BiochemistryBiochemistryThe Chemical Reactions in Living The Chemical Reactions in Living

Organisms Organisms

Mr. Carter’s Science ClassMr. Carter’s Science Class

EtymologyEtymology

Bio=Bio= ““living”living”

biologybiologyantibioticantibiotic

Biochemistry is the Biochemistry is the study of how study of how chemical reactions chemical reactions drive ALL living drive ALL living processes.processes.

The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory

All living things All living things are made of cellsare made of cells

Cells can only Cells can only come from other come from other cells.cells.

Cells replicate Cells replicate and evolve using and evolve using DNA and RNA.DNA and RNA.

Cells are made of Cells are made of chemical chemical compoundscompounds

All cells are made up of 4 atomsAll cells are made up of 4 atoms

4 elements 4 elements make up make up 99.99% of 99.99% of living things.living things.

Carbon, Carbon, Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen,Oxygen, NitrogenNitrogen

CHON! CHON!

All cells are made up of 4 All cells are made up of 4 moleculesmolecules

3 of them are on any nutrition 3 of them are on any nutrition facts panel.facts panel.

Fats (lipids)Fats (lipids) CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins

The 4The 4thth are found in all living are found in all living things.things.

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Group Examples Functions

Carbohydrate Glucose  CelluloseSucroseFructose

1.Short term energy source 2.Structure of plants

Lipids Fats and oils 1. Make up membranes 2.Long term energy storage 3.Insulation

Proteins Enzymes  Sucrase and lactase  Keratin  Collagen

1. Organic catalysts  2. Digestive enzymes  3. Structural protein in muscles, hair, and skin 

Nucleic acids DNA  RNA  ATP

1. Information molecule 2.Molecule of heredity 3.Director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis 4.immediate source of energy for cellular work

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates

Carbo=carbon CCarbo=carbon CHydrate=water added HHydrate=water added H22OO

Most carbohydrates have roughly Most carbohydrates have roughly this ratio CHthis ratio CH22O 1:2:1O 1:2:1

Glucose CGlucose C66HH1212OO66

Sucrose Sucrose C C1212HH2222OO1111

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are produced by Carbohydrates are produced by autotrophs (plants, algae, and autotrophs (plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria) through photosynthetic bacteria) through photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

COCO22 + H + H22O + sunlight O + sunlight → C→ C66HH1212OO66 + O + O22 GlucoseGlucose

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the primary energy Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for the majority of living things (us source for the majority of living things (us included.included.

Carbohydrates are also called sugars and Carbohydrates are also called sugars and often taste sweet.often taste sweet.

Carbohydrates are water soluble Carbohydrates are water soluble (hydrophillic), they dissolve in water.(hydrophillic), they dissolve in water.

Carbohydrates have an “–ose” suffix.Carbohydrates have an “–ose” suffix.Examples: sucrose, fructose, maltose, celluloseExamples: sucrose, fructose, maltose, cellulose

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids2. Lipids

Lipo=fatLipo=fatAlso known as fats.Also known as fats.Lipids are mostly long chains of Lipids are mostly long chains of

carbon and hydrogen.carbon and hydrogen.Some also have a little oxygen.Some also have a little oxygen.Examples:Examples:

Palmitic acid Palmitic acid CHCH33(CH(CH22))1414COOH COOH Stearic acidStearic acid CH CH33(CH(CH22))1616COOH COOH

2. Lipids2. Lipids Fats are used to store energy in organisms. Fats are used to store energy in organisms.

They contain a lot of energy (8 Cal/g)They contain a lot of energy (8 Cal/g) The human brain is mostly fat.The human brain is mostly fat. The membranes that surround each cell are made of lipids.The membranes that surround each cell are made of lipids. Lipids are Lipids are Hydrophobic(not waterHydrophobic(not water soluble)soluble)

2. Lipids2. Lipids Saturated fats have no double bonds in the carbon chain. They are SATURATED in Saturated fats have no double bonds in the carbon chain. They are SATURATED in

hydrogens.hydrogens.

They are solids at room temperature.They are solids at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fats have one or more double bonds in the carbon chain. Because of Unsaturated Fats have one or more double bonds in the carbon chain. Because of

this, the chain is “bent”.this, the chain is “bent”.

The bent structure of saturated fats prevents them from stacking together,The bent structure of saturated fats prevents them from stacking together,

They are liquids at room temperature.They are liquids at room temperature.

3. Nucleic Acids3. Nucleic Acids

This is the only one of the 4 main organic This is the only one of the 4 main organic molecules NOT used for calories.molecules NOT used for calories.

Nucleic acids are found in all living thingsNucleic acids are found in all living thingsEukaryotes- DNA is found in the nucleus Eukaryotes- DNA is found in the nucleus

(NUCLEIC acids)(NUCLEIC acids)Prokaryotes (bacteria)-DNA is floating freely in Prokaryotes (bacteria)-DNA is floating freely in

the cell the cell Two Main Nucleic AcidsTwo Main Nucleic Acids

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Genetic material of cells…Genetic material of cells…

DNA and RNA are called DNA and RNA are called NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS They are found in the They are found in the nucleus nucleus of eukaryotesof eukaryotes

DNA is made up of repeating molecules DNA is made up of repeating molecules called called NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES 1 nucleotide is a MONOMER1 nucleotide is a MONOMER DNA and RNA are POLYMERS of many DNA and RNA are POLYMERS of many

nucleotidesnucleotides

A NucleotideA Nucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

DNA Double HelixDNA Double Helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

3. Nucleic Acids3. Nucleic AcidsNucleotides are made out of C,H,O,N and P Nucleotides are made out of C,H,O,N and P Nucleic acids have 1 main focusNucleic acids have 1 main focus: making : making

proteins.proteins.Since proteins provide structure and Since proteins provide structure and

perform most of the tasks in an organism perform most of the tasks in an organism (enzymes guide reactions), proteins make (enzymes guide reactions), proteins make us who we are.us who we are.

Nucleic acids are the recipes for those Nucleic acids are the recipes for those proteins.proteins.

ProProtein Synthesistein Synthesis

In In 2 2 partsparts TranscriptionTranscription

DNA is the “master blueprint”DNA is the “master blueprint” DNA is “copied” to make mRNA in the nucleusDNA is “copied” to make mRNA in the nucleus

TranslationTranslation RNA is a copy of the DNA that actually makes RNA is a copy of the DNA that actually makes

proteins.proteins. mRNA and tRNA make proteins at the mRNA and tRNA make proteins at the

ribosomesribosomes

4. Proteins4. Proteins Proteins are complex polymers that guide the Proteins are complex polymers that guide the

majority of chemical reactions in nature.majority of chemical reactions in nature. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.

There are 20 different amino acids that make up There are 20 different amino acids that make up all proteinsall proteins

All amino acids have an amino group (NHAll amino acids have an amino group (NH22)) Proteins are created from Nucleic AcidsProteins are created from Nucleic Acids Proteins are created in the ribosomes of cells Proteins are created in the ribosomes of cells

through the process of translationthrough the process of translation mRNA is used as the template for making mRNA is used as the template for making

proteins.proteins.

4. Proteins4. Proteins Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.

There are 20 different amino acids that make up all There are 20 different amino acids that make up all proteinsproteins

Amino acids have C, H, O, and N in them (and Amino acids have C, H, O, and N in them (and sometimes S)sometimes S)

3. Proteins3. Proteins

4. Proteins4. Proteins Enzymes are a Enzymes are a

particular type particular type of protein that of protein that serve as the serve as the catalyst for catalyst for chemical chemical reactions.reactions.

““catalyst” catalyst” means means something that something that makes another makes another thing happen.thing happen. Enzymes are Enzymes are

not a reactant not a reactant or product, or product, they just speed they just speed up the up the reaction.reaction.

4. Proteins4. Proteins Each enzyme has a physical shape that Each enzyme has a physical shape that

only works for one chemical reaction.only works for one chemical reaction. The reactants fit in a special “grove” and The reactants fit in a special “grove” and

are pushed together so that they react.are pushed together so that they react.

4. Proteins4. Proteins Each enzyme has a name that tells you what it does. Each enzyme has a name that tells you what it does. Most enzyme names end in “-ase”Most enzyme names end in “-ase” Examples from the human body:Examples from the human body:

Protease:Protease: breaks down protein into amino acidsbreaks down protein into amino acids

Lipase:Lipase: Breaks down fats so they can be digestedBreaks down fats so they can be digested

Lactase: Lactase: Breaks down lactose, the complex sugar in milk products, so that it Breaks down lactose, the complex sugar in milk products, so that it

can be digested. The production of lactase usually decreases with can be digested. The production of lactase usually decreases with age.age.

Amylase:Amylase: Breaks down starch (complex carbohydrates) into simple sugarsBreaks down starch (complex carbohydrates) into simple sugars

  Cal/g

Purpose Containing elements

Monomer

Carbohydrates

       

Lipids        

Proteins        

Nucleic acids