BIOMASSFOR

ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Proceedings of the 9th European Bioenergy Conference

Copenhagen, Denmark 24-27 June 1996.

Edited by

P. Chartier, G.L Ferrero, U.M Henius,S Hultberg, J. Sachau, M Wiinblad

Volume 1

UNIVERSE rseiBLIOTHEK

TECHi\"3CHEINFORMATIONoBiBLIOTHEK

Pergamon

Contents

Volume 1

Preface

1 PLENARY SESSIONS

1.0 Opening Addresses

Opening Remarks at the 9th European Bioenergy Conference 5Svend Auken

Bioenergy Policy in the Nordic Countries 9Stefan Hultberg

Opening Remarks at the 9th EU Biomass Conference 25Peter Gamelke

1.1 Primary Production of Biomass

Agricultural Crops

Agricultural Experience as a Supplier of Biomass 29Niels Th. Ilsoe

Biomass Production and Pretreatment; Perspective Strategies 36E. J. M. T. van den Heuvel

Performance of C4 Plant Species as Energy Sources and their PossibleImpact on Environment and Climate 42N. El Bassam

viii Contents

Miscanthus Yields in Denmark 48Uffe Jorgensen

Water and Nitrogen Effects on Sweet Sorghum Growth and Productivity 54N. Dercas, C. Panoutsou and C. Dalianis

Quality of Solid Biomass Fuels—Influence of Crop Management 61/. Lewandowski

Reed Canary Grass - A New European Energy Crop which can Meetthe Demands from Both Agricultural and Energy Sector 66RolfOlsson

Experiments in the Production of Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.)Biomass 70Massimo Vecchiet and Roberto Jodice

Forestry and Short Rotation Crops

The European Bioenergy Policy in Forestry 78D. Asplund

Eucalypt Plantations for Production of Raw-Material for Industry andEnergy in Europe 84H. Pereira, J. Pardos, A. M. Boudet, P. Mitchell, G. Mughini,S. Kyritsis and C. Dalianis

Municipal Wastewater Recycling in Energy Forestry 90Kenth Hasselgren

Twenty Years of Research on Poplar Biomass Production in theNetherlands 96L. C. Kuiper and H. W. Kolster

Short Rotation Forest Productivity Using Sewage Sludge as a NutrientSource 103D. M. Riddell-Black, C. Rowlands and A. Snelson

Contents ix

1.2 Provision and Production of Solid Biomass Fuels

Overview of the Development in the Provision and Production of SolidBiomass Fuels 111Jan Erik Mattsson

Results on Wood Fuel Research of the Finnish Bioenergy ResearchProgramme 115D. Asplund

Logistics for Harvest, Transportation and Storage of Willow (Salix) 121Jorgen Hinge, Kjeld V. Nielsen, Erik R. Schmidt and Jens M. Jensen

Evaluation of Short Rotation Forestry Harvesters in Europe 127C. P. Mitchell and C. M. Angus-Hankin

Economics and Logistics for Upgraded Biofuels with Experience fromthe Swedish Market 133C. / . M. Vinterbdck

Crop Residues as a Source for Decentralised Heat and PowerProduction in Rural Areas. The Case Study of Thrace 139L. Kallivroussis, St. Rozakis, V. Vassilatos, V. Mellides, D. Petouni andSp. Kyritsis

Process for RDF's Production and Recyling 145M. Bao Iglesias and J. L. Rodriguez Rodriguez

1.3. Processes for Large Central Power Plants

Large Scale Power Production from Biomass and Waste 153Gian Luca Ferrero, Kyriakos Maniatis and Emmanuel Xenakis

General Overview over Recent Results and Plans Concerning Co-combustion of Biomass and Coal 158Ingvard Rasmussen and Peter Overgaard

Recent Results and Plans Concerning Co-gasification of Biomass andCoal—An Overview 164E. Kurkela

x Contents

Safe Handling of Biomass Fuels in IGCC Power Production 170C. Wilen and A. Rautalin

Biomass IGCC Overview and the Varnamo Power Plant 176Krister Stdhl

General Overview over Recent Results and Plans for Large BiomassBoilers in Denmark 186Merete Serensen and Peer Jespersen

Fouling and Corrosion in Straw and Coal-Straw Fired USC Plants 192Niels Henriksen and Ole Hede Larsen

Ash Deposit Chemistry and Structure Influences on Physical andTransport Properties 198Larry L. Baxter, Bryan Jenkins, Thomas Gale, Scott Sinquefield andGian Sclippa

1.4 Processes for Decentralized Heat and Power Production

General

Promising Biomass Conversion Technologies for Local Systems 207Ju'rgen Sachau

Combustion

Experiences from 61 Straw-fired District Heating Plants in Denmark 211Anders Evald and Mogens G. Larsen

Demonstration of Advanced Cogeneration of Heat and Power Based onVarious Types of Biomass Using Fluidized Bed Combustion and FuelDrying 217Mikael Forss and Mikko Muoniovaara

Emissions from Commercial Small-scale Boilers Fired with Logs ofWood - Measurements and Modelling of Gas Phase Reactions 222/ . Larfeldt, S. Andersson, B. Leckner, M. Axell and L. Gustavsson

Contents xi

Gasification a.o.

Gasification Technologies for Heat and Power from Biomass 228A. A. C. M. Beenackers and K. Maniatis

An Externally Fired Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycle for Small ScaleBiomass Gasification 260J. De Ruyck, G. Allard and K. Maniatis

Development of an Integrated Small Scale Combined Heat/Power Fixed BedGasification System Fuelled by Standard Gasifier Fuel 266H. A.M. Knoefand H. E. M. Stassen

Combined Heat and Power Production Based on Gasification of Strawand Woodchips 272Ole Kristensen

Stirling Engines for Biomass: State-of-the-Art with Focus on Resultsfrom Danish Projects 278H. Carlsen

Biogas

Anaerobic Digestion - Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow 284Philip D. Lusk and Mark A. Moser

Codigestion of Olive Oil Mill Wastewaters together with Manure,Household Waste or Sewage Sludge 290/. Angelidaki and B. K. Ahring

Hygiene and Sanitation Requirements in Danish Biogas Plants 296H. J. Bendixen

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis Oils for Power Plants and Boilers 302K. Sipild, A. Oasmaa, V. Arpiainen, M. Westerholm, Y. Solantausta, A.Ahnger, S. Gros, T. Nyronen and S. Gust

xii Contents

Experiences on Production and Combustion of Bio-oils from BiomassAdvanced Pyrolysis Process 308C. Rossi, G. Trebbi and G. Pedrelli

1.5 Processes for Production of Transportation Fuels

General

EC Funded Agro-industrial Research for Integrated Production ofFuels and Industrial Products 315B. Kerckow

Pyrolysis

Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Systems 321A. V. Bridgwater

Stabilisation by Mild Catalytic Hydrotreating of Bio-oils Produced byFlash Pyrolysis 327Rosanna Maggi, Aristobulo Centeno and Bernard Delmon

Vegetable Oils and Ethanol

The Costs of Liquid Biofuels in the French Context 333/ . C. Sourie, J. P. Gaouyer and S. Labrousse

New Profitable Developments in Biodiesel 339W. Korbitz

Rape Biofuel Production in Poland - Overview of Actual Situation andPerspectives 343A. Grzybek, M. Rogulska and A. Roszkowski

Techno-economic Assessment of the Pretreatment and Hydrolysis ofWood for Ethanol Production 349J. N. Saddler and D. J. Gregg

Progress on Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 356Charles E. Wyman

Contents xiii

Conversion of Wheat Straw to Ethanol: Wet Oxidation Pretreatmentfollowed by Anaerobic Thermophilic Fermentation of the HemicelluloseFraction 362B. K. Ahring, D. Licht, P. Nielsen, A. S. Schmidt and A. B. Bjerre

1.6. Market, Economic and Environmental Aspects of Bioenergy

Environment

LCA of Biofuels under Different Environmental Aspects 369M. Kaltschmitt, G. A. Reinhardt and T. Stelzer

Sustainability of Production and Use of Biomass for European EnergySupply 387G. van der Bijl

Environmental and Energy Policies in Sweden and the Effects onBioenergy Development 393Kent Nystrom

Methodologies for Environmental, Micro- and Macro-economicEvaluaton of Bioenergy Systems 397R. van den Broek and A. van Wijk

Economy and Markets

Price Trends for Wood Fuels in Sweden 403Bengt Hillring

Financing of Bioenergy Projects 408Lars Baadstorp

An Assessment of the Externalities of Biomass for ElectricityProduction in Spain 413R. M. Saez, J. Leal and P. Linares

Potential Impact of Bioenergy Activity on Employment 419G. Grassi

xiv Contents

1.7 Non-technical Barriers

European Agriculture and Forestry Biomass Network AFB-NETT 427C. A. Foster and A. L. Lamb

An Initial Market for Electricity from Biomass 432R. A. Kettle

Type Approval and Financial Investment Subsidies for Small BiofuelBoilers in Denmark 435L. G. Pedersen

Biomass in the Netherlands 441K. W. Kwant, G. J. J. Smakman and S. I. Bestebroer

A Preliminary Analysis of Mechanisms to Improve Biomass-originCo-generation in Brazil 446Suani Teixeira Coelho and David Zylbersztajn

Policy Measures to Overcome Barriers of Bioenergy Use in Poland 459G. Wisniewski, M. Rogulska, A. Grzybek, S. Golebiowski andS. Burgess

2 POSTER SESSIONS

2.1 Primary Production of Biomass

Agricultural Crops and Waste

Nutrient Extraction by the Harvestable Biomass 467/ . Fernandez, M. D. Curt and M. Hidalgo

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Biomass Production andMacronutrients Extraction of Sweet Sorghum cv. Keller 473M. D. Curt, J. Fernandez and M. Martinez

Adaption of Tree Tobacco Nicotiana glauca R.C. Graham to Warm-aridConditions with Set-aside Land Use Purposes: Photosynthetic Responses 479M. D. Curt, J. Fernandez and P. L. Aguado

The Case of Ginestra as an Innovative Energy Multi-purpose Crop 485Carlo Baldelli

Contents xv

Fuel Data for Danish Biofuels and Improvement of the Quality of Strawand Whole Crops 490B. Sander

A. Probabilistic Approach in Modelling Biomass Production 496L. Merlo, B. Morgana, M. Pennisi and V. Sardo

Characterization of Miscanthus sinensis Potential as an Industrial andEnergy Feedstock 504M. G. Papatheofanous, E. G. Koukios, G. Morton and J. Denes

Evaluation of Annual Cereal Species and Varieties as Energy Crops 509/ . R. Jorgensen, P. Flengmark and C.C. Olsen

Delayed Harvest of Wheat Straw for Combustion 513/ . R. Jorgensen and P. Flengmark

Nutrient Demand and Translocation Processes of Miscanthus x giganteus 517S. Jodl, A. Hotz and D. G. Christian

Screening of Different Miscanthus Cultivars in Respect of YieldProduction and Usability as a Raw Material for Energy and Industry 523A. Hotz, W. Kuhn and S. Jodl

Production of Energy Crops in Summerdry Regions of Southwest-Germanyfor Solid Fuel 528R. Vetter and J. Maier

Bioremoval of Heavy Metals from Soil by Miscanthus sinensis giganteus 531Ana Fernando, Paula Duarte and J. F. S. Oliveira

Application of WIMOVAC to the Miscanthus Crop in Portugal 537Paula Duarte, Ana Fernando, Gerard Bailey and J. F. S. Oliveira

Correlation Between Productivity Parameters and Climate for theMiscanthus Crop in Portugal 543Ana Fernando, Paula Duarte, Gerard Bailey and J. F. S. Oliveira

Growth and Biomass Productivity of Miscanthus sinensis giganteus underOptimum Cultural Management in North-eastern Greece 548N. G. Danalatos, C. Dalianis and S. Kyritsis

xvi Contents

Effect of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse Compost on Sweet SorghumProductivity in Plots Under Different Irrigation Conditions 554M. J. Negro, J. E. Carrasco, P. Ciria, A. Cabanas, A. Navarro andM. L. Solano

Growth and Productivity of Non-conventional Energy Source: / . curcas 560Shikha Roy

Growth and Productivity of Kenaf Under Greek Conditions 566C. Dalianis and E. Alexopoulou

Radiation Use Efficiency, Plant Composition and Fuel Quality ofMiscanthus sinensis x giganteus 571N. Dercas, M. Christou and C. Dalianis

Comparative Studies of Fiber and Sweet Sorghum 577C. Dalianis, C. Panoutsou and N. Dercas

Effect of Plant Density on Growth, Productivity and Sugar Yields ofSweet Sorghum in Greece 582C. Dalianis, E. Alexopoulou, N. Dercas and Ch. Sooter

Adaptation and Productivity of New Varieties of Sweet Sorghum inMediterranean Semi-arid Environments 588P. Iannelli, A. R. Rive Hi and A. Sacca

The Potential of Graminaceous Biomass Crops for Energy Productionin the UK: An Overview 592M.J . Bullard, D. G. Christian and C. Wilkins

Potential Yield of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in theMediterranean Conditions 598N. Losavio, N. Lamascese and A. V. Vonella

The French Fibre Sorghum Network: First Results 603Claire Charonnat, Christophe Hevin and Ghislain Gosse

Miscanthus sinensis Plantations in Galicia, N.W. of Spain. Results andExperience over the last Three Years 608M. Bao Iglesias, J. L. Rodriguez Rodriguez, I. Crespo Rodriguez and J.Lamas Alvarino

Contents xvii

Comparative Growth Analysis as Applied to Paper Sorghum and Kenaf:CGR Partitioning between Leaf Area Index and Net Assimilation Rate 613M. Monteleone and P. Gherbin

Growth and Yield of C4 Species for Biomass Production inMediterranean Environment 616Salvatore Foti, Salvatore L. Cosentino, Cristina Patane and PaoloGuarnaccia

Biomass Crops for Energy of Possible Introduction to Sicily 622Valerio Abbate and Cristina Patane

The Potential of Miscanthus as an Energy Crop in Ireland 628/. C. Clifton-Brown, B. M. Neilson and M. B. Jones

Energy Balance of the Thermic Use of Miscanthus in Comparison withWood and Fuel Oil 634L. Lambert, G. Gaillard and J.-L. Hersener

Conflicts between Ecological Farming and Energy Use of Biomass fromAgriculture 638N. I. Meyer, V. Nielsen, B. T. Christensen, P. Kelster and C. Segaard

Agronomic Research on Giant Reed {Arundo donax L.). ManagementSystem and Cultivation of Two Different Provenances 644Massimo Vecchiet, Roberto Jodice and Giorgio Schenone

Research in Selection of Giant Reed {Arundo donax L.) Genotypes 649Massimo Vecchiet, Roberto Jodice and Giorgio Schenone

Techniques and Costs in the Production of Giant Reed {Arundo donax L.)Rhizomes 654Massimo Vecchiet, Roberto Jodice, Luigi Pari and Giorgio Schenone

Evaluation of Giant Reed {Arundo donax L.) Productivity in North andCentral Italy under Two Different Irrigation Regimes 660Massimo Vecchiet, Roberto Jodice, Carla Petrini, Roberta Bazzocchiand Giorgio Schenone

Spanish Thistle Artichoke, Cynara cardunculus L., under GreekConditions 663C. Dalianis, C. Panoutsou and N. Dercas

xviii Contents

Conventional and Short Rotation Forestry

Clonal Mixtures of Salix - A Control Measure for Rust 669A. R. McCracken, W. M. Dawson and Chanel Y. Allen

French Overview on Biomass Crops 675Christophe Hevin

Alternative Sources of Energy Wood in Estonia 680P. Muiste and H. Tullus

Robinia SRF Exploitation and Conversion: The Last Researches 686Carlo Baldelli

Regeneration and Complex Utilization of Forest Phytomass in Latvia 691J. Hrols, M. Daugavietis, G. Telysheva, P. Zalitis and U. Viesturs

Genetic Improvement of Willow {Salix) as a Source of Bioenergy forthe EC - An EC Air Project 697/ . Barker, S. Larsson, N. E. Nordh and H. Rosenqvist

Genetic Improvement of Willow for Short Rotation Coppice 700S. Larsson

Willow Dry Matter Production in Danish Short Rotation Plantations,and the Possible Relation to Climate, Clone, Rotation Length, Stemand Stool Age 702Merete Mor sing

Recycling of Ash in Extensive Utilisation of Biomass 706/. Ranta, S. Isdnndinen and M. Wihersaari

Short Rotation Poplar Coppice, a Common Approach to ProducePulpwood and Fuelwood 712P. Bonduelle, A. Bert helot and J. Sionneau

Rehabilitation of Scrub into a Large Scale Biomass Forest in DeccanRegion of India 715M. N. V. Prasad

Biomass Resources of Semi-arid Regions: Production and Improvementof Wood Energy Source 721Askwani Kumar and Shikha Roy

Contents xix

Very Short Rotation and Dense Eucalypt Plantations for Energy 725C. Dalianis, N. Djouras and Ch. Sooter

Latent Energy in Euterpe oleracea 733A. P. Dyer

Possibility of Poplar Biomass Production as Raw Material for BioenergyProduction 739/ . Markovic, S. Roncevic and Z. Pudar

Effect of Poplar Planting Density on Short-rotation Production ofBiomass 745/ . Markovic, S. Roncevic and Z. Pudar

Assessment of the Possibility of Eastern Cottonwood {Populus deltoidesBartr.) Selection for Biomass Production in Short Rotations 751V. Guzina, G. Avramovic, S. Orlovic and B. Kovacevic

Wood Ash Recycling to Forest Soil - Chemical Aspects 757B.-M. Steenari, O. Lindqvist and A. Tomsic

LARS-Willow: A Model of Short Rotation Forest with Responses toWater and Nitrogen Limitation 763M. A. Semenov, L. G. Evans, P. D. Jamieson and H. Eckersten

The Practical and Economic Feasibility of Fuelwood Production andUse in a Municipal Sewage Management System 769Ralph E. H. Sims and Drusilla M. Riddell-Black

Water and Nutrient Use by Fuelwood Species: Preliminary Resultsfrom an Intensively Monitored Lysimeter Study 775Drusilla M. Riddell-Black, Ralph E.H. Sims, Jon Roygard, BrentClothier, Steve Green and Ross Edwards

Recycling of Wood Ash in Sweden 781C. Nilsson and O. Jonsson

Other

BIOBASE: A Database for Accessing the Biomass Potential inNational and Regional Level 787Dimitris K. Sidiras and Emmanuel G. Koukios

xx Contents

A Dynamics-as-usual Development as Bordercondition for theImplementation of Global Biomass Energy Strategies 793G. Ahamer, S. Schleicher and P. Read

Biomass Production for Energy and Industry in the Far South West ofEngland 799Carolyn Wilkins and Sara Redstone

Modelling Biomass Systems in Hungary 807L. Szokonya, Gy. Morton and J. Denes

Potential for Biomass Energy in Wallonia 813/ . F. Van Belle, P. Lemaire and Y. Schenkel

Bio-energy Plantations: A Model System for Restoration of Semi-aridRegions 819Ashwani Kumar

The Role of Biomass in a Sustainable Energy System for Austria 825M. Lauer and J. Spitzer

Conversion Technologies from Biomass to Power in the Toscana Region 829A. Tiso, D. Chiaramonti and H. P. Grimm

Delayed Harvest Improves Yield and Quality of Reed Canary Grass forBioenergy (Abstract only) 835Staffan Landstrom

Volume 2

Preface

2.2 Provision and Production of Solid Biomass Fuels

Harvesting, Storage and Transportation

The Self-propelled Briquetting Machine for Biofuels - Features andChances of the "Haimer-Biotruck 2000" 839Hans Hartmann

Contents xxi

Harvesting and Handling of Energy Grain 845Erik Flejgaard Kristensen and Villy Nielsen

Quality of Chips from Fresh Felled and Summerdried Norway Spruceon Poor Sandy Soil and Rich Loamy Soil 851K. Suadicani

Chip and Roundwood Method in Young Norway Spruce 857K. Suadicani

Storage Trials with Willow from Short Rotation 863Pieter D. Kofman

Energy Consumption and Costs of the Production Chains of Miscanthus xgiganteus 867/ . A. Molenaar, W. Huisman and P. Venturi

Large-Scale Production of Wood Chips from Forest for Energy 873T. Saksa

Harvesting Short Rotation Coppice for Gasification in the Frameworkof the TtCR GAZEL Project 878Gautier Quenon and Yves Schenkel

Innovative Harvesting and Sugar-Juice Separating Machine for SweetSorghum and Fiber Sorghum 884L. Pasquali, M. Taviani, D. Chiaramonti and F. Martelli

First Trials on Arundo donax and Miscanthus Rhizomes Harvesting 889Luigi Pari

Cynara cardunculus Harvesting Mechanization 895Luigi Pari

Harvesting, Storage and Logistic of Short Rotation Forestry for FuelProduction 901Luigi Pari

Recent Developing on Sweet Sorghum Harvesting Mechanization 907Luigi Pari

xxii Contents

Harvesting, Storage and Logistics of Herbaceous Biomass Crops for FuelProduction 913Luigi Pari

Fractionation of Straw and Reed 918P. Vilppunen, J. Sohlo and H. Aaltonen

Pretreatment and Drying

Use of Dried Biomass in Boras - Present Experiences and Future Plans 923Maria Mu'nter

Bed Mixing Dryer for High Moisture Content Fuels 929Mikael Forss

A Demonstration Site for a Yard to Chipping and Drying the TreeWood Chips 931E. Costantini and N. M. Tommasini

Pressurized Steam Drying of Biofuel 937Arne Sloth Jensen

Upgraded Fuels

Short-rotation Poplar Bark Utilization for the Production of LightBriquettes 942G. Danon, T. Stevanovic Janezic, B. Bujanovic and G. Stanojevic

Processing of Energy-Rich Packaging Wastes for Thermal Recovery 948L. Hietanen, K. Hdnninen and J. Juvonen

Energy from Wastes of Harvest in Tectona grandis Plantation 954A. P. Dyer, G. Moya and L. Silva

Cork Powder (Waste) as Biomass Fuel 960Luis Gil

Quality, Fuel Properties a.o.

Refining of Agricultural Wastes to Energy and Industrial Feedstocks 963D. P. Koullas, M. Papatheofanous, H. G. Teas, F. Zannikos andE. G. Koukios

Contents xxiii

Influence of the Rotation Age and Plant Density on the Compositionand Quality of Poplar Biomass 968M. P. Ciria, E. Gonzalez, P. Mazon and J. Carrasco

Basic Thermal Characteristics of Poplar Wood in Direct CombustionProcess 974B. Klasnja and S. Kopitovic

Feasibility of Fuel Leaching to Reduce Ash Fouling in BiomassCombustion Systems 980R. R. Bakker and B. M. Jenkins

Logistics of Biomass Fuel Collection 986/ . K. Gigler, R. M. de Mol and A. P. W. M. Curvers

A Model for Wood-Fuel Supply and Production Costs in the ForestIndustry 992M. J. T. Laihanen, H. O. Malinen and I. K. Nousiainen

2.3 Processes for Large Central Power Plants

Co-combustion

Decision Theory and Biofuels - Application of Decision Theory forPlant Comparisons and Assessment of Technical Risks 1001Helle Junker and Karl Erik Widell

Combined Combustion of Biomass, Municipal Sewage Sludge andCoal in an Atmospheric Fluidised Bed Installation 1007J. van Doom, P. Bruyn and P. Vermeij

Straw-firing Tests at Amager and Kyndby Power Stations 1013Jan Christensen and Peer Jespersen

Co-combustion of Biomass Pretreated in a Fluid Bed Pyrolysis Unit 1019M. W. Hansen, U. Henriksen and S. Houmeller

Preparation and Co-combustion of Cereals with Hard Coal in a 500 kWPulverized-Fuel Test Unit 1027Volker Siegle, Bertram Schweitzer, Hartmut Spliethoff and Klaus R. G.Hern

xxiv Contents

Combustion

Optimisation of Full-Scale Biomass Fired Superheater UsingCFD-modelling and Enhanced Process Design 1033Reto Michael Hummelshej

Reburning of a Pulverised Coal Flame with an LHV Gas 1039Niklas Berge

Processes for Large, Central Power Stations 1045Peer Jespersen and Jan Christensen

Gasification and IGCC

Updraft Gasification of Municipal Waste Simulation 1051M. Bao Iglesias, J. L. Rodriguez Rodriguez, I. Crespo Rodriguez andM. C. Lopez Leiton

Upgrading and Cleaning of Gas from Biomass Gasification forAdvanced Applications 1056M. Berg, J. Koningen, T. Nilsson, K. Sjostrom and L. Waldheim

Gasification of Biomass and Coal for Power Production in Denmark 1062Michael Madsen and Erland Christensen

An IGCC Plant for Power Generation from Biomass 1068P. Barbucci and G. Neri

Results on Bioenergy Use and Conversion in the Finnish BioenergyResearch Programme 1074D. A. Asplund and S. A. Helynen

High-temperature Cleaning of Biomass-Derived Fuel Gas 1080M. Nieminen, P. Simell, J. Leppdlahti, P. Stdhlberg and E. Kurkela

BIO-IGCC Biofuel Gasification Combined Cycle 1086Gerth Karlsson, Leif Liinanki, Kari Salo and Heikki Kerdnen

Gasification of Biomass Wastes and Residues for Electricity Production 1090Andre Faaij, Ad van Wijk, Rene van Ree, Andre Oudhuis, LarsWaldheim, Eva Olsson and Cees Daey-Ouwens

Contents xxv

The Development of a Gasification Plant Utilising Short RotationCoppice; Project ARBRE 1096Keith Pitcher and Henrik Lundberg

Corrosion, Fouling and Alkali

Co-firing Coal and Straw in a 150MWe Utility Boiler: DepositionPropensities 1102K. H. Andersen, P. F. B. Hansen, K. Wieck-Hansen, F. Frandsen andK. Dam-Johansen

Equilibrium Considerations During Ash Deposition in Biomass Boilers 1108Larry L. Baxter, Bryan Jenkins, Milton Blander, David Dayton andThomas A. Milne

Inorganic Material Deposition in Biomass Boilers 1114Larry L. Baxter, Bryan M. Jenkins, Thomas R. Miles, Thomas R. MilesJr., Thomas Milne, David Dayton, Richard W. Bryers and Larry L.Oden

Corrosion and Fouling in Boilers of Biomass Combustion Plants 1123R. Riedl and I. Obernberger

Alkali Metal Partitioning in Hot Flue Gases - Aspects of EquilibriumModeling 1130F. J. Frandsen, L. A. Hansen, H. P. Michelsen and K. Dam-Johansen

2.4 Processes for Decentralized Heat and Power Production

Biogas

Comparison Study of Three Fixed-Bed Digestors Using Different Baked Clayas Biomass Supports 1139S. Gourari and A. Achkari-Begdouri

Decentralized Energy Production from Landfill Gas Plants 1145H. C. Willumsen

Biogas Generation Plant in Existing Liquid Manure Storage Tank 1151Klaus Ellehauge and Bjarne Lykkemark

xxvi Contents

Biogas Plant with 15% Higher Energy Efficiency Obtained byExploitation of the Undigested Fibre Fraction as Additional Fuel 1157F. Bertelsen and E. B. Kristensen

Construction of Power Plants on Anaerobic Processing and Utilizationof Liquid Manure Effluents in Belarus 1163V. M. Dorogouch and V. F. Pulyaev

First Lithuanian Biogas Plant: Experience and Problems 1166G. Sargunas and J. Savickas

A Model for Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Slurries 1172B. Linke

New International Sectoral Pilot Project for Promotion of AnaerobicWastewater and Solid Waste Treatment 1178H. Euler, L. Hulshof-Pol and A. Eitner

Treatment of Agricultural Wastes with Energy and CompostProduction 1181Wactaw Romaniuk

Batch Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural and Municipal SolidWastes 1187Yves Membrez and Michel Glauser

THERMIE Project BM 77/94, "Grindsted Municipality Waste WaterTreatment Plant": CPH Generation Based upon Co-digestion ofMSW and Sewage Sludge 1192M. Hedegaard, T. Christensen and G. Petrozawodsky

Combustion

Measuring Performance of Fuelwood Fueled Small Boilers: Resultsand Methodological Aspects 1198C. A. Peres and L. A. Horta Nogueira

Biomass Power Plant, Forssa, Finland, 17.2 MWe + 48MWheat 1204M. Puhakka

Contents xxvii

Two Stage Combustion - The Basis for Decentralized PowerProduction 1208Nils Peter Astrupgaard

Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass Fuels on a FundamentalCombustion Basis in Fluidized Beds 1215Christian Wartha, Franz Winter and Hermann Hofbauer

Wood Stoves - Emission Reduction 1221H. Hofbauer, T. Schiffert and G. Baumgartner

Ash Behaviour in Thermal Fluidised-Bed Conversion Processes ofWoody and Herbaceous Biomass 1227A. Moilanen, M. Nieminen, K. Sipild and E. Kurkela

Biomass at CHP Plants - Experience and Development 1233Per Holmgdrd and Arafa El'Kholy

Development of a Cogeneration Plant by Combustion of Biomass inan AFB Combustor and Heat Conversion into Electricity—a StirlingEngine V-160 1239/ . M. Martinez, R. Escalada, J. M. Murillo, L. S. Esteban andJ. E. Carrasco

Fractionated Heavy Metal Separation in Biomass Combustion Plantsas a Primary Measure for a Sustainable Ash Utilization 1245/. Obernberger and F. Biedermann

Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) forMeasurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from BiomassCombustion {Cynara cardunculus) 1252Araceli Cabanas, Felicia Saez, Alberto Gonzalez and Ricardo Escalada

Practical Experiences with a Flue Gas Condensing System in a WoodChip Heating Plant 1258R. Stiglbrunner, K. Konighofer and J. Spitzer

Flue Gas Scrubbing and Condensing at District Heating Plants 1263K. H. Oravainen

New Technologies for NOX Reduction and Ash Utilization for BiomassCombustion Plants 1269T. Brunner and I. Obernberger

xxviii Contents

The Layer-flame Method of Bark Burning 1276F. Z. Fincker, Yu. A. Rundygin and I. B. Kubyshkin

40 kW Stirling Engine Powered by Wood Chips 1280E. Munster

Gasification

Catalytic Tar Cracking of Gas from Agricultural Residues andBiomass 1283C. Myren, C. Hdrnell, K. Sjostrom, Q. Yu, C. Brage and E. Bjornbom

Small Scale Gasification of Short Rotation Coppice Willow forElectricity Generation 1289W. M. Dawson, G. Forbes and A. R. McCracken

Fundamentals of Pressurized Gasification of Biomass 1295C. Rosen, E. Bjornbom, C. Brage, G. Chen, Q. Yu and K. Sjostrom

Pressurised Combustion of Biomass-derived, Low Calorific Value, FuelGas 1301J. Andries, P. D. J. Hoppesteyn and K. R. G. Hein

Co-gasification of Biomass and Coal in a Pressurised Fluidised BedGasifier 1306/ . Andries and K. R. G. Hein

Catalytic Cleaning and Hot Gas Filtration 1312Karsten Pedersen, Bjorn Malmgren-Hansen and Finn Petersen

Heat and Power from Small Scale Biomass Plants in Rural Regions - ATypical Application Case Study in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,Germany 1318U. Hansen, J. Adam and P. Wickboldt

Gasification of Forestry Biomass in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier 1324/. Gulyurtlu, C. Franco, E. Frade and I. Cabrita

Mathematical Modeling and Exergy Analysis of Chemical Schemes forComplex Biomass Conversion 1330V. I. Anikeev, A. V. Gudkov and A. Yermakova

Contents xxix

i Decomposition of Tar in Pyrolysis Gas by Partial Oxidation andThermal Cracking 1336P. Brandt and U. Henriksen

Preliminary Investigations into the Effect of Using Gaseous Fuelsof Varying Quality in a Small Dual Fuel Engine 1341A. Henham and M. K. Makkar

Two-stage Fluid Bed Pyrolysis and Gasification Unit 1347Seren Houmeller, Martin W. Hansen and Ulrik Henriksen

The Influence of the Atmosphere and Heat Flux on the ThermalDecomposition of Wood Slabs 1353/ . Arauzo, J. F. Mastral, M. E. Aldea and J. Ceamanos

Development of Coprecipitated Nickel-Alumina Catalyst forPyrocatalytic Gasification of Biomass 1359L. Garcia, J. L. Sanchez, M. L. Salvador, R. Bilbao and J. Arauzo

Thermal Decomposition of Sewage Sludge 1365P. Garcia-Bacaicoa, R. Bilbao, C. Uson and M. U. Alzueta

Tar Reduction by Partial Oxidation 1371P.A. Jensen, E. Larsen and K. H. Jergensen

The Feasibility of Biomass Gasification for Electricity Production fromAgricultural Biomass: The Vision of a Southern European Utility 1376G. Taralas, S. Arvelakis, D. P. Koullas and E. G. Koukios

Gasification of Biomass in Europe—State-of-the-Art and Prospects 1382L. Dinkelbach and M. Kaltschmitt

> The Influence of Heavy Metals on the Gasification of Wood 1388C. von Scala, R. Struis and S. Stucki

* Pressurized Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass 1392Mats Wallin and Nader Padban

Influence of Temperature and Stoichiometry on Gas Quality andConversion Rate in Fluidised Bed Gasification of Biomass 1398O. Moersch, H. Spliethoff and K. R. G. Hein

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Gasification of Biomass in a Fluidised Bed Reactor: The Influence ofTemperature and Biomass Particle Size 1404S. Rapagna and P. U. Foscolo

« High Temperature Catalytic Gas Cleaning for Pressurized GasificationProcesses 1410H. Alden, P. Hagstrom, A. Hallgren and L. Waldheim

Catalytic Tar Removal from Biomass Producer Gas with in situCatalyst Regeneration 1416G. Lammers, A. Orio and A. A. C. M. Beenackers

Other Thermal Processes, Waste

Modeling Biomass Gasification Units 1423Vincenzo Esposito and Colombo Di Blasi

High-Temperature Drying of Biomass Fuels 1429Colombo Di Blasi

Production of Bioelectricity from Rape Methyl Ester (RME) 1435P. Mauguin, E. Poitrat, J.-P. Gaouyer, C. Charonnat and G. Gosse

Co-combustion of Forestry Biomass with Tyres in a CirculatingFluidised Bed Combustor 1441/. Gulyurtlu, I. Cabrita, E. Penha, E. Frade and F. Figueiredo

Greenhouse Heating by Using Olive Oil Wastes on the Island of Corfu 1447Ch. Sooter, C. Dalianis, P. Choudalis and D. Papavassiliou

Life Cycle Analysis of District Heating with Biomass 1451H. Stockinger and I. Obernberger

Small Scale Cogeneration in Biomass Furnaces with a Stirling Engine 1457E. Podesser, H. Dermouz, M. Lauer and T. Wenzel

Co-combustion of Miscanthus and Coal 1460P. Visser

Fuel Cells for Electrical Energy from Gasified Biomass 1462A. Heinzel, V. Formanski, K. Ledjeff-Hey and G. Schaumberg

Contents xxxi

Waste Water Treatment from Agro-based Biomass Waste UpgradingPollutants Elimination Associated to Energy Generation 1468L. Vergnet, P. Rousset, A. M. Vergnet and G. Antonini

Volume 3

2.5 Processes for Production of Transportation Fuels

Chemical and Biological Processes

Production of Ethanol and Invertase by S.cerevisiae Grown inBlackstrap Molasses 1477Michele Vitolo

Solubilization of Pinus pinaster Wood by Acetic Acid 1482G. Vazquez, G. Antorrena, J. Gonzalez, S. Freire and S. Lopez

Alkaline Extraction of Acetosolv Eucalyptus Pulps as a Pretreatmentfor Peroxide Bleaching 1487G. Vazquez, G. Antorrena, J. Gonzalez and S. Freire

Structure and Composition of Sweet Sorghum Stalk Components 1492Evaggeli Billa, Dimitris P. Koullas, Bernard Monties and EmmanuelG. Koukios

Innovative Concepts in Agricultural Residues Utilisation forSubstainable Development in Developing Countries (Icarus) 1498D. P. Koullas, D. Mamma, D. Kekos, B. J. Macris, E. G. Koukios,L. E. Aneke and C. Zheng

Comparison of Parameters of CES Biosynthesis by Fungal SpeciesAimed at Partial Biomass Liquefaction to Fuel Ethanol: A Surveyof Balkan Studies on the Subject 1504S. D. Vlaev, G. Djejeva, V. Raykovska, A. P. Atev, E. G. Koukios,D. P. Koullas and D. Kekos

Comparison of Wet Oxidation and Steaming for Solubilization of theHemicellulose Fraction in Wheat Straw and Birch Wood 1510Anette Skammelsen Schmidt, Jurgen Puls and Anne Belinda Bjerre

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Charcoal and Glucose/Ethanol Production from Oil Palm and CocoaPlantation Wastes 1516K. O. Lim

Chemicals and Liquid Fuels from Biomass: The Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) Fermentation 1522R. Gapes, D. Nimcevic, K. C. Schuster, H. Swoboda and A. Fried!

Comparison of Neutral and Alkaline Cellulase Activities of SelectedFungi and Streptomycetes 1526L. G. Vasilchenko, J. Ariunaa, B. Tsetseg, A. A. Pristavka andM. L. Rabinovich

Simulation of a Maize to Ethanol Process 1534James C. Craig, Andrew J. McAloon and Frank Taylor

Sugar Beet Pulp as a Source of Pectin and Fermentable Substrates 1539P. Harel, I. Bataille, D. Charpentier, C. Joly, L. Mignot, G. Muller andG.A. Junter

Bioethanol Production from Mixtures of Glucose and Xylose byCo-immobilized Yeast Cultures 1545T. Lebeau, T. Jouenne and G. A. Junter

Project of a Demonstration Unit for Ethanol Production from SweetSorghum and Sugar Beet in Wallonia 1551E. Meekers, P. Otte, C. Scheuren, J. Chapelle and J.-Ch. Jacquemin

Acid Hydrolysis of the Waste from the Pruning of the Olive Tree 1555S. Sanchez, M. Moya, E. Castro, A. J. Moya, M. 1. Romero, V. Bravoand F. Camacho

Anaerobic Bioreactors Producing Chemicals and Fuels—Innovationsand Engineering Database 1560M. S. Todorovic, E. N. Boyce, F. Kosi and L. J. Simic

A Bidisperse Model to Study the Production of Ethanol from StarchUsing Enzyme and Yeast Coimmobilized in Pectin Gel 1566Luciano R. B. Gonfalves, Roberto C. Giordano and RaquelL. C. Giordano

Contents xxxiii

Development of a Highly Efficient Process with High Cell Density forthe Long-Time Continuous Production of Ethanol from IndustrialSubstrate 1572Y. L. Yang, J. G. Yoon, J. M. Kim and C. Y. Choi

Thermochemical Processes

Production of Transportation Fuels by Upgrading of Biomass FlashPyrolysis Liquids Via FCC Technology 1578M. C. Samolada and I. A. Vasalos

Rapid Pyrolysis of Olive Waste at High Temperature 1584R. Zanzi, K. Sjostrom and E. Bjornbom

Co-pyrolysis of Biomass with Plastics: A Way to Process PollutantResidues into Valuable Products 1589F. Pinto, I. Gulyurtlu, I. Cabrita and M. Gonpalves

Biomass Gasification for Fuel Process in the Fischer-TropschSynthesis 1595V. I. Anikeev, A. V. Gudkov and A. Yermakova

Premium Grade Hydrocarbons from the Catalytic Treatment ofPyrolysis Vapours Derived from Biomass 1601P. A. Home and P. T. Williams

The Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste in a Fluidised Bed Reactor 1607Elizabeth A. Williams and Paul T. Williams

Liquid Biofuel for Diesel Power Production: A Techno-economicAssessment 1614Anders Ahnger and Robert G. Graham

Regimes of Ablative and Non-ablative Pyrolysis of CellulosicMaterials 1620Colombo Di Blasi

Bio Crude Oil Upgrading by in situ Electronic Stimulation of FlashPyrolysis Vapours 1626/ . Kdhler, M. Jdger, R. Schmidt, F. Tod and F. Brunori

xxxiv Contents

Comparison of Ablative and Fluid Bed Fast Pyrolysis Products:Yields and Analyses 1632G. V. C. Peacocke, C. M. Dick, R. A. Hague, L. A. Cooke and A. V.Bridgwater

On the Kinetics of the Flash Pyrolysis of Cellulose and Xylan 1638Mario Lanzetta, Colombo Di Blasi and Federico Buonanno

Vegetable Oil-based Processes a.o.

Mixed Vegetable and Diesel Oil as Fuel 1644/ . Zubr and R. Matzen

Decentralized Production of Biodegradable Lubricants and RenewableFuels from Oil Crops on the Production-Site, in Mobile Units 1654U. C. Knopf

Exhaust Gas Emissions and Effects of Environment and HumanHealth of Rape Seed Oil Based Fuels 1657J. Krahl, H. Seidel and J. Bunger

The Bio-ultracarbofluid Process 1662C. Skarvelakis, M. Hazi and G. Antonini

Biohydrogen

Investigations to Apply Biologically Produced Photohydrogen as aFuture Energy Source 1668R. Wunschiers, J. Appel, K. Stangier, S. Phunpruch and R. Schulz

Photobiological Hydrogen Production Using ImmobilizedRhodobacteria: Biofilm Formation in a Loop Reactor 1674S. Tramm- Werner, M. Weng, W. Hartmeier and M. Modigell

2.6 Market, Economic and Environmental Aspects of Bioenergy

Economics

External Costs of the Biomass Fuel Cycle Under Greek Conditions 1683Nick D. Diamantidis, Stylianos Arvelakis and Emmanuel G. Koukios

Contents xxxv

Economic Assessment of Straw and Energy Crops for Agriculture andCarbon Dioxide Reduction 1689Michael S. Parsby

Centralized Biogas Plants; Economic Potential 1695K. Hjort-Gregersen

Environmental Issues

The Effect of N2O Emission on the Net CO2-Displacement byEnergy Crop Production 1701R. N. Jorgensen and B. J. Jergensen

Demonstration Project for the Use of Rape Methyl Ester inEcologically Sensitive Aquatic Areas 1707Ulf Hansen, Rolf Strenziok and Thomas Schroder

Biomass Utilization—Emission Situation and Limits in CzechRepublic 1713David Andert and Jaroslav Kara

NOX Emission Reduction in Biomass Combustion Systems 1717R. Bilbao, M. U. Alzueta, L. Prada and A. Miller a

Environmental Consequences of Intensive Harvesting 1723Karin Hansen, Niels Heding, Per Gundersen and Inge Stupak Metier

Sustainable Land Use in the European Union—Available Area forBiomass Production in a Sustainable Land Use Scenario 1727Harry Lehmann, Roland Paryke, Annabel! Pfluger and Torsten Reetz

The Effect of Rational Management of Biological Resources andSystems on National Carbon Dioxide Balance—the Case of Greece 1733D. P. Koullas and E. G. Koukios

Use of Woody Biomass and Ash Recycling 1738Asa Granquist

Biomass Energy Production: the Global Potential and the NetInfluence on the CO2 Concentration 1742G. Ahamer

xxxvi Contents

Possibilities and Limitations for Biomass as a Means of CO2

Reduction in the Danish Heat and Power Production 1748Hakon Mosbech and Klaus Jakobsen

The Take Up of Heavy Metals by Wood Fuel Crops—Implicationsfor Emissions and Economics 1754D. M. Riddell-Black, C. Rowlands and A. Snelson

Environmental Aspects of the Use of Biofuels 1760M. Wihersaari

Carbon Balances of Land Use and Bioenergy Options (Abstract) 1765B. Schlamadinger

The Energetic Independence of Italian Agriculture—Possible ItalianBiomass Program 1766R. Avella, C. Baldelli, V. Bartolelli, G. Caserta, R. Di Benedetto andR. Visentin

Use of Biomass for Energy Purposes in Poland in Aspect of CO2

Emission Reduction 1771M. Rogulska, G. Wisniewski, A. Grzybek and S. Golebiowski

Integrated Concepts and Systems

An Investigation of the Potential Market for Small Scale EnergySystems Fuelled by Short Rotation Coppice in Ireland 1776P. Buckley, P. Johnston and W. D. E. O'Sullivan

Integrated Technologies in the Biomass Utilization 1782G. Marton, J. Denes and E. G. Koukios

Market Aspects

Biomass—Technologies in Austria: Market Study 1788A. Griibl, G. Dell and Ch. Egger

Biomass to Energy: a Resource with Future 1794Sigrid I. Bestebroer, Gerard J. J. Smakman and Kees W. Kwant

Contents xxxvii

Resource Mapping and Analysis of Potential Sites for Short RotationCoppice in the UK—Assessing the Opportunities for Biomass-to-EnergyTechnologies 1811N. Cole, S. P. Dagnall, J. Hill, C. Jenner, D. Pegg, K. M. Rushton andE. Toplis

Biomass Utilization to Energetical Purposes in the Czech Republic 1817Jaroslav Kara, Zdenek Pokorny and David Andert

Fermentation of Bio-waste as a Source of Renewable Energy 1823Andrea Schultheis and Dieter Steinbach

Concept of Utilization of the Forest Biomass for Energy in theSlovak Republic 1828M. Oravec, J. Ilavsky, E. Majer and A. Hollingdale

Straw Procurement—A Real Life Biomass Experience 1834Aage Faurholt and Gert Schultz

Forest Energy Project of Central Finland 1994-1996 1838P.-J. Kuitto and M. Paananen

Small Scale Rapeseed Oil Production for Energy in France 1841/ . C. Sourie, E. Poitrat and C. Dupic

Supply and Demand of Biomass in Italy 1847Luigi Pari

Prospects of Biomass Application in Eastern Europe and Belarus 1853A. A. Mikhalevich

Expanding Centralized Biogas Plants in Denmark for Purposes ofEnergy Production, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, WasteRecycling, and Other Environmental and Agricultural Benefits 1859S. Tafdrup

Economic and Environmental Aspects of Bio-energy Productivity 1865/ . Singh

xxxviii Contents

Regional and National Studies

Manual for the Implementation of Biomass Projects in RegionalEnergy Planning—Application in Southern Bohemia, Czech Republic 1869A. Geisslhofer et al.

Comparisons Between Fluid and Solid Biofuels—Results of aTechnology Assessment Study 1875L. Leible and D. Wintzer

Environmental and Economic Effects of Organic Biomass EnergeticUtilization in Venice's Basin 1881Giuliano Bertoni and Stefano Tromboni

Energetic Use of Biomass, Especially Wood, in Bavaria 1887A. Reichel, P. Lamp and F. Ziegler

The Energy Use of the Olive-Husks in Southern Italy—A FeasibilityStudy of Low-Cost Production and Distribution 1894Mario Buttiglieri

Decentralised Production of Electricity from Biomass in Slovakia,Slovenia and Romania 1900A. C. Hollingdale, J. Ilavsky, M. Oravec, F. Al-Mansour, M. Tomsic,M. Matei and M. Ghitulescu

Converting Oil and Gas Fuelled District and Block Heating Systems toBiomass Fuels 1906R. V. Siemons and P. Quaak

Externalities of Bio-energy in Dutch and British Regions—a PreliminaryAnalysis 1909Andre Faaij, Ausilio Bauen, Berry Meuleman and Frank Rosillo-Calle

Optimisation of the Final Waste Treatment System in theNetherlands 1916Andre Faaij, Marko Hekkert, Ernst Worrell and Ad van Wijk

Retrofitted Irish Peat Plants with Willow as Fuel 1922Richard van den Broek, Andre Faaij, Ad van Wijk, Tom Kent, MikeBulfin, Kevin Healion and Garrett Blaney

Contents xxxix

DESERESCUE. Small Agro Energy Farm Scheme Implementationfor Rescuing Deserting Land in Small Mediterranean Islands, CoastalAreas, Having Water and Agricultural Land Constraints. FeasibilityStudy 1928D. Chiaramonti, M. Cendagorta, H. P. Grimm and N. El Bassam

Biomass for Energy from Herbage and Wood 1934Jean-Louis Hersener

Integrated Biomass-to-Energy Systems: Feasibility at Farm-, Village-and City-Scale in the Italian Context 1938L. Zingale

Regional Integrated Management of Biomass and Waste for MoreSustainable Developments; the Case of Ile-de-France (Paris and itsregion) 1944Catherine Boemare and Arthur Riedacker

Models

BEFAT (Biomass Energy Flow Analysis Tool): A Multi-dimensionalModel for Analysing the Benefits of Biomass Energy 1949S. L. Hemstock, F. Rosillo-Calle and N. M. Barth

RECAP Service Centre 1955Alison Moore and Karen Dury

Regional Economy and Biofuels 1961A. Carlson and B. G. Karlsson

Calculation Method and Economy in Salix Production 1967Hdkan Rosenqvist

Modelling Forest Biomass Production by Biomass Toolkit 1973R. Apalovic, R. Apalovicova, R. Petras, N. Kyriazis, K. Blatsoukas andE. Koukios

Integration of the Decision Support Tool "Biomass Toolkit" Usinga New Economic Model 1979/ . C. Sourie, J. C. Hautcolas, N. J. Kyriazis, K. G. Blatsoukas andE. G. Koukios

xl Contents

Integrated Forestry and Biofuel: Land and Labour Allocations, GlobalModelling and European Prospects 1985P. Read and G. Ahamer

A Regional-Scale GIS-Based Modeling System for Evaluating thePotential Cost and Supplies of Biomass from Biomass Crops 1991R. L. Graham, B. C. English, C. E. Noon, W. Liu, M. J. Daly andH. I.Jager

Market Opportunities for Fast Pyrolysis in Electricity Generation 1997A. J. Toft and A. V. Bridgwater

Decision Making Tool Adapted to Biomass Energy TechnologyDissemination - ASEAN Case Study 2003Philippe Girard and Louis Vergnet

Energetic and Mechanical Studies of the Feasibility of Small ScaleElectricity Production from Short Rotation Coppice Biomass 2008T. J. B. Warren, R. I. Parfitt and R. Poulter

Other

Eurec Network on Biomass—Integration of Biomass Systems inRural Regions 20145. McCarthy, M. Walsh and G. Gosse

European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA) Activity andProgrammes 2020G. Grassi

The EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme: Biomass Resources to Energy 2024M. Pennington, L. Lacrosse, Y. Schenkel and J.-F. Menu

2.7 Policies and Non-technical Barriers

Non-food Agro-industrial Research Information Dissemination(NF-AIRID) Network—A Concerted Action Supported by theEuropean Commission, D G XII AIR Programme 2033Katy Hall, Jim Coombs and Graham Booth

Contents xli

Programme for Utilization of Biomass as Fuel in Schleswig-Holstein 2038W. Dittmann

B.I.O.M.A.S.S.: Biomass Informations for Organizations and Managers,Through the Assessment of Scientific Studies 2042E. Meekers, P. Otte, E. Salmon-Brouers, J. Chapelle and J.-Ch.Jacquemin

3. THE JOHANNES LINNEBORN PRIZE