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INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONAND

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

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INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONAND

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

R.K.TrivedyReader, Deptt. of Pollution Studies

Y.C.College of ScienceKarad - 415 110 (India)

and

N.S.RamanScientist

National Environmental EngineeringResearch Institute

Nehru MargNagpur - 440 001 (India)

Published by :PAWAN KUMAR SHARMA

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA)5-A, New Pali Road, P.O.Box 91JODHPUR - 342 001 (Raj.)Tel.: +91-291-433323Fax. : +91-291-512580E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] : www.scientificpub.com

© Trivedy & Raman, 2003

Printed in India

ISBN: 978-81-7233-324-9eISBN: 978-93-8791-393-6

PREFACE

Industry has played a very important role in developmental activities throughoutthe world. Rapid industrialization is a dream for most countries in the world. India pres-ently is tenth most industrialized Nation in the world and has ambitious plans for futureindustrial growth.

However, Industry today is viewed as a most important agent of Pollution. Indus-tries are blamed for not only generating huge quantity of unmanageable liquid and solidwastes and air emission but also are responsible for depletion of natural resources. Indus-trial Pollution has destroyed natural ecosystems and reduced or wiped out their productivitiesbesides being responsible for a plethora of human health problems.

However, industrialization can not be slowed down due to environmental reasonsalone. It is possible to substantially reduce the damage from industries by effective envi-ronmental management, recycling of wastes and adopting clean technologies and consid-erable efforts are going on in these areas.

The book is an attempt to compile the current themes in industrial environmentalmanagement. The important areas covered in the book are Environment Impact Assess-ment, Cleaner technologies for industrial production, ISO 14001, Solid waste Manage-ment, Waste recycling, Hazardous waste management, bioremediation for hazardous wastemanagement, Sludge management, Waste utilization, Biotechnology for waste manage-ment, Risk assessment, Greenbelts for air pollution control etc. Besides effective man-agement of wastewater in several kinds of industries is also discussed.

We hope the book shall be highly useful to Environment Management Depart-ment of various industries, environmental science and engineering students and teachers,NGOs and to anyone interested in Industrial Environmental Management.

We are indebted to over distinguished authors for so willingly contributing to thisbook and bearing with us for the delay in publication.

30th August, 2002 R.K. Trivedy N.S. Raman

CONTENTS

CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION - 1-9 N.S.Raman & R.K.Trivedy

Status of Pollution Control in India, Environment - Industry Policy Linkages, Pollution PreventionVis -A-Vis Control, Cleaner Technologies of Industrial Production,Major Issues in Promotion ofCleaner Technologies in India, Strategies for Promotion of Cleaner Technologies, Prologue.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT - 10-23 N.S.Raman & P.Khanna

Preample, Status of EIA in India, MEF Notification as Amended in May, 1994, Statutory Require-ments for EIA, Conceptual Limetations of EIA, Methodological Limitations of EIA, Review ofComputer Aided Methods in EIA, Role of KBS in EIA, CA-EIA Vs KBS-EIA, Advantages ofKBS-EIA.

PREVENTION OF ILL-HEALTH AMONG WORKERS - 24-36 H.Venkatakrishna Bhatt & G.M.Panchal

Introduction, Man and Machine, Occupational Environment, Physical, chemical and biologicalagents, Physical Hazards, Chemical Hazards, Biological Hazards, Occupational Diseases, Diseasesdue to Physical Agents, Diseases due to Chemical Agents, Diseases due to Biological Agents,Occupational Health Hazards, Sources,Prevention, Radiational Hazards, Preventive Measures,Preventive Measures, Occupational Hazards of Agricultural Workers, Prevention of OccupationalDiseases, Engineering Measures, Conclusions, Further Reading, References.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH - 37-49 N.S.Raman & Trivedy R.K.

Intoduction, Theory of Pollution Control, Empirical Control of Pollution, Air Pollution Control,Municipal Solid & Hazardous Waste Disposal, Radioactive Waste Disposal , Noise PollutionAnd It’s Control, Future of Pollution Control.

ISO 14001WHAT,WHEN AND WHY - 50-52 N.S.Raman

Definition of EMS, Objectives of Introducing EMS, Introduction of EN ISO 14001:1996Selection of Standards, Checking and Corrective Actions, Management Review.

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT - 53-59 N.S.RamanPrologue, Environmental Audit, Benefits from Environmental Audit, Methodology, Pre-AuditActivities, Post-Audit Activites, Energy Balance, Process, Instrumentation, Water and MaterialBalance, Evolution of Audition Trends.

MODERN METHODS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDUSTRIES - 60-69 Sudhir D. Ghatnekar, Mahavash F. Kavin & Gautam S. Ghatnekar

Introduction, Vermiculture Based Waste Treatment, Advantages of BRC’s Three Tier , VermicultureBiotechnology, Criteria for Treatment, The Treatment Protocol, Agricultural Trials, A Case Studyof Three Tier Vermiculture And Vermifilter Established by Biotechnology, Resource Centre for APaper Mill at Shimoga, Karnataka, Materials, Methods, Pretreatment, Enzyme Treatment,Vermiculture bed Treatment, Microbial Treatment, Results, Vermifilter Biotreatment, Conclusionand Remarks, References.

CLEANER INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS IN INDIAN MANUFACTURING : POTENTIAL FORPOLLUTION PREVENTION - 70-73 A.G. Matani

Introduction, Indian Industries and Environmental Pollution : Present Scenario, Major IndustrialRefuse, Concurrent Engineering and Green Practices, Process Issues in Green manufacturing,Discussion, Conclusion, References.

EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES OF THERMAL POWER PLANT 74-79 A.G. Matani

Introduction, Handling of Fly Ash Requires Attention due to, Present Status of TechnologiesDeveloped, Potential Utilization Areas, Fly Ash Bricks, Cellular Concrete , Blocks and Bricks fromFly Ash, Fly Ash Precast Concrete Blocks, Fly Ash Lightweight & Concrete, Fly Ash in Manufac-ture of Cement, Fly Ash Based Ceramics, Fly Ash Ferrocement, Fly Ash in Road Making, Fly Ashas Landfill, Waste Land Reclamation by Fly Ash, Neutralizing Soil Acidity, Plant Nutrient Avail-ability, Utilization of Fly Ash / FBM in Horticulture, Discussion : Concerted Efforts Needed,Conclusion, References.

BIOREMEDIATION FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT - 80-86

Chetan T.Goudar & S.Saravanan

Introduction, Priciples of Bioremediation, Microorganism, Contaminant, Environments Suited forBioremediation, Intrinsic Bioremediation, Engineered Bioremediation, Bioremediation of A FewCommonly Occuring Environmental Pollutants, Petroleum Hydrocatbons and Derivatives,Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Halogented Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Halogented Aromatic Com-pounds, Metals, Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation, Conclusion, References.

SCREENING & SELECTION OF SUITABLE TREE SPECIES FOR THE RECLAMATION OFLIMESTONE MINEDUMP - 87-92

A.Ponnambalam, V.Sugavanam & P.Devaraj

Introduction, Materials and Methods, Plant Material, Experimental Design, Growth Measure-ment, Results, Biomass Index, Biomass, Rooting Potential, Survival Rate, Suitability Index, Dis-cussion, References.

vi Contents

INDUSTRIAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT :EMERGING TRENDS - 93-100 Mrs. M.Gomathi

Introduction, Sludge Composition and Characteristics, Some of the Emerging Trends in SludgeManagement are Discussed Below, Thermal Treatment Using Rotary Kilns, Indirect Treatment,Direct Treatment, Pyrolysis and Carbonisation, Waste Pyrolysis, Diagram of the Waste PyrolysisProcess, Incineration Systems, Soil Remediation, Sludge Drying Using Rotary Kiln, AdvancedFluidized Composting Technology, Bio-Slurry Process, Low Volume Mixed Waste Sludge Treat-ment, Digestion of Sludge With Nitric Acid and Neutralizing the Unreacted Acid With Sodium,Hydroxide Reduction of VOC’s and Extractable Organics Halides has been Made Possible, Detoxi-fication of Waste Using Reduction Instead of Oxidation, Conclusion, References.

POLLUTION IN SMALL SCALE SECONDARY LEAD PROCESSING PLANTS IN THEUNORGANIZED SECTOR-GLOBAL TRENDS IN LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL CAREAND CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES - 101-112 Ashok Kumar Vaish

Introduction, Lead Pollution in Secondary Lead Extraction, Global Trends in Legislation, Air LeadLimits for Occupational Exposure- Legislation, Blood Lead Limits for Occupational Exposure -Legislation, Air Borne Lead Emission Limits - Legislation, Effluent Limits for Lead - Legislation,Recycling of Solid Wastes and Waste Disposal - Legislation, Environmental Care, Control Tech-nologies in Small Scale Secondary Lead Processing Plants, Conclusions.

INDUSTRIAL NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL - 113-120 B.Padmanabhamurty

Introduction, Source of Noise, Industrial Noise, Aircraft Noise, Community Noise, Effects ofNoise, Measurement of Noise, Noise Pollution Control, Industrial Noise Control, Noise Predic-tive Models, Mathematical Treatment of the Problem, References.

GREEN BELTS FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL - 121-129 B. Padmanabhamurty

Introduction, Plant and Pollution, Designing Green Belts, Theoretical Models for Development ofGreen Belt, References.

MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTESFROM INDUSTRY IN JODHPUR CITY - 130-137 Ashok Dhariwal

Introduction, Types of Waste, Handling, Storage, Transportation, Disposal, Monitoring andControl, Conclusion, References.

POLLUTION CONTROL IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES - 138-152 N.S.Raman

Preamble, Manufacturing Process, Physical Methods, Formulation, Extraction, Fermentation,Antibotics, Vitamins and Enzymes, Vaccines, Microbial Suspensions and Antitoxins, Microbial /Viral Suspensions and Antitoxins, Wastewater Generation and Treatment System, WastewaterGeneration, Vaccination, Microbial Suspension and Antitoxin Preparation, Organic Synthesis,Wastewater Treatment, Primary Treatment, Secondary Treatment, Anaerobic Filter and Lagooning,

Contents vii

Tricking Filter, Conventional Activated Sludge, Extended Aeration, Tertiary Treatment, SolidWastes Management, Minimal National Standards (Minas).

RISK ASSESSMENT - 153-158 N.S. Raman & .R.K.Trivedy

Preamble, Risk : Definition, Uncertainties in Risk Assessment, Frequency of Occurence, FaultTree, Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis.

OPERATIONAL MAINTENANCEOF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - 159-173 N.S. Raman & .R.K.Trivedy

Developing an Effective Maintenance, Evaluation, Implementation, Computer AssistedTelemaintenance, Objectives, Contributions from the CATS- WTS Computer, Tele-Information orTele- Training, Tele - Diagnosis, Tele Repairs, Conclusion, Comments, Main Functions of theCATS- WTS System.

URBAN ENVIRONMENT : MALADIES AND REMEDIES - 174-189 A.K.Lal

Introduction, Solid Waste Management, Measures for Safe Solid Waste Management, Landfilling,Incineration, Pelletization, Biogas Production / Energy Generation, Private Sector Participation,Role of Rag-Pickers, Recycling of Solid Waste, Industrial Hazardous Waste, Hospital Waste,Waste Water Management, Ganga Action Plan, Air Pollution, Effects of Air Pollution on HumanHealth, Air Pollution in Delhi, Measures to Reduce Air Pollution, Noise Pollution, ConcludingRemarks, References.

UTILISATION OF WASTE BATTERY SCRAP - 190-194 A.K Vaish & A.P. Bhattacharya

Introduction, Review of Literature, Present Investigation, Process Details, Possible ReactionsDuring Smelting, Results and Discussion, Conclusion, References.

TOPSOIL MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN COAL MINING COMPLEXES - 195-202 N.K.Kundu & M.K.Ghose

Introduction, Pre-Mining Land USE Planning, Topsoil Removal, Topsoil Storage, Aerobic Zone,Transition Zone, Anaerobic Zone, Geometry of Topsoil EAP, Topsoil Preservation, Topsoil Re-distribution, Nutrients and Soil Amendments, Post-Mining Soil Development, Conclusion, Refer-ences.

STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION IN OPENCAST COAL MINING IN INDIA - 203-210 Sita Ram Majee & M.K.Ghose

Introduction, Selection of Air Monitoring Station, Sampling and Analysis, Result and Discus-sion, Conclusion, References.

viii Contents

TREATMENT OF FOOD INDUSTRY WASTE - 211-218 P.S.Panesar

Introduction, Sugar Industry Wastewater, Fruit & Vegetable Industry Wastes, Brewery Waste-water, Distillery Wastewater, Dairy Industry Wastewater, References.

REVIEW OF BIO-FERTILISER FROM LD SLAG - 219-227 A.P. Bhattacharya

Introduction, Background History of Soil Conditioner, Types of Soil, Effects of Acid Soil onCrop, Advvantage of Growell, Pre-Exploratory Research at NML for Biofertiliser, NML’s Outlookfor Launching Bio-Fertiliser Research, References.

BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS - 228-248Indu Bajwa, Leela Iyengar & M.R. Madhav

Introduction, Biological Processes, Aerobic Biodegradation, Anoxic Biodegradation, Anaero-bic Biodegradation, Co-Metabolic Biodegradation of Toxic Compounds, Application of Biologi-cal Processes for Soil Decontamination, Ex Situ Treatment Technologies, Solid PhaseBioremediation, Land Farming, Composting, Open Systems, Closed System, Slurry Reactors, InSitu Treatment Technologies, Land Farming, Air Sparging, Biosparging, Bioventing, Bioinjection,Use of Surfactants, Biofilm Barriers, Subsurface decontamination, Phytoremediation,Bioaugmentation, Use of GEMs, Concluding Summary, References.

Contents ix