the arsenic to a form the plant can suck up and the second allows the plant to detoxify heavy metals and accumulate them in its leaves. Slide 22 Polaromonas naphthalenivorans, breaks down naphthalene in coal tar. Found in Upstate New York and identified by the use of DNA finger printing. Geobacter sulfurreducens, part of a family of bacterium that degrade metals. G. sulfurreducens degrades uranium while G. metallireducens degrades both uranium and plutonium. G. metallireducens has genes that allow it to grow flagella and sniff out metals if none are available in its location. Slide 23 Thermus brockianus, produces a protein that breaks down hydrogen peroxide. This protein can be added directly to industrial waste water to treat the water before it is released. Hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas strains were transformed with an E. coli pro U operon which improved the ability to grow under hyper-saline conditions allowing improved bioremediation in marine environments. Slide 24 Monitored Natural way: use of pants & microbes) Bioaugmentation: is the introduction of a group of natural microbial strains or a genetically engineered variant to treat contaminated soil or water. Slide 25 Biostimulation- involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation. This can be done by addition of various forms of rate limiting nutrients and electron acceptors such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon Slide 26 Biobarriers : Acid rock drainage from hard rock mine lands is a major environmental problem that impacts both ground- and surface water throughout the Western US. Naturally occurring aerobic and facultative bacteria which utilize dissolved oxygen in the infiltrating water and therefore maintain the reducing conditions which are necessary for pyrite (an iron sulfide) and other metal sulfides to remain bound in mineral form in water. Slide 27 Mycoremediation: Fungal Remediation Slide 28 William J., and Michael A. Pallandino. Introduction to Biotechnology. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc., 20007 Biobarriers and Bioremediation Collection. Montana State University Center for Biofilm Engineering. 9 Apr. 2009, Bioremediation of metals and radionuclides. 2 nd Ed. Berkley Lab. 11 Apr. 2009. Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 9 Apr. 2009. Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide. Ver. 4.0. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable. 9 Apr. 2009 Singh, Harbhajan. Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation. United Kingdom: Wiley- Blackwell, 2006 Wet Soil Mixing. Keller Ground Engineering. 10 Apr. 2009. Slide 29 Phytoremediation: Using Plants To Clean Up Soils. June 2000. United States Department of Agriculture. 18 Oct. 2007. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun00/soil0600.htm http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun00/soil0600.htm Sewage Treatment. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 19 Oct. 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment Kris Traver, Niana Islam And Edwin Estime 2007 Biotech group for power point creativity editing. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency Preparedness and Response: Bioterrorism 2007 http://www.hindustantimes.com/Small-wonders/Article1-623814.aspx http://www.hindustantimes.com/Small-wonders/Article1-623814.aspx http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1945110/the_murky_picture_beneath_the_surfa ce/ Slide 30 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bju4C5 GxeQs&feature=related