Biology Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Mr. Hines

Chapter 2.1 – The nature of Matter

Learning Target I can

1 List and describe the four things in the universe and their relationship

2 Explain what matter is.

3 Explain the structure of atoms.

4 Distinguish between atoms and isotopes.

5 Explain how atoms form Compounds

6 Explain how ions are formed

7 Explain how Ionic bonds are formed.

8 Explain how Covalent bonds are formed.

Chapter 2.2 – The properties of water and Acid/Base solutions

9 Describe the structure of water and explain why it is important to living things.

10 Explain how water can be acidic or basic (alkaline).

11 Use the pH scale to explain the strength of acids and bases.

Chapter 2.3 – Carbon Compounds

12 Recall basics about atoms, compounds, and bonding

13 Explain how carbon compounds form organic molecules

14 List the 4 major carbon compounds (organic compounds) and list the elements which compose

them.

15 Explain the function and structure of Carbohydrates

16 Identify Carbohydrates in the grocery store

17 Explain the function and structure of Lipids

18 Identify Lipids in the grocery store

19 Explain the function and structure of Proteins

20 Identify Proteins in the grocery Store

21 Explain the function and structure of Nucleic Acids

22 Identify Nucleic acids in the grocery store

Chapter 2.4 – Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

23 Explain how a chemical reaction is broken down

24 Explain how compounds are put together with enzymes

25 Differentiate the 3 different functions of enzymes.

26 Explain how a Spontaneous reaction occurs

27 Explain how a Non-Spontaneous reaction occurs

28 Explain why chemical reactions are important in biology.

29 Explain how activation energy affects chemical reactions

30 Explain how catalysts affect chemical reactions.

31 Explain how Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.

32 Explain how Enzyme activities are regulated.

Chapter 2.1 The Nature of Matter

Target 1 -List and describe the four things in the universe and their relationship. A. A brick house is made of bricks, A wooden shed is made of wood, A living thing is made of cells.

B. What are bricks, wood, and cells made of?

C. What is in the known universe?

D. There are 4 things in the known universe.

1. Matter - __________________________________

2. Space – container of everything

3. Energy – __________________________________

4. Time – measurement of past and future

E. Relationship – __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________.

Target 2 - Explain what matter is. A. Matter has 2 definitions that you need to know.

1. Anything that has mass and takes up space.

2. Anything that is made of atoms. List examples of matter.

A. What is an atom?

B. An atom is the most fundamental building block of _______________.

C. An atom can not be broken down into smaller particles.

D. Example: 2500 years ago, Democritus wondered about gold.

E. If you break a gold coin in _________________ is it still gold?

F. How many times can you break gold in half and still have gold.

G. Eventually, if you continue doing this, you must come to a point when you can not break gold into 2 pieces.

H. What is the smallest piece of gold?

I. Democritus (a philosopher 460 BC) called the smallest fragment an “_____________”

Target 3 - Explain the structure of atoms. A. The atom is the smallest form of matter in which you cannot break in half.

B. There are many types of atoms.

C. The different types of atoms are called __________________

D. All of the atoms (elements) in the universe are listed on the periodic table.

E. Atoms are made of even smaller components.

1. Protons – positive charge (+) and found in nucleus (center) of atom.

2. Neutrons – neutral or zero charge (0) and found in nucleus of atom.

3. Electrons – negative charge (-) and found moving around the nucleus of an atom.

F. Elements are different kinds of atoms with a name, symbol, and unique ____________________.

G. The Periodic Table lists the elements in the order based on the number of protons.

H. The __________________is written above the symbol and tells you the number of protons.

I. The number of protons identifies each individual element.

J. The atomic number will also tell you the number of ________________.

K. The atomic mass is written below the symbol and tells you the total number of protons and neutrons.

L. To determine the number of neutrons, you can subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass.

M. Protons, neutrons, and electrons are collectively referred to as subatomic particles.

N. Subatomic particles found in the nucleus (protons and neutrons)

Label this Symbol for Carbon

Draw these atoms

Helium

Carbon Nitrogen

Questions

1. List the parts of an atom. (3 parts)

a. _________________

b. _________________

c. _________________

2. Describe where the parts of an atom are located.

a. _________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________

3. Indicate the charge on each part of the atom.

a. __________________________________

b. __________________________________

c. __________________________________

Target 4 - Distinguish between atoms and isotopes. A. Elements will always contain the same amount of _______________.

B. However, the number of neutrons can change.

C. Isotope – Elements with different amounts of ________________.

D. For example. Carbon-12 and Carbon-14

E. The number after the dash indicates the _____________________.

F. Remember the atomic mass indicates the amount of protons AND neutrons.

G. Therefore, Carbon-14 has 2 more neutrons than Carbon-12.

H. Most atoms on the periodic table have isotopes – atoms with different amounts of neutrons.

Draw each isotope

Nitrogen-14

P=

n=

e=

Nitrogen-16

p=

n=

e=

Oxygen - 16

p=

n=

e=

Oxygen-17

p=

n=

e=

Target 5 - Explain how atoms form Compounds A. When atoms bond together (stick together), it is called a _______________________.

B. Compound – 2 or more atoms chemically combined.

C. Examples:

1. Water: H2O

2. Carbon dioxide: CO2

3. Sugar (glucose): C6H12O6

D. Water, Carbon dioxide, and sugar are all compounds.

Target 6 - Explain how ions are formed A. Not all atoms are stable – they will _________________________________ electrons.

B. When atoms lose electrons, they will become positively or negatively charged.

C. If an atom has more electrons than protons, the overall charge will be ________________________

D. If an atom has more protons than electrons, the overall charge will be positive.

Magnesium atom

p=

e=

charge=

Magnesium ion

p=

e=

charge=

Oxygen atom

p=

e=

charge=

Oxygen ion

p=

e=

charge=

Target 7 - Explain how Ionic bonds are formed. A. Atoms will clump together into ________________________.

B. What causes this?

C. Chemical bonds will hold atoms together in specific patterns.

D. There are 2 kinds of bonds

1. Ionic Bond

2. Covalent Bond

E. Ionic bond – bond formed from ______________________ charged ions.

F. From the examples listed above, a positively charged Magnesium ion will be attracted to a negatively

charged Oxygen ion in predictable patterns.

G. Opposites charges attract – the atoms will stick together.

Draw each example of an ionic bond.

Sodium ion (+1) and Chlorine ion (-1) Sodium ion (+1) and Oxygen (-2)

Target 8 - Explain how Covalent bonds are formed. A. Sometimes atoms will ___________________ electrons.

B. Sharing means that electrons will spin around 2 atoms instead of just one.

C. When atoms share electrons, they will bond together.

D. Draw each example of a covalent bond.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Water (H2O)

****Ionic bonds and covalent bonds are what causes atoms to clump together to form compounds.

Chapter 2.2 – Properties of Water and Acid/Base Solutions

Target 9 - Describe the structure of water and explain why it is important to living things. A. Water is a compound made of 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

B. Formula – H2O

C. Water is found everywhere on the planet Earth, yet is thought to be ___________ in the rest of the universe.

D. Water is necessary for all life as we know it.

E. The theories behind the origin of life on Earth require _________________.

F. No water = ________________

G. Humans are currently searching for life on other planets (and their moons).

H. We assume that if a planet has water, it _________________ have life.

I. On the other hand, if the planet does not have water, it probably doesn’t have life.

J. Why is water so important for life?

1. Water has _________________– which means it has poles of positive and negative charge.

2. This makes a water molecule similar to a magnet – remember – opposites attract.

3. The oxygen side of a water molecule has a slight ______________________ charge.

4. The hydrogen side of a water molecule has slight positive charge.

H2O – draw polarity

Draw magnetic cling and hydrogen bonds

K. Water molecules will cling together similar to magnets.

L. When water molecules cling together, it is called _______________________________.

M. That’s nice, but why is that important to life?

N. Because of the polarity on water molecules, water is highly capable of dissolving other substances.

O. Most substances will dissolve in water because of the positive and negative charges on water molecules.

P. Water can dissolve most substances because water is a ___________________ molecule.

Water can dissolve because it is polar

Q. For this reason, amino acids, triglycerides, glucose, nucleic acids, salts, and other compounds can be

dissolved in water.

R. For example, Blood is mostly ___________________, and is the main transport fluid in complex organisms.

S. If water could not dissolve lots of substances, then blood would not work well.

T. Other liquids can not dissolve substances as well as water.

U. Why is water important to living things? ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ (due to its polarity)

Target 10 - Explain how water can be acidic or basic (alkaline). A. Water can be ________________ or _________________ based on its contents.

B. Sometimes , due to certain conditions, water (H2O) will split into separate ions.

C. H2O → H+1

and OH-1

D. If water has ____________________(H+1

) ions dissolved in it, then the water will be “acidic.”

E. If water has hydroxide (OH-1

) ions dissolved in it, then the water will be “basic.”

Draw acid (H+) Draw base (OH-)

pH=

pH=

Target 11 - Use the pH scale to explain the strength of acids and bases. A. The pH scale has a range from 0 – 14.

B. pH between 0 and 7 is acidic (the more H+ ions, the stronger the acid).

C. pH between 7 and 14 is basic (the more OH- ions, the stronger the base).

Questions

1. Explain what makes an acid. _________________________________________________________

2. Explain what makes a base. __________________________________________________________

3. By looking at the chart above, which is a stronger acid – pH of 2 or 3? ______

4. By looking at the chart above, which is a stronger acide – pH of 2 or 6? ______

5. By looking at the chart above, which is a stronger base – pH 12 or 13? _____

6. By looking at the chart above, which is the stronger base – pH 9 or 13? ____

7. Explain how the pH scale is arranged in terms of high/low acidity and bacicity.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Why is lemon juice a stronger acid that tomato juice? _____________________________________

9. Why is bleach a stronger base than ammonia? ___________________________________________

Chapter 2.3 – Carbon Compounds

Target 12 - Recall basics about atoms, compounds, and bonding A. Remember from earlier that elements combine to form larger _______________________

B. A compound (aka molecule) is when 2 or more atoms bond together.

C. Compounds can be formed in two ways

1. ionic bonds (_______________________________)

2. covalent bonds (sharing of electrons)

D. The amount of bonds that an element will form is known – the periodic table can tell you this.

Target 13 - Explain how carbon compounds form organic molecules A. Carbon is in group 4 – which means will form 4 bonds.

B. This is important to understand when learning about carbon compounds.

C. Carbon atoms can hook (____________________) together with many atoms in many ways.

D. The study of carbon compounds is called “_________________________.”

E. Carbon can form 4 bonds around it – these bonds are drawn as “sticks” or “lines”

There are 3 kinds of covalent bonds,

1. single

2. double

3. triple.

•

F. Carbon is also capable of bonding with other carbon atoms – and this can extend to an almost unlimited size

to a molecule – (how long can you make a chain?)

G. Carbon is special because it can form ___________________ in all directions with other atoms.

H. By the way, compounds and molecules are the same thing

I. Carbon compounds are also capable of bonding into circular structures

J. A carbon ring structure is called a “__________________”

Label benzene, double, and single bonds

K. Most molecules in living cells are so large that they are called “_____________________________” which

means giant molecules.

L. Macromolecules are also called __________________________

M. In other words, macromolecules and polymers are the same thing.

N. Polymers are made of smaller molecules called _______________________

O. You can think of a polymer as a chain where the monomer is each link of a chain.

P. The process where monomers form polymers is called “______________________________.”

Q. Each monomer is bonded to the next with a covalent bond.

Questions

1. What is a compound? ___________________________________________________

2. What is a molecule? __________________________________________________

3. Why is carbon special? __________________________________________________

4. What is a macromolecule? ________________________________________________

5. What is a polymer? ______________________________________________________

6. What are polymers made of? _________________________

7. What is it called when monomers create polymers? ___________________

Target 14 - List the 4 major carbon compounds (organic compounds) and list the elements

which compose them. A. There are four carbon compounds in biology

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Nucleic Acids

4. Proteins

B. All living things are made primarily of these 4 macromolecules.

C. And these are made of 5 elements – phosphorus, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

D. phonc will help you remember these.

mnemonics – phonc

Target 15 - Explain the function and structure of Carbohydrates A. Carbohydrates have 2 main functions

1. Provide energy (your food is high in carbohydrates)

2. Provide structure (the trunk of a tree <wood> is all carbohydrate molecules)

B. Carbohydrates have 3 other common names

1. sugar – monomers

2. glucose – monomers (sugar and glucose are the same thing)

3. Starch - polymers

C. Carbohydrates are ____________________________________– aka polymers made of monomers.

D. The monomer of a carbohydrate molecule is called a “monosaccharide.”

E. The polymer is called a “polysaccharide.”

F. In other words, polysaccharides are made of __________________________________

G. Polysaccharides in plants are called cellulose - which has a slightly different structure and is more rigid

(wood)

Target 16 - Identify Carbohydrates in the grocery store

Fruits Vegetables Pasta Bread Anything with sugar

Questions

1. What are the 4 macromolecules that make up living things?

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What are 2 functions of carbohydrates? ___________________________________________

3. What are 3 other common names for carbohydrates? _________________________________

4. What is the name of the carbohydrate polymer? _____________________________________

5. What is the name of the carbohydrate mononer? ____________________________________

6. List 5 items at the grocery store that would be carbs.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Target 17 - Explain the function and structure of Lipids A. There are 2 main functions of lipids.

1. Store energy for long periods of time.

2. Form a membrane around cells (and other structures)

B. The lipid polymer is called a “__________________________”

C. Lipids are made of 4 monomers

a. 1 Glycerol molecule

b. 3 fatty acid molecules

notes

D. The fatty acid molecules are made of mostly carbon and hydrogen.

E. When all of the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds, it is called “_____________________”

F. This is where we get the term “saturated fat” in our food products.

G. It is best to ______________________ large amounts of saturated fat in our diets – it can lead to health

problems

Target 18 - Identify Lipids in the grocery store

Butter, margarine Oils Waxes High fat products

such as bacon or

beef

cheese

Read the label – it will tell you all of this information.

Questions

1. List 2 functions of lipids. ________________________________________________________

2. What is the name of the lipid polymer? _____________________________________________

3. What are the names of the lipid monomers? _________________________________________

4. List 5 items in the grocery store that would be lipids.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Target 19 - Explain the function and structure of Proteins A. Proteins have many functions - here are 5.

1. Control the rate of chemical reactions

2. Regulate cell activities

3. Form bones and muscles

4. Transport nutrients in and out of cells

5. Help fight disease (immune system)

B. Remember – polymers are made of _________________________

C. Proteins are polymers

D. The monomers that make up proteins are called “__________________________.”

E. In other words, proteins are made of amino acids.

F. Amino acids also have a very specific structure

Here is its structure of amino acids

Notes

monomers

monomers

monomers

Proteins are kind of like a squiggled up bunch of

spaghetti (made of amino acids)

notes

Target 20 - Identify Proteins in the grocery store Animal products

Plant products

Questions

1. List 5 functions of proteins

____________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the polymer of proteins? _________________________________________________

3. What is the monomer of proteins? ________________________________________________

4. List 3 animal products in the grocery store that would be protein.

___________________________________________________________________________

5. List 3 plant products in the grocery store that would be protein.

Target 21 - Explain the function and structure of Nucleic Acids A. Nucleic acids have 2 functions

1. Store genetic information

2. Transmit genetic information

B. Nucleic acids have 2 other common names

1. DNA

2. RNA

*Genius question – what does “NA” stand for in DNA? ______________________________________

C. A monomer of Nucleic acid is called a nucleotide.

D. When nucleotides are bonded together it is called a polymer. Here is a polymer made of nucleotides.

Here is a nucleotide

Here is a nucleic acid.

Target 22 - Identify Nucleic acids in the grocery store A. Nucleic acids are found in the cells of all living things.

B. Anytime you eat a living thing (plants) or the products of living things (meat), you are eating nucleic acids.

Questions

1. What are the 2 functions of nucleic acid? _____________________________________

2. What are 2 common names for nucleic acid? ______________________________

3. What is the name of the nucleic acid monomer? _______________________________

4. What is the name of nucleic acid polymer? _____________________________________

5. List 5 items at the grocery store that would be nucleic acids.

____________________________________________________________________________________

Review Questions

1. What are the 4 basic carbon compounds in biology?

_______________________________________________________________________________

2. What is an organic compound? ___________________________________________________

3. What is a macromolecule? ______________________________________________________

4. What is a polymer? _____________________________________________________________

5. What is a monomer? ___________________________________________________________

6. Give 2 examples of a monomer. __________________________________________________

7. Give an example of each carbon compound that you will find in the grocery store.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 2.4 – Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Target 23 - Explain how a chemical reaction is broken down A. Chemical reactions keep living things ___________________.

B. A chemical reaction happens when 2 or more elements or compounds come together to form different

compounds.

C. There are always ____ parts to a chemical reactions.

1. reactants

2. products

D. For example, Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O) with combine during photosynthesis to produce

glucose (C6H12O6)

E. Carbon dioxide and Water are the ________________and Glucose is the ____________________.

It should be written like this

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6

Example 2, when monomers join together to form polymers – this is a _____________________________.

Monomers are the reactants and polymers are the products.

Target 24- Explain how compounds are put together with enzymes A. Most Compounds and elements _______________ just come together naturally.

B. There are specific molecules that will put them together.

C. This is similar to a factory – the parts of a car do not just fall in place together.

D. Machines (and_____________) put the parts together in such a way that makes the car work properly.

E. The molecules that put compounds together are called ENZYMES.

Target 25 – Differentiate the 3 different functions of enzymes. A. Enzymes are proteins that have 3 main functions

1. Put substances _______________ in such a way so that they are useful.

2. Break substances apart in such a way so that they are not _______________

3. Speed up chemical reactions so they can be useful at high speeds.

B. More Specifically, When compounds are formed, _____________________ bonds are formed.

C. When compounds are broken down, covalent bonds are broken.

D. Whenever covalent bonds are formed or broken, 2 things can happen.

1. Energy is released (heats up)

2. Energy is absorbed (cools down)

E. When bonds are formed or broken, it called a chemical reaction. There is always a

“_________________________________.” (reactants and products).

Target 26 - Explain how a Spontaneous reaction occurs A. Chemical reactions that release energy are ___________________________– which means they happen

without any outside help.

Example

H2 + O2 H2O + energy

B. This is the chemical reaction of Hydrogen gas burning.

C. When the hydrogen and oxygen come together with a heat source, it explodes (______________________).

D. In this case, a bond was formed between the Hydrogen and Oxygen and energy was released.

E. How does this reaction happen in ___________________?

Target 27 - Explain how a Non-Spontaneous reaction occurs A. Chemical reactions that absorb energy are ____________________________– which means they require

outside help.

Example

H2O + energy H2 + O2

B. This is the chemical reaction where a water ____________________is broken into its component elements.

C. In order to break water apart, energy is ______________– no energy is given off as a result (absorbs energy)

D. In this case, the bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen was broken, and it absorbed energy.

E. In other words, in one direction, the reaction _______________energy and in the opposite, it requires energy

Target 28 - Explain why chemical reactions are important in biology. A. Why is this important in Biology

B. In order to stay alive, organisms need to carry out reactions that require ___________________.

C. Therefore all living things need a source of energy.

D. Plants get energy from the __________while animals get energy from _________________.

Target 29 - Explain how activation energy affects chemical reactions A. Most chemical reactions that release energy _________________ always occur spontaneously.

B. This is a good thing so that living things don’t just burst into flames (spontaneous combustion)

C. For example, paper is made of cellulose. Paper does not start itself on fire.

D. Once you add a flame, the _________________ reaction will begin and the entire paper will burn.

E. So the cellulose required “activation energy.”

F. Striking a match is another example, you have to strike it to get it light. (__________________________)

Activation energy

Notice here that the energy of

the products is greater than

when it started.

notes Notice here that the energy

of the products is less than

when it started.

notes

***Notice the activation energy is the difference between the reactants and the peak of the line.

Target 30 - Explain how catalysts affect chemical reactions. A. Some chemical reactions that make life possible are _________________or have activation energies that are

too high to make them practical for living things.

B. So cells have to make __________________

C. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

D. Catalysts work by lowering a reaction's activation energy.

notes

Target 31 - Explain how Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. A. Enzymes are _________________ that act as biological catalysts.

B. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

C. Enzymes will _________________the activation energy of reactions.

D. This will enable the reaction to take place more quickly – which is necessary to keep an organism alive.

E. In other words, enzymes ______________________chemical reactions.

F. The reactants that enter into an enzyme are called “substrates.”

Identify the substrates and product in this picture.

notes

Target 32 - Explain how Enzyme activities are regulated. A. There are very special _______________________ by which enzymes can function.

B. pH must be just right or enzymes won’t work.

C. Temperature must be just right or enzymes won’t work.

D. This is why your blood must maintain a _________________between 6.8 and 7.2.

E. If pH levels go beyond these boundaries, death follows.

F. Normal Human body temperature is _______ degrees Fahrenheit.

G. If body temperature exceeds________, death follows. If temperature drops below ____, death follows.

H. Why do we die from pH and temperature fluxuations?

I. At these extreme pH and temperature levels, ______________ cannot function which causes death to the

organism.

J. If a specific chemical reaction needs to take place quickly – _____________ enzymes will be necessary.

K. Enzymes are found everywhere in the body, in cells, outside of cells, in the bloodstream etc.

L. Living things ______________________exist without enzymes.