G L A N D S A N D H O R M O N E S

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

•Hormones- chemical messengers carried by blood-

• May stimulate other glands

• Regulate growth, development, metabolism, sex processes

• Hormones need a specific receptor on a specific cell to do their job

Major Glands of the Endocrine system

PITUITARY GLAND

• Produces many hormones that affect other glands• thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)• Somatotropin- growth hormone (GH)

stimulates protein synthesis and growth in cells• Lutenizing (LH)- causes ovulation• Melanocyte stimulating- distribution of

melanin in skin• ADH- antidiuretic hormone; stimulates kidneys

to reabsorb water

PROBLEMS WITH THE PITUITARY

• Gigantism- oversecretion of somatotropin (GH) before puberty

PITUITARY DWARFISM

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ACROMEGALY

• results when the anterior pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty

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ACROMEGALY

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HYPOTHALAMUS

• Controls secretion of the pituitary gland

• Activity influenced by other hormones and central nervous system

THYROID• produces

hormones (Thyroxine) that control metabolism and calcium in blood.

• Thyroid gland must have a source of iodine

GOITER

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All you need is a pinch per day of salt. If you can’t have salt, you can take iodine drops.

• Too little iodine in the diet needed for proper thyroid function

HYPERTHYROIDISM

• Most commonly caused by Graves Disease, which is an autoimmune disease

• Signs include thinness, eyes that stick out like a bug (exophthalmoses)

• Leads to nervousness, weight loss, sweating, and rapid heart rate. 13

HYPOTHYROIDISMBEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT

• Hypothyroidism• Decreases

metabolism, causes obesity

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ADRENAL GLANDS

• Located just above the kidney• Secretes many

hormones• Epinephrine • Norepinephrine• Many steroid

hormones, inc estrogen and androgens.

EXCESSIVE ADRENAL HORMONES

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Cushing’s Disease- pituitary tumor (excess ACTH)

Signs/symptoms: buffalo hump, moon face, muscle loss/weakness, thin skin with striae, hyperglycemia, immune suppression

CUSHING’S SYNDROME

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PANCREAS

• pancreatic juices into the intestine

• Alpha cells secrete glucagon- increases glucose in bloodstream by signaling liver to breakdown glycogen

• Beta cells secrete insulin, a hormone that allows glucose into cells. Promotes storage of glucose as glycogen in liver

DIABETES MELLITUS

• Cause- decreased secretion of insulin or decreased insulin sensitivity• Symptoms• Excessive thirst, excessive urination,

hyperglycemia, slow healing of skin infections, lethargy, vision problems, nerve issues• Affects 21 million in US: 7% of population• Estimated 1/3 of people who have diabetes

don’t know it• 225,000 die each year from complications• 132 billion/year- 10% of our health care

spending

INSULIN FACTS

• Insulin was the first hormone identified (late 1920's) which won the doctor and medical student who discovered it the Nobel Prize (Banting and Best)

• 1982 - Human Insulin- First ever approved genetically engineered human therapeutic by Genentech

DIABETES MELLITUS

• Type I diabetes (insulin dependent, usually develops in children) • Destruction of pancreatic Beta islet cells by

immune system• Need insulin injections daily throughout life.

• Type II diabetes (not insulin dependent in the beginning, usually develops in adults)• consequence of obesity: cells are less

sensitive to insulin. • Initially treated with diet and exercise.• Oral medicines or injected insulin may be

needed. 21