biology 103 - main points/questions 1.remember plant hormones? 2.what are the major human endocrine...
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Biology 103 - Main points/Questions
1. Remember Plant Hormones?
2. What are the major human endocrine
glands?
3. What hormones do you need to know?
4. How are hormones controlled?
• In Summer plants need to balance root and shoot growth - too much of either is a waste of resources. Do you remember how they do this?
shoot tipgradient of auxin
(high)
(low)
(high)
gradient of cytokinin
• plants need to balance root and shoot growth – use AUXIN & CYTOKININ amounts
positive phototropism – controlled by …?
Light!
AUXIN!
• In fall plants need to respond to changing environmental cues to trigger leaf senescence (death).
Figure 24.14 The effects of ethylene
Hormone Signals in Animals
• Used for longer term signals than neurons
• Different cells respond to different hormones
• Hormones often key for homeostasis
33.02 The Timescale over Which Chemical Messengers
Work• CD33020.GIF
There are three big advantages to using chemical hormones as messengers rather than speedy electrical signals (nervous)
1. chemical molecules can spread to all tissues via the blood
2. chemical signals can persist much longer than electrical ones
3. many different kinds of chemicals can act as hormones
Balancing water concentration• The concentration of the urine is
regulated to maintain homeostasis• Hormones are key signaling molecules in
this process.
Page. 626
• Negative feedback loops fight dehydration..
Page. 626
• As you dehydrate you get thirsty (this is controlled by the nervous system)
• Your body also releases a hormone ADH that signals to the kidneys.
Where does water get reabsorbed in the kidney?
The 5 steps of urine formation
1. Pressure Filtration
2. Reabsorption of water
3. Selective reabsorption
4. Secretion
5. More water reabsorption
Further reabsorption of water
• Final step that balances water amounts
• Water can be variably reabsorbed into blood from collecting duct
• waters ability to be reabsorbed is controlled by a hormone called ADH – how?
Hormone signaling is a series of simple steps
1. issuing the command – release of the hormone from a gland
• Issuing the command
Hormone signaling is a series of simple steps
1. issuing the command
2. transporting the signal– most are transported through body by the
blood
• Transport
Hormone signaling is a series of simple steps
1. issuing the command
2. transporting the signal
3. hitting the target– hormone binds to a receptor on the target cell
• “hit the target”
Hormone signaling is a series of simple steps
1. issuing the command
2. transporting the signal
3. hitting the target
4. having an effect– After binding the receptor protein changes
shape and triggers a change in cell activity
Two basic categories of hormones
• ADH is a peptide hormone (remember a peptide bond?– Built of amino acids
• The other class of hormones are steroid based– Steroids are lipids so can pass through
membranes!
NUCLEUS
Signalreceptor
(a) (b)
TARGETCELL
Signal receptor
Transportprotein
Water-solublehormone
Fat-solublehormone
• Peptide based– Bind to receptor
on membrane
• Steroid– Transported
attached to a protein
– Bind to receptor inside the cell
Signalreceptor
TARGETCELL
Signal receptor
Transportprotein
Water-solublehormone
Fat-solublehormone
Generegulation
Cytoplasmicresponse
Generegulation
Cytoplasmicresponse
OR
(a) NUCLEUS (b)
• Peptide based– Signals are
often more transient (just in the cytoplasm)
– May alter gene expression
• Steroid– Mostly alter
gene expression
– Tend to be long lasting effects
Hormones are produced in
glands throughout your
body
Coordination of Endocrine and Nervous Systems in Vertebrates
• The hypothalamus receives information from the nervous system and initiates responses through the endocrine system
• Attached to the hypothalamus is the pituitary gland composed of the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary
• The posterior pituitary stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus
• The anterior pituitary makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus
The posterior pituitary contains cells that originate in the hypothalamus
The hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary are connected by a tract of neurons
• hormones are made by cell bodies in the hypothalamus & moved to posterior pituitary– antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the
kidney’s retention of water– oxytocin initiates uterine contractions during
childbirth and milk release in mothers
The anterior pituitary is a complete gland that produces the hormones that it secretes
The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary
The hypothalamus controls production and secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones by means of a family of special hormones
• neurons in the hypothalamus secrete releasing hormones
• they travel to the anterior pituitary through a special capillary system,
Portal system of the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
The Anterior Pituitary
Secretes seven different hormones some you already know about…
• LH & FSHSome that are new to you…• TSH & GH
Pituitary hormones
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – in females, it triggers the maturation of egg
cells and stimulates the release of estrogen– in males, it regulates sperm development
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)– in females, it triggers ovulation of a mature egg– in males, it stimulates the gonads to produce
testosterone
Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estrogen and progesterone
Stimulated by high levelsof estrogen
Inhibited by low levels of estrogen
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
FSH LH
Pituitary hormonesin blood
LH
FSH
FSH and LH stimulatefollicle to grow
LH surge triggersovulation
Ovarian cycle
Growing follicle Maturingfollicle
Corpusluteum
Degeneratingcorpus luteum
Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
(a)
(b)
(c)
Da
ys
0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28| | | | | | | |
–
–
+ Estrogen
production
feeds back on
the signal
that drives
estrogen
release
• growth hormone (GH) – simulates the growth of muscle and bone
throughout the body
• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) – Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxin – a key
control of metabolism
• Negative feedback (feedback inhibition) controls how target gland hormones in the anterior pituitary are produced
• when enough of the target hormone has been produced, the hormone then feeds back to the hypothalamus and inhibits the release of stimulating hormones from the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
• Thyroxine – Modifies
metabolic rate– Requires iodine
• What if you don’t have enough iodine?
Fig. 35.11.b
Hormones are key players in maintaining homeostasis
• Commonly used as signals in negative feedback loops
• Remember Insulin & Glucagon?
Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose
• Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis
• The pancreas has clusters of cells that produce glucagon and insulin
Homeostasis:Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
Glucagon
STIMULUS:Blood glucose level
falls.
Alpha cells of pancreasrelease glucagon.
Liver breaksdown glycogenand releasesglucose.
Blood glucoselevel rises.
STIMULUS:Blood glucose level
rises.
Beta cells ofpancreasrelease insulininto the blood.
Liver takesup glucoseand stores itas glycogen.
Blood glucoselevel declines.
Body cellstake up moreglucose.
Insulin
Control of Blood Calcium
• Two antagonistic hormones regulate calcium (Ca2+) in the blood of mammals– Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes blood
calcium levels to increase
– Calcitonin causes blood calcium levels to decrease.
• PTH increases the level of blood Ca2+
– It releases Ca2+ from bone and stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys
– It also has an indirect effect, stimulating the kidneys to activate vitamin D, which promotes intestinal uptake of Ca2+ from food
• Calcitonin decreases level of blood Ca2+
– It stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys
Blood Calcium level(about 10mg/100ml)
Increasing Blood Calcium level
Decreasing Blood Calcium level
Draw the two negative feedback loops that involve these two hormones
Calcium Regulation• What happens when calcium levels drop?
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted & causes bone cells to release calcium from the bones
• PTH also stimulates calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and absorption by the gut
• So dropping Ca++ leads to raising Ca++
PTH
Parathyroid gland(behind thyroid)
STIMULUS:Falling blood
Ca2+ level
Homeostasis:Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
Fig. 45-20-2
PTH
Parathyroid gland(behind thyroid)
STIMULUS:Falling blood
Ca2+ level
Homeostasis:Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
Blood Ca2+ level rises.
Stimulates Ca2+
uptake in kidneys
Stimulates Ca2+ release from bones
Increases Ca2+ uptake in intestines
Activevitamin D
Calcium Regulation• What happens when calcium levels rise?
• Calcitonin is secreted & causes bone cells to sequester calcium in the bones
• Calcitonin also slows calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
• So raising Ca++ leads to falling Ca++
Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis in mammals
What do you need to know?• Control Systems - Hormones: • List major plant hormones and their roles.• Explain how the two basic classes of animal
hormones have their effects on a cell.• Describe antagonistic hormones and explain how
they work together to maintain homeostasis.• List some major human hormones (certainly you
should know ADH, insulin, glucagon, calcitonin & PTH and you should be familiar with FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone), where they are produced and their roles.
Non-mammal Hormones• In insects, hormonal secretion influence both
metamorphosis and molting• prior to molting, neurosecretory cells on the surface
of the brain secrete brain hormone• brain hormone then stimulates a gland in the thorax
to produce molting hormone (ecdysone)• juvenile hormone is produced in the brain and
determines the result of a particular molt– when juvenile hormone levels are high, the molt produces
another larva
• Juvenile hormone promotes retention of larval characteristics
• Ecdysone promotes molting (in the presence of juvenile hormone) and development (in the absence of juvenile hormone) of adult characteristics
Ecdysone
Prothoracicgland
Brain
PTTH
EARLYLARVA
Neurosecretory cells
Corpus cardiacum
Corpus allatum
Juvenilehormone(JH)
Ecdysone
Brain
PTTH
Juvenilehormone(JH)
EARLYLARVA
Neurosecretory cells
Corpus cardiacum
Corpus allatum
LATERLARVA
Prothoracicgland
Ecdysone
Brain
PTTH
EARLYLARVA
Neurosecretory cells
Corpus cardiacum
Corpus allatum
LATERLARVA PUPA ADULT
LowJH
Juvenilehormone(JH)
Prothoracicgland
The hormonal control of metamorphosis