biochemistry the study of elements and compounds in organisms
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BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRY
The study of The study of
Elements and compoundsElements and compounds
In organismsIn organisms
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ElementElement the most basic form of any pure the most basic form of any pure
material. material. Example: Hydrogen (H)Example: Hydrogen (H) Example: Potassium (K)Example: Potassium (K)
CompoundCompound
•A combination of elements. Many elements on earth remain bonded to other elements as compounds.
•Examples: H2O, CO2, C6H12O6
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MacronutrientsMacronutrientselements required in large amounts by elements required in large amounts by
living thingsliving things..
HydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
• Carbon
•Nitrogen
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MicronutrientsMicronutrients
Elements needed in Elements needed in SMALL quantities SMALL quantities
(vitamins/minerals)(vitamins/minerals)ZincSodiumChlorineIronPhosphorousCalciumMagnesiumIodinePotassiumSulfurEtc…
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Organic CompoundOrganic Compound
•A Combination of elements found in living things.
•Organic compounds ALWAYSALWAYS contain C and H (and usually O)
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FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS!!!!COMPOUNDS!!!!
SUBUNIT SUBUNIT (monomer)(monomer)
Monosaccharides Monosaccharides
(simple sugars)(simple sugars) 3 fatty acids+ 1 3 fatty acids+ 1
glycerolglycerol Amino acidsAmino acids NucleotidesNucleotides
COMPOUND COMPOUND (polymer)(polymer)
CarbohydrateCarbohydrate
LipidLipid ProteinProtein Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid
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CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
ElementsElements CarbonCarbon HydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
(2 hydrogen:1 oxygen)(2 hydrogen:1 oxygen)
Subunit Subunit (monomer)(monomer)
MonosaccharidMonosaccharidee
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CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATESFUNCTIONFUNCTION
Quick EnergyQuick Energy Plant Cell Plant Cell
WallsWalls ExoskeletonsExoskeletons Animal StarchAnimal Starch
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CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATESEXAMPLESEXAMPLES
MonosaccharideMonosaccharides s (simple sugars)(simple sugars)
GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose LactoseLactose SucroseSucrose
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
StarchStarch ChitinChitin GlycogenGlycogen CelluloseCellulose
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Carbs are found in:Carbs are found in:
Breads/cereals/pastas/grains Breads/cereals/pastas/grains (complex carbohydrates)(complex carbohydrates)
Fruits and vegetables (complex carbs Fruits and vegetables (complex carbs and simple sugars)and simple sugars)
Candy, sweets, junk food, juices, Candy, sweets, junk food, juices, sodas (simple sugars)sodas (simple sugars)
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LIPIDSLIPIDS Subunit Subunit (monomer)(monomer)
3 fatty acids 3 fatty acids and and
1 glycerol1 glycerol
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LIPIDS LIPIDS functionfunction
• • Stored EnergyStored Energy InsulationInsulation Cushions Cushions
OrgansOrgans Regulation of Regulation of
reproductive reproductive systemsystem
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LIPIDSLIPIDS examples examples
• • Fats, oils, waxesFats, oils, waxes Myelin sheathMyelin sheath Cell membraneCell membrane Steroid hormonesSteroid hormones
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Lipids are found in:Lipids are found in:
Cooking oils and grease (from Cooking oils and grease (from vegetables and animals)vegetables and animals)
Fish, Meats and eggsFish, Meats and eggs
Dairy foodsDairy foods
NutsNuts
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Human adipose cells swollen Human adipose cells swollen with fat!!!!!with fat!!!!!
Humans can grow more fat cells, but can never get rid of them!!
As we gain and lose weight, they just swell and shrink.
…Makes you think twice about those French fries!!!
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PROTEINSPROTEINS SubunitSubunit
Amino AcidAmino Acid
There are 20 There are 20 differentdifferent amino amino acids found in acids found in nature.nature.
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PROTEINS PROTEINS FunctionFunction
• • structurestructure
• • cell cell communicationcommunication
• • control chemicalcontrol chemical
reaction ratesreaction rates
• • fight diseasesfight diseases
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PROTEINSPROTEINS ExamplesExamples• • MusclesMuscles Cell receptorsCell receptors Most Most
hormoneshormones EnzymesEnzymes AntibodiesAntibodies
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Proteins are found in:Proteins are found in:
Meats, fish, poultryMeats, fish, poultry
Nuts and beans (soy!!)Nuts and beans (soy!!)
Eggs, milk and dairy products.Eggs, milk and dairy products.
tofu
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NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS SubunitSubunit
NucleotideNucleotide
Phosphate
Nitrogenous
base
Sugar (5C)
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NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDSExamplesExamples
• • DNADNA Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic
acidacid
RNARNA Ribonucleic acidRibonucleic acid
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NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDSFunctionFunction
Instructions Instructions for:for: TraitsTraits Protein Protein
synthesissynthesis EnzymesEnzymes
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Nucleic Acids are :Nucleic Acids are :
NOT FOUND IN FOODS!!!NOT FOUND IN FOODS!!!
They must be They must be synthesizedsynthesized in the in the body!body!
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Let’s Play “Which compound is Let’s Play “Which compound is it?”it?”
Which compound does the picture Which compound does the picture represent? (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids or represent? (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids or proteins) proteins) 1 point for your team1 point for your team
then, roll the dice…if you get…then, roll the dice…if you get…1, 2 or 3 = name a use in the body (if your 1, 2 or 3 = name a use in the body (if your
picture was food) OR name a food (if your picture was food) OR name a food (if your picture was of a use in the body).picture was of a use in the body).
(3 more points for your team)(3 more points for your team)
4, 5 or 6 = name the monomer that makes it 4, 5 or 6 = name the monomer that makes it upup
(4 more points for your team)(4 more points for your team)
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CHEMICAL CHEMICAL REACTIONSREACTIONS
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CATALYSTCATALYST
A
CATALYST is a chemical that SPEEDS UP
a chemical reaction WITHOUT being CHANGED
by that reaction!
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ENZYMES
- Enzymes ARE protein catalysts!
- So…Enzymes SPEED UP chemical reactions in our bodies WITHOUT being changed in that reaction!
- Enzymes are reused many times before the body gets rid of them.
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There are
OODLES
of Enzymes!!
Each
ENZYME
is
specific
to its
SUBSTRATE.
Most Most enzyme enzyme
names end names end in –ase!in –ase!
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Enzyme Activity
Called the enzyme-substrate complex
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Enzyme Action…Enzyme Action…againagain
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Denature:Extreme conditions can cause enzymes to
denature, or change shape.
Based on what you know about enzyme function, how does this change of shape impact
how enzymes work?
Normal Denatured
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Factors affecting Enzymes:
1.TEMPERATURE
•Increasing temperature generally increases the rate of enzyme activity (speeds up how they work on substrates)
• too HIGH of a temperature will denature enzymes
• too LOW of a temperature will ONLY SLOW DOWN their function…NOTNOT denature them!
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Factors affecting Enzymes: 2.CONCENTRATION(amount of enzyme or substrate)
1. If there are 10 pizzas to deliver and ONE delivery guy…how fast do you get your pizza (assuming you are last on the list)?
2. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered (you are last again) and there are 5 delivery people working?
3. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered and 10 delivery people?4. Okay….now there are 20 pizzas and 10 delivery people? Can the delivery people work any faster?How does this scenario relate to enzyme and substrate concentration?
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Factors affecting enzymes:Factors affecting enzymes:3. pH (percent hydrogen in a 3. pH (percent hydrogen in a
solution)solution) pH measures acidity or basicness of pH measures acidity or basicness of
a solutiona solution
AcidAcidlow pH low pH (0 – 6.9)(0 – 6.9)
Neutral Neutral
(pH of 7.0)(pH of 7.0)
BasicBasic
high pHhigh pH
(7.1 - 14.0)(7.1 - 14.0)
0 7 14
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pH, continued…pH, continued…
Each enzyme is designed to work in a certain pH Each enzyme is designed to work in a certain pH range. range.
PH is TOO PH is TOO LOWLOW or TOO or TOO HIGHHIGH, , Enzyme denaturesEnzyme denatures..
pH
Relative rate of enzyme action
Gastric protease
Intestinal protease
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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BIOCHEMISTRY!!