bio-optical monitoring of coastal baltic sea waters – from … · 2011-03-24 · outlook •...
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Bio-optical monitoring of coastal Baltic Sea waters – from research to applications
Susanne Kratzer Department of Systems Ecology, SU
Gerald MoorePetra Philipson
Christian VinterhavTherese Harvey
Friday, 4 February 2011
Jerlov’s water mass classification
Jerlov's optical classification into the oceanic water types I-III and the coastal water types 1-9 (Jerlov, 1976).
Friday, 4 February 2011
Jerlov’s water mass classification
Jerlov's optical classification into the oceanic water types I-III and the coastal water types 1-9 (Jerlov, 1976).
Clear tropical
Friday, 4 February 2011
Jerlov’s water mass classification
Jerlov's optical classification into the oceanic water types I-III and the coastal water types 1-9 (Jerlov, 1976).
Baltic Sea
Clear tropical
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Attenuation of light
Figure: IOCCG Report Number 3 (2000)
90% of signalfrom the atmosphere
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Attenuation of light
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Attenuation of light
water
Case-1
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Attenuation of light
water
Case-2
Case-1
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Attenuation of light
Classification: Morel and Prieur, 1977
water
Case-2
Case-1
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Kurt Holacher, 2002
Oceanic – Optical Case-1 watersCoastal – Optical Case-2 waters
Light penetration in the open sea and in coastal waters
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Decision-makingEnvironmental policies and
managementSocio-economics
(e.g. tourism and fisheries)
Opticalmonitoring
Satellite remote sensing
Sea-truthing
Atmospheric corrections
Coastal Zone monitoring:•Ecological and physiological variables•Physics and chemistry•Optical biogeochemical variables: CDOM, Chlorophyll, SPM
Platforms:Research and monitoring vessels, moorings, ships-of-opportunity
A multi-scale approach to monitoringLarge scalesynopticinformation
Small and meso scaleinformation
(from Kratzer et al., 2003)
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Approach
Use remote sensing to map water quality in the coastal zone
Use optical indicators as diagnostic tool for management (Secchi depth, Kd490 and chlorophyll as indicators of eutrophication
Use bio-optics as a link between remote sensing and ecology
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Area of investigation:
Himmerfjärden
Landsort Deep
STP outlet
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9
Validation Limanda 2001
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NASA Aeronet-OCStation at GustafDalén light house
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Optical variables: indicators of ecosystem state
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Optical variables: indicators of ecosystem state
CDOM: terrestrial inputs of freshwater
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Optical variables: indicators of ecosystem state
CDOM: terrestrial inputs of freshwater inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPM):
land drainage and to wind-stirring in shallow waters,
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Optical variables: indicators of ecosystem state
CDOM: terrestrial inputs of freshwater inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPM):
land drainage and to wind-stirring in shallow waters,
and phytoplankton: productive status of the pelagic ecosystem; anthropogenic nutrients from land.
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Polynomial decay from source to sink
Contribution of each optical component to Kd(490) assuming a polynomial decline of optical components in relation to the source (land), Kratzer and Tett, 2009.
Himmerfjärden OpenSea
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TACCS radiometer
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Optical monitoring of water quality
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Optical monitoring of water quality
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Optical monitoring of water quality
Kd(490) is a standard product of ocean colour sensors (SeaWiFS and MODIS)
Friday, 4 February 2011
Optical monitoring of water quality
Kd(490) is a standard product of ocean colour sensors (SeaWiFS and MODIS)
Kd(490) has been the most accurate and a reliable remote sensing product for the Baltic Sea.
Friday, 4 February 2011
Optical monitoring of water quality
Kd(490) is a standard product of ocean colour sensors (SeaWiFS and MODIS)
Kd(490) has been the most accurate and a reliable remote sensing product for the Baltic Sea.
Kd(490) has been the best link between optical in-water measurements and remote sensing data.
Friday, 4 February 2011
Inverted Secchi Depth (SD) and Kd (490)
0
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0
y = 0.5024x - 0.0441R² = 0.7872
Askö 2001 -2002
1/SD
, m-1
Kd(490)
Kratzer et al., 2003Friday, 4 February 2011
In-water algorithm: SD = (0.55 * Kd(490) – 0.04) -1
SeaWiFS Kd(490) image
Secchi Depth (SD) map of the Baltic Sea (last week of July/beginning of August 1999, Kratzer et al., 2003)
meters
SeaWiFS image
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MERIS –improved monitoring of coastal waters
Friday, 4 February 2011
MERIS –improved monitoring of coastal waters
MERIS: improved spatial resolution over coastal areas (300 m resolution – 1.2 km in open sea).
Friday, 4 February 2011
MERIS –improved monitoring of coastal waters
MERIS: improved spatial resolution over coastal areas (300 m resolution – 1.2 km in open sea).
Improved spectral resolution (more bands that are also more narrow; more optical substances can be derived).
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Spatial resolution- example Wadden SeaMERIS, 28.05.2005, 10:33 UTC
Landsat 5, 28.05.2005, 10:19 UTC30 m resolution
FR, 300 m resolution
RR, 1.2 km resolution
Images courtesy of Carsten Brockmann
Borkum
Ems
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FR (300 m resolution)
RR (1.2 km resolution)
RR
FR
H5
H4
H3
H2
B1
H5
H4
H3
H2
B1
MERIS image 19 Aug 2002
HFV
HFV
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22 August, 2002, Kratzer et al., 2008
H5
H4H3
H2
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New Kd490 algorithm derived from sea-truthing data
Kratzer et al, 2008
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Secchi depth map
ln(Secchi depth) derived from MERIS data to test model output
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Match-ups NW Baltic Sea July 2008
Sampling stations and transects during Askö field campaign 2008 (see PINS on each RR scene). The conditions were very good for sea-truthing. The MERIS RR RGB composites show how patchy the waters become during good conditions in summer.
Kratzer & Vinterhav, 2010
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Improvement of MERIS processors 2004-2009
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Improvement of MERIS processors 2004-2009
(*100)
operational system
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Test of BPAC Outputs (ICOL Processed)
Moore et al. 2010
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Moore et al. 2010
Aerosol Properties
In-Situ α=1.87+/-0.02BPAC α=1.71+/-0.09
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‘TSM’ – Scaled bbp
Sta TSM BPA %C3 1.52 1.67 9.6C2 1.33 1.22 -8.4C1 1.86 1.89 1.64
Moore et al. 2010
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‘Chl’ – Scaled ap(665)
Sta Chl BPC
%C3 2.14 1.22 -38C2 1.51 1.56 11.6C1 2.39 2.26 1.95
Moore et al. 2010
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Participation in COASTCOLOUR algorithm Round Robin – global intercomparison of coastal algorithms
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Cyanobacteria Bloom in the Baltic Sea, MERIS full resolution (300 m), 13 July 2005. © ESA
Applications
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Operational system ……from research to applications
www.vattenkvalitet.nu
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Interactive maps based on ArcGIS Server
• tool for data delivery and administration• simple user interface and GIS functionality• only web access necessary for the end-user!
• Zoom
• Measure• Inquire • Print• Scale etc.
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Suspended matter map in Himmerfjärden 31 July 2008
www.vattenkvalitet.nu
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Map of humic substances in Himmerfjärden 31 July 2008
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Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD student
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Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD student
Friday, 4 February 2011
Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD student
Friday, 4 February 2011
Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD student
Friday, 4 February 2011
Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD student
Friday, 4 February 2011
Temporal resolution Himmerfjärden, 2008
Regular cruises by monitoring vessels: 17Remote sensing by MERIS: 20Total set of chlorophyll a measurements: 37
Measurements between April and SeptemberMERIS passes by every 2-3 day
Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD student
Friday, 4 February 2011
How representative is the satellite-derived chlorophyll a product?
In costal areas Chlorophyll a concentrations are overestimated by 91 %.
In open Sea the Chlorophyll a concentrations are overestimated by 25 %. (Kratzer and Vinterhav, 2010)
Correct for this in the chl-a estimates
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Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD studentFriday, 4 February 2011
Summary
• MERIS provides us with a new tool to assess coastal systems from space
• Indicators for eutrophication, e.g. chl-a and Secchi depth, can be derived from space
• Remote sensing data provides improve spatial and temporal resolution
• Chl-a concentrations from remote sensing not significantly different from conventional monitoring data
• Together with Vattenfall Power Consultant we have developed a user-friendly operational system
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Outlook
• Continuation of operational system by joining GMES MarCoast downstream services for 2010-2012 (BC-VPC-SU)
• Aim: continuous system update with best processor available (more funding is required)
• Stockholm University is champion users of the COASTCOLOUR project
• Validation of coast colour algorithm in the Baltic Sea• Continuation of MERIS mission through Sentinel-3 (ocean
colour sensor OLCI and SST / (A)ATSR) through 2023
Friday, 4 February 2011
Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD):
Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna
Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime
Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants
Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication
Friday, 4 February 2011
Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD):
Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna
Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime
Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants
Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication
Friday, 4 February 2011
Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD):
Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna
Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime
Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants
Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication
Friday, 4 February 2011
Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD):
Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna
Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime
Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants
Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication
Friday, 4 February 2011
Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD):
Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna
Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime
Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants
Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication
Friday, 4 February 2011
Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD):
Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna
Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime
Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants
Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication
Friday, 4 February 2011
Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD):
Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna
Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime
Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants
Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication
Friday, 4 February 2011
Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD):
Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna
Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime
Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants
Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication
Friday, 4 February 2011
Courtesy: Jakob Walve
Nitrogen loading
Total Nitrogenconcentration
Nitrogen retention
Water exchange
Secchi depth (water transparency)
Secchi depth is estimated according to empirical relationship between nitrogen concentration and Secchi depth
SPICOSA project: use of Secchi depth as model link
ln(Secchi depth) derived from satellite data to test model output
Friday, 4 February 2011
Friday, 4 February 2011
MVT intercalibration work-shop July 2008, Askö
Friday, 4 February 2011
Aeronet-OC Pålgrunden June 2009(SENT-3 validation)
Friday, 4 February 2011
MVT Field inter-comparison at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT) , Italy, July 19-22, 2010; lab calibration at JRC
Above water systems
In- water systems
In- water systemsWater sampling
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http://nordaquarems.org
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Sea-truthing PhD training course, Askö, May 2010Intercalibration with IOPAS (Poland)
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http://mywaters.eu/Friday, 4 February 2011
Recent articles Kratzer, K. and Vinterhav, C., 2010, Improvement of MERIS data in Baltic Sea
coastal areas by applying the Improved Contrast between Ocean and Land processor (ICOL), Oceanologia, 52 (2), 211–223.
Kratzer, S. and Tett, P., 2009, Using bio-optics to investigate the extent of coastal waters a Swedish case study, Hydrobiologia, 629:169-186.
Kratzer, S., Brockmann, C. and Moore G., 2008, Using MERIS full resolution data (300 m spatial resolution) to monitor coastal waters– a case study from Himmerfjärden, a fjord-like bay in the north-western Baltic Sea, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(5), 2284-2300.
Pierson, D., Kratzer, S., Strömbeck, N., and Håkansson, B., 2008, Relationship between the attenuation of downwelling irradiance at 490 nm with the attenuation of PAR (400nm- 700nm) in the Baltic Sea, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112 (3), 668-680.
Friday, 4 February 2011
Current aquatic remote sensing projects at SU• Swedish National Space Board (SNSB): Using MERIS full resolution data for
improved monitoring of coastal areas in the Baltic Sea – from research to application , 2010-2011. Focus: Fundamental research.
• ESA/ESRIN: Technical Assistance for the validation of MERIS products in lake Vänern and coastal waters of the north-western Baltic Sea (Sweden), mid 2008- mid 2011. Focus: Validation of MERIS data and intercalibration of radiometers.
• Participation in SPICOSA, and EU FP6 project on integrated coastal zone management: Focus: Academic training & developing remote sensing as diagnostic tool for integrated coastal zone management.
• Participation in Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) project: Development of evaluation criteria for pelagic quality elements (Secchi depth) in coastal areas. Focus: Ecosystem monitoring and management.
• NordForsk: NORDic network for AQUAtic REMote Sensing (http://nordaquarems.org/), Sept 2008-Sept 2011; coordinator: S.Kratzer. Focus: Networking, PhD training & curriculum development.
• WaterS: EU FP7 Marie Curie Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways (IAPP), 2010-2014.
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Thanks for listening!Any questions?
Friday, 4 February 2011
Thanks for listening!Any questions?
SST bio-sensor, Kratzer Ltd. at Landsort Deep (BY31).
Friday, 4 February 2011