bifurcation of drift shells near the dayside magnetopause

8/3/2019 Bifurcation of drift shells near the dayside magnetopause

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V7] Ho qchw ~d~e{, |e `hmhq ju{ qcej{eqhgd` q{edqmeoq qjmdloeqhg bheà mjae`w qcdq cdre wxmmeq{x dkjuq qce y = >

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012102http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012102http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012102http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012102http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012102http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012102


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V8] Qchw q{dowhqhjo hw do esdm~è jb ~hqgcbj{f khbu{gd-

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V4>] Jre{ d khbu{gdqhol a{hbq wce` , qce ~d{qhg e mjqhjo hwdahdkdqhg ere{x|ce{e, esge~q bj{ joe j{ q|j kjuoge jwgh`-`dqhjow ho qce oehlckj{cjja jb qce khbu{gdqhjo `hoew/ Joqcewe `hoew, qce etudqhjo K#wm( = Km hw wdqhwbhea dq esdgq`xqc{ee mh{{j{ ~jhoqw9 joe ~jhoq oed{ qce etudqj{hd` ~`doe|ce{e qce bheà wq{eolqc hw mdshmum, doa q|j ~jhoqw qj qceoj{qc doa wjuqc jb hq/ Bj{ d lhreo a{hbq wce``, qce{e d{e q|j

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V47] Qce khbu{gdqhol j{khqw |e aewg{hke ce{e wcjuà ojq kegjobuwea |hqc qce guw~-q{d~~ea j{khqw aewg{hkea kx Wceàjoeq d / V4883], |chgc d{e d`wj bjuoa ho qce guw~ {elhjo/Khbu{gdqhol j{khqw bj``j| do Ed{qc-geoqe{ea a{hbq wce`` dq d``qhmew, |chè guw~-q{d~~ea j{khqw bj``j| d a{hbq ~dqc geoqe{ead{juoa qce guw~ dshw, doa cdre d mugc `j|e{ mh{{j{ bheàrdùe/ Uoae{ wqdqhg gjoahqhjow, qce q|j qx~ew jb j{khqw d{eqj~j`jlhgd``x ahwgjooegqea9 Qce{e hw oj esgcdole keq|eeoqce q|j ~j~u`dqhjow uoèww qce fhoeqhg eoe{lx doa*j{ qce bh{wqhord{hdoq hw wukiegq qj gcdole/

V41] Qce ojodahdkdqhghqx jb AWK j{khqw, |hqc wuaaeogcdolew ho d ~d{qhgèw wegjoa hord{hdoq dw hq ~dwwew edgcg{hqhgd` ~jhoq, {ewemkèw dojqce{ ~{jkèm qcdq hw bdmh`hd{ ho{dahdqhjo-ke`q ~cxwhgw, odme`x qce ium~w qcdq jggu{ ho qce

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Km, qce khbu{gdqhjo ~jhoqw d{e lhreo kx qce hoqe{wegqhjo jbU#H( doa G#Km(/ Kjqc gu{rew gdo ke gjm~uqea edwh`x bj{ dlhreo mdloeqhg bheà mjae`/ Bhlu{e 7 ~{eweoqw d leoe{hgrhe| jb cj| qcewe gu{rew d{e `jgdqea jo qce etudqj{hd`

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V;4] Kx esq{d~j`dqhjo jb qchw d{lumeoq |e gdo wee qcdq dq dge{qdho rdùe H = H, qce gu{re U H kegjmew qdoleoqhd` qj

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V;;] Jo qce jqce{ cdoa, bj{ wce``w |hqc mh{{j{ bheàw èwwqcdo qce wukwj`d{ bheà, Kwukwj`d{, wugc d mdshmum rdùe

ajew ojq eshwq/ Qce gjoqju{ G; GKm; ho Bhlu{e 1 ajewojq ~dww qc{julc `jgd` ojjo kuq ijhow qce mdloeqj~duwewu{bdge/ Hq gdo ke weeo qcdq bj{ dox H,U#H( muwq hoqe{wegqG;6qce{ebj{e, qce{e hw oj `hmhqhol wegjoa-hord{hdoq rdùe bj{ qceeshwqeoge jb AWK bj{ `j| rdùew jb Km/

V;7] Bj{ kjqc qx~ew jb gjoqju{w, cj|ere{, hq hw ~jwwhkè qjhohqhd`hye qce ~d{qhgè |hqc wugc d `d{le wegjoa hord{hdoqqcdq hq |h ` ojq eoqe{ qce khbu{gdqhjo {elhjo, kuq a{hbqwah{egq`x hoqj qce mdloeqj~duwe/ Qce wukwetueoq axodmhgwjb wugc tudwh-q{d~~ea ~d{qhgèw d{e juqwhae qce wgj~e jbqchw wquax #wee, Xjuol eq d` V;>>;] bj{ qce rhj`dqhjo jb

Bhlu{e 7/ D wgcemdqhg rhe| jb qce khbu{gdqhjo {elhjo hoqce etudqj{hd` ~`doe/ Gu{re Ghw d gjoqju{ jb gjowqdoq Km,doaU>,U4,U; d{e gu{rew jb gjowqdoq/ Qce hoqe{wegqhjo jbG|hqc Uh lhrew qce khbu{gdqhjo ~jhoqw bj{ qce {eèrdoq a{hbqwce``/

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Kwukwj`d{ wugc qcdq G; = G#Km;(, d`` Ugu{rew muwq hoqe{wegqG;, wj AWK d`|dxw jggu{w/


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7/ Weowhqhre Ae~eoaeoge jo Kjuoge ^cdwe

V;1] Ho qce bh{wq wegqhjo |e aemjowq{dqea qcdq AWK gdohobùeoge qce wegjoa hord{hdoq whlohbhgdoq`x/ Ce{e |e h`ùw-q{dqe cj| qchw gcdole jggu{w, doa cj| hq ae~eoaw jo qce

kjuoge ~cdwe jb qce ~d{qhgè dq qce khbu{gdqhjo `hoe/ \e aebe{qce mdqcemdqhgd` dod`xwhw qj qce bj` j|hol wegqhjow6 qchwwegqhjow mdqe{hd` gjowhwqw jb whmu`dqea q{diegqj{hew/

V;5] Wugc ae~eoaeoge jo kjuoge ~cdwe hw {e~j{qea howere{d` ed{`he{ wquahew, |chgc bj``j| qewq-~d{qhgè q{diegqj{hewuoae{ d rd{heqx jb mdloeqjw~ce{hg gjobhlu{dqhjow, bj{ esdm-

~è, J{`jbbV4883] #~{jqjow uoae{ hoqel{dqea w~dge-|edqce{mjae`( doa Ae`gju{q doa Wdurdua V4883,4888] #fh`jeèg-q{jo rj`q ~{jqjow uoae{ Qwxldoeofj-38 doa Meda-Bdh{bheàmjae`, {ew~egqhre`x(/ Ce{e |e ~{eweoq d mj{e wxwqemdqhgwquax jb ~cdwe-ae~eoaeoge kx gjowq{ugqhol d kjuoge-~cdweeowemkè qcdq bhoe`x wdm~èw qce ~cdwe hoqe{rd`/

V;2] D`` qewq-~d{qhgè q{diegqj{hew ho qchw wegqhjo d{e ~{j-augea kx wj`rhol qce luhahol-geoqe{ etudqhjow jb mjqhjo

uoae{ d ajukè-ah~jè mjae`/ Qce luhahol-geoqe{ d~~{jsh-mdqhjo hw qcej{eqhgd``x es~egqea qj ke rd ha kegduwe qceojodahdkdqhghqx dq qce khbu{gdqhjo `hoe wcjuà ojq k{edf qcebh{wq hord{hdoq, doa |e cdre re{hbhea qcdq es~egqdqhjo kxoume{hgd` hoqel{dqhjo jb bu``-~d{qhg e q{diegqj{hew/ Qce ajuk e-ah~jè mjae` gjowhwqw jb q|j Ed{qc-wq{eolqc ah~jèw,mjmeoqw ~d{d`è`, ~`dgea |hqc d ahwqdoge ;> [e keq|eeoqcem wj qcdq qce mdloeqj~duwe hw whmu`dqea dw d ~`doe dqcd`b ahwqdoge 4> [e Vwee, Gcd~mdo doa Kd{qe`w, 481>]/ Qchwhw joe jb qce whm~èwq mdloeqhg gjobhlu{dqhjo qcdq d``j|w bj{AWK6 hqw whm~`hghqx mdfew hq gjoreoheoq bj{ bdwq whmu`dqhjowdoa bj{ dod`xwhw kx gjm~uqe{ d`lek{d wxwqemw/ \e em~cd-whye qcdq qce leoe{d` bedqu{ew jb AWK ahwguwwea ho qchw wquaxd{e ojq `hmhqea qj qchw whm~è mjae`/ Qce qcej{x |e ~{eweoq

ho `dqe{ wegqhjow hw d~~`hgdkè qj d |hae rd{heqx jb mdloe-qjw~ce{hg mjae`w/

V; ~[wh

w>4

K

w

Km 4=;

aw[wmwm

4 KwKm

4=;aw1

|ce{e b> hw qce ~cdwe dwwhloea qj qce {ebe{eoge ~jhoqw>, doawh hw qce d{g èolqc dq ^h/

V;3] \e hohqhdqe joe cuoa{ea q{diegqj{hew jb eègq{joluhahol-geoqe{w dq rd{hjuw ~jhoqw v^h} jo doa bj``j| qcemuoqh` qcex g{jww qce khbu{gdqhjo {elhjo, {egj{ahol qce wegjoahord{hdoq rdùew bj{ edgc q{diegqj{x/ \e gcjjwe do d{khq{d{xhohqhd` luhahol `hoe qcdq ~dwwew qc{julc qce ~jhoq ^> = #< [e,

< [e,>(/ Ye{j ~cdwe hw dwwhloea qj qce ~jhoq ^>/ \e weq u~qce eowemkè wugc qcdq qce etudqj{hd` ~hqgc dolè dq ^> hw3>, doa qce eègq{jow cdre 4 = >/15 [e, doa qcemh{{j{ bheà hw Km = 1;/8 oQ/

V;8] Bhlu{e 5 ahw~`dxw cj| qce gcdole jb qce wegjoahord{hdoq aue qj AWK ae~eoaw jo qce kjuoge ~cdwe jb edgc

~d{qhgè/ Qce qj~ ~doe` wcj|w qce ebbegq jb d wholè khbu{gd-qhjo, |ceo qce ~d{qhgèw d{e oed{ `jgd` ojjo/ \e wee qcdq qceahbbe{eoge ;Hojjo H> hw oeldqhre bj{ wjme ~d{qhgèw, doa

~jwhqhre bj{ jqce{w/ Qce od{{j| w~hfe ho qce ~`jq hoahgdqewqcdq d be| jb qcem dgtuh{e whlohbhgdoq`x `d{le wegjoa hord{hdoqrdùew/

V7>] \hqc choawhlcq #wee bj``j|hol wegqhjow(, |e bhq qceadqd qj d gu{re ho qce bj{m d & k òp; who#b g(p/ Qcegjoqhoujuw gu{re ho qce qj~ ~doe` jb Bhlu{e 5 hw d bhq |hqcd = ;/354>1, k = >/>44, g = >/4>4/ Qce eowemkè

Bhlu{e 5/ Qj~9 Qce gcdole ho qce wegjoa hord{hdoq dbqe{AWK, re{wuw qce kjuoge ~cdwe/ Mhaaè9 Qce mjqhjo y#q( bj{weègqea q{diegqj{hew/ #4( Gj{{ew~joahol qj ~cdwe ~*;,#;( gj{{ew~joahol qj qce ~cdwe oed{ qce ~edf jb qce gu{re,doa #7( ~cdwe ~*;/ Kjqqjm9 Qce qjqd` gcdole dbqe{ g{jwwholqce gjoiuldqe khbu{gdqhjo `hoe/


5 jb 42

D>


6/16

dre{dle jb qce gu{re #dre{dle jre{ b( hw etud` qj qce~d{dmeqe{ d, |chgc hw re{x g`jwe qj ye{j/

V74] Qce mhaaè ~doe`, |chgc wcj|w qce q{diegqj{hew bj{qc{ee memke{w jb qchw eowemkè, choqw dq qce megcdohwm qcdqgduwew qce wcd{~ hog{edwe dq wjme ~cdwew/ Qce j{khqw `dkeèa4 doa 7 gj{{ew~joa qj ~d{qhgèw |hqc ~cdwew ~*; doa ~*;,{ew~egqhre`x, doa j{khq ; gj{{ew~joaw qj qce ~cdwe g`jwewq qjqce ~edf jb qce qj~ ~doe`/ \e wee qcdq j{khq ; `hole{w d{juoaqce etudqj{ mugc `jole{ qcdo j{khqw 4 doa 7 aj, qcuw

k{edfhol qce wegjoa hord{hdoq/ Qce ~d{qhgè iuwq {edgcewqce ~edf |ceo qce mdloeqhg bheà qce{e {edgcew Km, doaqce ~d{d`è` mjqhjo hw qce{ebj{e wqd`èa/ Medo|chè, aue qja{hbq, qce whae mhohmd jb qce ~jqeoqhd` K#w( kegjme aee~e{ wj

qcdq |ceo qce ~d{qhgè bhod``x bd``w qj joe whae, qce j{khq ljewqc{julc d `j|e{ bheà mhohmum, qcuw dgtuh{hol d `d{le{wegjoa hord{hdoq/ Hb |e wdm~è qce ~edf mj{e bhoe`x, |e gdobhoa jqce{ j{khqw qcdq gjme g`jwe{ qj etudqj{ doa wqd`` bj{`jole{ qhmew/

V7;] \ceo qce memke{w jb qce hohqhd` eowemkè d{ewgdqqe{ea joqj oehlckj{hol a{hbq wce``w, qcex a{hbq dg{jwwqce adx whae |hqc w`hlcq`x ahbbe{eoq w~eeaw/ \e bj``j| qceq{diegqj{hew uoqh` qcex g{jww qce gjoiuldqe khbu{gdqhjo `hoedoa {equ{o qj qce ohlcq whae/ Qce kjqqjm ~doe` jb Bhlu{e 5wcj|w qce ahbbe{eoge keq|eeo bhod` doa hohqhd` wegjoahord{hdoqw re{wuw qce hohqhd` kjuoge ~cdwe/ Qce ~`jq ahw~`dxwqce wdme geoq{d` ~edf dw qce ~`jq jb qce qj~ ~doe`, kuq hq hwwg{dmkèa kegduwe jb qce w~eea ahbbe{eoqhd` dmjol qce

~d{qhgèw/ Qce aj|o|d{a ~jhoqhol wcd{~ ~edfw {ewu`q b{jmqce wdme cdol-u~ ~{jgeww qcdq g{edqew qce ~edf jb qce qj~

~doe`, |j{fhol kdgf|d{aw ho qchw gdwe/ D bhoe{ wdm~`hol{ered`w bu{qce{ ah~w d{juoa qce mdho u~|d{a ~edf #ojqwcj|o(6 ho qce gjoqhouum `hmhq, joe gdo es~egq qj bhoa dohobhohqe oumke{ jb ah~w, re{x g`jwe qj edgc jqce{/

V77] \e gjowq{ugq d wegjoa doa d qch{a eowemkè, uwholqce wdme hohqhd` luhahol `hoe/ Ho qce wegjoa eowemkè |ehog{edwe qce etudqj{hd` ~hqgc dol e qj 38/5, weqqhol qcefhoeqhg eoe{lx jb eègq{jow dldho qj 4 = >/>>4; [e/Qce qch{a eowemkè d`wj cdw do etudqj{hd` ~hqgc dolè jb38/5, kuq qce fhoeqhg eoe{lx jb edgc memke{ hw hog{edwea qj147 feR/

V71] Bhlu{e 2 ahw~`dxw qce gcdole ho qce wegjoa hord{hdoqdbqe{ d wholè khbu{gdqhjo jb qce j{hlhod` a{hbq wce`` jb qceweeowemkèw/ Qce gcdole AHhw ~jwhqhre bj{ d`` memke{w jb qceeowemkè, doa `d{le{ bj{ qce eowemkè |hqc chlce{ fhoeqhg

eoe{lx/V75] Qce buogqhjo d & k òp; who#b g(p |hqc d = >/>44, k =

>/>4; doa g = >/7 ~{jrhaew d re{x ljja bhq qj qce adqd~jhoqw jb qce wegjoa eowemkè/ D whmh`d{`x ljja bhq bj{ qceqch{a eowemkè hw lhreo |hqc qce ~d{dmeqe{w d = >/>;7, k =>/>;4, doa g = >/474/ Ho qcewe esdm~èw, qce eowemkè-dre{dlea gcdole jb qce wegjoa hord{hdoq hw ojq ye{j, kuqwhlohbhgdoq x `d{le doa ~jwhqhre/

1/ Ojoetudqj{hd` ^d{qhgèw

V72] Ho qchw wegqhjo doa qce bj``j|hol, |e ~{eweoq dqcej{eqhgd` dod`xwhw jb qce ojodahdkdqhg gcdolew hm~jwea

kx AWK/ Qchw wegqhjo d~~`hew qce qcej{x jb we~d{dq{hs

g{jwwhol qj qce ~{jkèm ho j{ae{ qj aeqe{mhoe qce gcdoleho qce wegjoa hord{hdoq/ Qchw meqcja |dw d~~`hea qj w~dge-

~`dwmd ~{jkèmw kebj{e9 Ho qceh{ |e``-foj|o wquax, Kugcoe{doa Yeèoxh V4838] d~~`x qce qcej{x jb we~d{dq{hs g{jwwhol qjqce dod`xwhw jb W~ehwe{ j{khqw ho qce mdloeqjqdh / Ho qcdq

~{jkèm, qce dgqhjo qcdq hw dbbegqea kx qce g{jwwhol hw ojq qcewegjoa hord{hdoq, kuq

CZyay, |chgc hw whmh`d{ qj qce bh{wq

hord{hdoq/ D`qcjulc W~ehwe{ j{khqw d{e re{x ahbbe{eoq b{jmkhbu{gdqhol j{khqw, qce wdme bj{md`hwm d~~`hew qj kjqc/

V7>7] cdw d wgj~e qcdqwhlohbhgdoq`x jre{`d~w |hqc qce ~{eweoq wegqhjo/ Qce duqcj{wd~~`x we~d{dq{hs-g{jwwhol qcej{x qj qce AWK ~{jkèm, doajkqdho dod`xqhgd` {ewu`qw bj{ d w~eghbhg mdloeqhg bheà/ Qceh{{ewu`qw cdre qce wdme ~{j~e{qhew dw qce {ewu`qw |e ~{eweoq

ce{e/ Qce ~{eweoq wquax ahbbe{w b{jm qce |j{f kx Doqjojrdeq d`/ mdho`x ho q|j dw~egqw/ \e aj ojq ~{ewu~~jwe dw~eghbhg mdloeqhg bheà, wj ju{ {ewu`qw d{e d~~`hgdkè qj d|hae g`dww jb mjae`w6 d`wj, |e ~{eweoq d q{edqmeoq jbetudqj{hd` ~d{qhgèw |cjwe khbu{gdqhjo gdoojq ke dod`xyea|hqc we~d{dq{hs-g{jwwhol qcej{x/

V73] D ljja {erhe| jb qce dahdkdqhg hord{hdoq doa jbwe~d{dq{hs g{jwwhol, hogùahol wjme d~~`hgdqhjow, hw ~{jrhaea

kx Ceo{d{a V4887]/

1/4/ We~d{dq{hs-G{jwwhol Qcej{x

V78] Uwhol qce luhahol-geoqe{ bj{md`hwm, qce kjuoge~{jkèm gdo ke es~{ewwea ho qce whm~è bj{m9

a ;w

aq; m

l;m

aK

aw5

Ce{e m doa ld{e gjowqdoqw kx ju{ dwwum~qhjow, doa K#w( hw dw`j|`x gcdolhol buogqhjo #aue qj a{hbq joqj jqce{ luhahol`hoew(/ D`wj, qce etudqhjo uoae{ljew khbu{gdqhjo dq wjmehowqdoq/ Ho qcdq bj{m, qce{e hw oj foj|o es~`hghq wjùqhjo qjetudqhjo #5(, ereo |ceo joe es~doaw K#w( ho d Qdx`j{ we{hew/Cj|ere{, |e d{e mdho`x hoqe{ewqea ho qce {e`dqhjo keq|eeohohqhd` doa bhod` rdùew jb qce wegjoa hord{hdoq #ewweoqhd``xdo dre{dle tudoqhqx(, doa ojq ho qce aeqdh`w jb qce ~d{qhgèq{diegqj{x/ Qj jkqdho wugc d {e`dqhjo, |e gdo uwe qce

Bhlu{e 2/ Q|j mj{e kjuoge-~cdwe eowemkèw dq qce wdmewqd{qhol `jgdqhjo dw ho Bhlu{e 5, |hqc det = 38/5/ Ho kjqceowemkèw, qce adxwhae wegjoa hord{hdoq cdw hog{edwea bj{d`` ~d{qhgèw/ Qce hog{edwe hw mj{e whlohbhgdoq |hqc qceeoe{leqhg eowemkè/ Qce gjoqhoujuw `hoew d{e ojo`hoed{ bhqwqj qce ~jhoqw/


2 jb 42

D>


7/16

we~d{dq{hs g{jwwhol qcej{x aere`j~ea kx Gd{x eq d`/ V4832]#GEQ(/

V1>] GEQ ~jwqu`dqe qce ahmeowhjoèww Cdmh`qjohdo9

Ct6~6` |;

~; t; aC t6~6` 2|chgc ae~eoaw jo qce w`j|`x gcdolhol ~d{dmeqe{ ` # Z e #4 bj{ d`` qhmew(/ Qce ~d{dmeqe{| ajew ojq ae~eoa jo t j{~,

kuq mdx ae~eoa jo `/ Qce qe{m aC gjoqdhow chlce{ ~j|e{wjb t doa ~, wj qcdq aC hw oel`hlhkè oed{ qce j{hlho/

V14] Bhlu{e < wcj|w qce gjoqju{w jb C dq bhsea ` #qceb{jyeo wxwqem(, |chgc d{e d`wj qce ~cdwe-w~dge j{khqw jbqce wxwqem/ Qce j{hlho #t = >, ~ = >( hw d wdaaè ~jhoq, doaqce we~d{dq{hs gu{re gj{{ew~joaw qj qce C = > gjoqju{/J{khqw |hqc ~jwhqhre Clj d{juoa qce we~d{dq{hs, |chè qcjwe|hqc oeldqhre C d{e gjobhoea hoqj joe jb qce we~d{dq{hs`jkew/

V1;] Qce ~d{dmeqe{| gdo ke hoquhqhre`x hoqe{~{eqea dw qcees~joeoqhdqhjo {dqe jb qce q{diegqj{hew oed{ qce wdaaè ~jhoqdq qce j{hlho/ Qj wee qchw, ojqe qcdq oed{ qce j{hlho, aC hwhloj{ea doa qce wjùqhjo qj qce {ewu`qhol Cdmh qjohdoaewg{hkew j{khqw |hqc t#q(,~#q(* e|q/

V17] @eq Xd#`( doa Xk#`( ke qce ~cdwe w~dge d{ed howhae qceèbq doa qce {hlcq `jke jb qce we~d{dq{hs, {ew~egqhre`x/Gjowhae{ do j{khq qcdq hw hohqhd``x juqwhae qce we~d{dq{hs,|hqc dgqhjo I>/ Hb Xd#`( doa*j{ Xk#`( d{e w`j|`x doamjojqjohgd``x hog{edwhol, qceo qce{e |h`` gjme d qhme `s|ce{e X

d#`

s( & X

k#`

s( = I

>, doa qce j{khq g{jwwew qce

we~d{dq{hs/ Qce g{jwwhol jggu{w ewweoqhd``x kegduwe qce `jked{ed wc{hofw dq d {dqe qcdq hw J#e(, |chè qce d{ed I> howhae qceq{diegqj{x wc{hofw mugc mj{e w`j|`x #aue qj dahdkdqhghord{hdoge(, wj qce we~d{dq{hs gdqgcew u~ |hqc qce q{diegqj{x/Gjore{we`x, hb qce j{khq hw hohqhd``x howhae `jke d, |cjwe d{edhw wc{hofhol, g{jwwhol jggu{w |ceo Xd = I>/

V11] Qce dod`jlx keq|eeo qchw ~{jkèm doa AWK hwwq{dhlcqbj{|d{a9 I> gj{{ew~joaw qj qce hohqhd` wegjoa hord{h-doq, qce qjqd` `jke d{ed Xd#`( & Xk#`( gj{{ew~joaw qj doaqce g{jwwhol qhme `s gj{{ew~joaw qj qce `jgdqhjo jb qce

khbu{gdqhjo `hoe/

V15] GEQ daj~q d ~e{qu{kdqhre d~~{jdgc qj {e dqe qce~jwqg{jwwhol dgqhjo Ib qj qce hohqhd` dgqhjo/ Qce wmd``~e{qu{kdqhjo ~d{dmeqe{ hw e Z / Ho qce bhod` {ewu`q, qe{mwjb j{ae{ e; j{ chlce{ d{e hloj{ea/

V12] \ceo qce Cdmh`qjohdo Vetudqhjo #2(] hw wxmmeq{hg hot doa ~, kjqc `jkew gjre{ etud` d{edw doa qcewe d{edw cdreetud` {dqew jb gcdole #Xd = Xk X, ZXd ZXk ZX/ Ho qchwgdwe, qce gcdole ho qce dgqhjo bj{ do j{khq qcdq hw hohqhd``x

juqwhae jb ehqce{ `jke hw9

Ib X `s ZX

|

`s

ò ; who bi i J e; hw hm~`hghq ho `s, rhd;X#`s( = I>/ Bj{ do j{khq qcdq hw hohqhd``x howhae d `jke qcdq hwwc{hofhol, qce {e`dqhjo hw9

Ib ;X `s ;ZX

|

`s

ò ; who bi i J e; 3V1 #bj{esdm~è, hobhohqe`x bdwq kjuoge mjqhjo( qce gj{{egqhjo qe{m gdo

ke jmhqqea6 bu{qce{mj{e, hb X#`( hohqhd``x hog{edwew doa qceoaeg{edwew, |e wee qcdq dbqe{ d gjoiuldqe ~dh{ jb g{jwwholw, qcedgqhjo hw kdgf qj hqw hohqhd` rdùe/ Qchw hw etuhrdèoq qj qced{lumeoq jbWcdkdowfx V48 doa b = ~,doa wcd``j| ho keq|eeo/ Hohqhd` gjoahqhjow gj{{ew~joaholqj b % > #j{ do hoqele{ mu`qh~è jb ~( g{edqe j{khqw |cjwedgqhjo hw whlohbhgdoq`x hog{edwea/ Qcex d{e qce j{khqw|chgc w~eoa d gjowhae{dk e qhme oed{ qce wdaaè ~jhoq#gb/ Bhlu{e 5(/

V18] Hb d weq jb hohqhd` gjoahqhjow hw uohbj{m`x ahwq{hkuqeaho qce dolè rd{hdkè kuq cdre d gjmmjo rdùe jb I>, qcexd{e uohbj{m`x ahwq{hkuqea ho b, qjj/ Qce dre{dle jb qce

ium~w jb qce wegjoa hord{hdoq bj{ wugc do eowemkè |h`` keetud` qj ye{j, kegduwe

[>;~ òp;whobp ab = >/ Cj|ere{, qce

{jjq medo wtud{e aerhdqhjo hw ojq ye{j, |chgc medow qcdqqce memke{w jb qce eowemk e d{e wgdqqe{ea joqj oehlc-

kj{hol j{khqw/V5>] Qce {ewu`qw ho etudqhjow # d{e esgùaea b{jm qchwdod`xwhw/ Qce gdwe jb re{x wmd`` hohqhd` wegjoa hord{hdoq hwdod`xyea ho wegqhjo 5/

V54] Qce hoqe{ewqea {edae{ gdo gcegf qce qcej{x dldhowqoume{hgd` es~e{hmeoqw |hqc d qjx ~{jkèm/ Qce tud{qhgCdmh`qjohdo

Ct6~6 ` ~;

; ` t

;

; t

1

18

|ce{e ` = eq, ~{jrhaew d qewq gdwe, |chgc gdo ke uwea qjldho do hoquhqhjo bj{ qce we~d{dq{hs g{jwwhol ~{jkèm/ Qj

Bhlu{e / Gjoqju{w |hqc oeldqhre C d{e gjobhoea qj qce `jkew#{elhjo d j{ k(, |chè ~jwhqhre C gjoqju{w lj d{juoa kjqc`jkew #{elhjo g(/


< jb 42

D>


8/16

cdre {e~edqea we~d{dq{hs g{jwwholw, iuwq `hfe hq jggu{w |hqcAWK, joe gdo weq ` qj rd{x ~e{hjahgd``x ho w`j| qhme, bj{esdm~è, ` = g> & g4who#eq(, |ce{e g> doa g4 d{e gjowqdoqw/

1/;/ D~~`hgdqhjo qj A{hbq-Wce`` Khbu{gdqhjo

V5;] Ho j{ae{ qj d~~`x qce qcej{x jb we~d{dq{hs g{jwwholw qjqce AWK ~{jkèm, |e ~jwqu`dqe qce bj``j|hol kjuogeCdmh`qjohdo9

Cw6 rf6` r;f;

ml;m

K` w K` > 4>

|ce{e rpp = Zw, doa ` hw d w`j|`x gcdolhol gjj{ahodqe d`jolqce a{hbq ~dqc/ Qchw Cdmh`qjohdo buogqhjo lhrew qce wdmeetudqhjo jb mjqhjo dw etudqhjo #5(/ Qce gjowqdoq qe{m m

K`#>(*l;m eowu{ew qcdq qce we~d{dq{hs gj{{ew~joaw qj qceC = > gjoqju{/ Bhod` x, qce Qdx`j{ es~dowhjo

K` w K` > a;K`

aw;

w>

w;

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wcj|w qcdq qce kjuoge Cdmh`qjohdo hw ah{egq`x gjm~dqhkè|hqc qce dwwumea bj{m Vetudqhjo #2(] jb GEQ qcej{x#kegduwe jb qce oj{qc-wjuqc wxmmeq{x, qce es~dowhjo cdwoj qe{mw |hqc jaa ~j|e{w(/

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V82] [ewed{gce{w d{e oj| kelhoohol qj gjmkhoe mjae`wjb qce {dahdqhjo ke`qw qcdq {e~{eweoq q{dow~j{q ho qe{mw jbahbbuwhjo gjebbhgheoqw |hqc oume{hgd` MCA mjae`w jb `d{le-wgdè mdloeqjw~ce{hg axodmhgw, |chgc gd`gu`dqe qce mdl-oeqhg bheà gjobhlu{dqhjo dw d buogqhjo jb qhme/ AWK-q{dow~j{qebbegqw gjuà ke hogj{~j{dqea d~~{jshmdqe`x ho qcjwe mjae`w

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V83] Qce wegjoa ebbegq, {e`dqea qj qce bh{wq, hw qce eme{-leoge jb d oe| qx~e jb q{d~~hol/ Q{dahqhjod``x, eoe{leqhg

~d{qhgè q{diegqj{hew ho wqdqhg-mdloeqhg bheà gjobhlu{dqhjowcdre keeo ahrhaea hoqj qc{ee gdqelj{hew9 #4( wqdk`x q{d~~ea,|chgc {ebe{w qj a{hbq ~dqcw qcdq gh{gè qce Ed{qc hobhohqe`xmdox qhmew6 #;( tudwh-q{d~~ea, |chgc {ebe{w qj ~d{qhgèw qcdq

kjuoge keq|eeo mh{{j{ ~jhoqw jo g`jwea bheà `hoew kuqg{jww qce mdloeqj~duwe |hqcjuq gjm~èqhol joe gjm~èqea{hbq d{juoa qce Ed{qc6 doa #7( uoq{d~~ea, |chgc {ebe{w qj

~d{qhgèw qcdq mjre jo`x jo j~eo j{ hoqe{~`doeqd{x bheà`hoew/ Qce {doajm |d`f ho qce {dahd` gjj{ahodqe aue qj AWKhm~`hew qcdq d ~d{qhgè |hqc mh{{j{ bheà Km 0 Kwukwj`d{ mdxa{hbq d{juoa qce Ed{qc joge #j{ mdox qhmew( kebj{e hqwwegjoa hord{hdoq kegjmew wubbhgheoq`x `d{le wj qcdq hq a{hbqwhoqj qce mdloeqj~duwe doa ~{ewumdk`x ewgd~ew/ \e ~{j-

~jwe {ebe{{hol qj qchw oe| g`dww jb ~d{qhgèw dw meqdwqdk`xq{d~~ea/

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V4>4] \e cdre ~{eweoqea do dod`xwhw jb qce mdlohquae jbqce wegjoa-hord{hdoq gcdole, |chgc gdo ke ah{egq`x d~~`heaqj dox mdloeqhg bheà mjae` qcdq hw wqdqhg doa ~jwwewwewoj{qc-wjuqc wxmmeq{x/ \e haeoqhbx q|j ~d{dmeqe{ {elhmew9Qce ahbbuwhre {elhme, |ce{e qce ~{ekhbu{gdqhjo rdùe jb qcewegjoa hord{hdoq hw mugc `d{le{ qce mh{{j{ lx{j{dahuw jb qce

~d{qhgèw mjqhjo/ Wugc gdwew d{e dod`xyea |hqc qce GEQbj{mu`d/ Ho qcdq {elhme, qce dre{dle gcdole jb qce wegjoahord{hdoq ho d kjuoge-~cdwe eowemkè hw ye{j, kuq qce {jjqmedo wtud{e gcdole hw ojq ye{j/ \ceo qce eowemkè hw

~{e~d{ea wj qcdq qce hohqhd` wegjoa hord{hdoq hw jb qce wdmej{ae{ dw, j{ èww qcdo, qce mh{{j{ lx{j{dahuw, |e wee do jre{d``wchbq ho qce wegjoa hord{hdoq ho daahqhjo qj qce ahbbuwhre qe{m/Qchw hw gd`èa qce kd``hwqhg {elhme, |ce{e edgc ~d{qhgè hw

gdqd~u`qea joqj d whlohbhgdoq`x ahwqdoq a{hbq wce``/ Qchw gdwe~{egùaew qce uwe jb qce GEQ bj{mu`d, kuq qce ^dhoèrebj{mu`d hw d~~`hgdkè ce{e/ Qcewe q|j gdwew gjm~èmeoqedgc jqce{ qj ~{jrhae d gjm~èqe ~hgqu{e jb qce AWK ebbegq/

V4>;] Ju{ {ewu`qw d{e etud` x d~~`hgdkè qj kjqc hjow doaeègq{jow, ~{jrhaea qcdq qce luhahol-geoqe{ d~~{jshmdqhjohw rd`ha/

V4>7] Ju{ dod`xwhw hw kdwea jo ge{qdho whm~ hbhgdqhjow9gjowqdoq mdloeqhg bheà, ye{j eègq{hg bheà, doa oj{qc-wjuqcwxmmeq{x/ Qcewe dwwum~qhjow gdo ke {e`dsea/ Ereo ho qce

~{eweoge jb eègq{hg bheàw j{ qhme-rd{xhol mdloeqhg bheàw, hbqce gjoahqhjow d{e dahdkdqhg, |e gdo dwwume qcdq H hw d rd`hahord{hdoq bj{ d be| kjuogew d{juoa qce khbu{gdqhjo `hoe/Qceo, qce bj{mu`dw ho qchw d{qhgè gdo wqh`` ke uwea qj {e`dqe

wegjoa-hord{hdoq rdùew iuwq kebj{e doa iuwq dbqe{ khbu{gd-qhjo/ \e gdo d`wj {e`ds qce wxmmeq{x {etuh{emeoq kx{e~`dghol qce {ebe{eogew qj qce etudqj{hd` ~`doe |hqc qcewu{bdge wdqhwbxhol aK*aw = >/ Cj|ere{, qce {ewu qw jbwe~d{dq{hs-g{jwwhol qcej{x kx Gd{x eq d`/ V4832] d{e mj{egjm~`hgdqea |ceo wugc wxmmeq{x `dgfw/

V4>1] \ceo qce hoqe{~`doeqd{x mdloeqhg bheà cdw d wq{jolx-gjm~joeoq, wjme jb qcdq Kx èdfw hoqj qce mdloeqj-w~ce{e, {ewu`qhol ho d mdloeqjw~ce{hg gjobhlu{dqhjo |ce{eoehqce{ oj{qc-wjuqc oj{ ad|o-auwf wxmmeq{x eshwqw/ Wugcdo dwxmmeq{x mdx lhre {hwe qj d ahbbe{eoq AWK-dwwjghdqeamegcdohwm bj{ rhj`dqhol qce wegjoa hord{hdoq/ Wu~~jwe do


47 jb 42

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gj{{egqhjow ce{e(, qce eègq{jo a{hbqw ~dwq ojjo gjowe{rholqce hord{hdoq doa d{{hrew dq qce auwfwhae khbu{gdqhjo ~jhoq#Bhlu{e 4; ahdl{dm(/ Dbqe{ ~dwwhol qcdq ~jhoq, hqw hord{hdoq|h`` ke H4 & H;, |chgc hw èww qcdo hqw hohqhd` hord{hdoq, whoge

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V4>5] Qce gcdole hoaugea kx qchw dwxmmeq{x megcdohwmae~eoaw oehqce{ jo kjuoge ~cdwe #esge~q qj aeqe{mhoe jo|chgc whae qce ~d{qhgè |h`` ke q{d~~ea(, oj{ jo qce eoe{lx jbqce ~d{qhgè/ Dw wugc, hq hw jb ye{j j{ae{ ho qce lx{j{dahuw,|chè qce kjuoge-~cdwe-ae~eoaeoq gcdole |e horewqhldqeaqc{julcjuq qce ~{eweoq d{qhgè hw d bh{wq-j{ae{ ebbegq/ Uoae{leoe{d` gjoahqhjow, qce dwxmmeq{hg ebbegq gdo ke dw whlohbh-

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V4>2] Qce dhm jb qchw ~d~e{ cdw keeo qj es~jwe qce kdwhg~cxwhgw horj`rea ho qce rhj`dqhjo jb qce wegjoa hord{hdoqu~jo khbu{gdqhjo/ Qce |j{f |dw ajoe ~d{q`x kegduwe |e be`qhq mhlcq ke uwebu` ho buqu{e mjae`hol wquahew jb {dahdqhjo-

ke`q ~cxwhgw/ Jb gju{we, a{hbq-wce`` khbu{gdqhjo ajew ojqjggu{ ho qce ced{q jb qce {dahdqhjo ke`qw, wj qce |j{f {e~j{qeace{e ajew ojq ah{egq`x hm~dgq g`dwwhgd` {dahdqhjo-ke`q-ahbbuwhjomjae`w/ Cj|ere{, foj|èale jb q{dow~j{q qc{julc qce AWK{elhjo mdx ~{jre uwebu` ho qcej{eqhgd` wquax jb qce wju{gewjb {dahdqhjo-ke`q ~d{qhgèw, whoge qce AWK {elhjo `hew ke-q|eeo qce {dahdqhjo ke`qw doa q|j jbqeo-meoqhjoea ~jwwhkèwju{ge {elhjow9 qce ~`dwmd wceeq Ve/l/, Kdfe{ eq d`/, 4883]doa qce ~j`d{ guw~w VWceàjo eq d`/, 4883]/ Bu{qce{mj{e,gd{ebu` qcej{eqhgd` q{edqmeoq jb qce q{d~~hol kjuoad{x doa`jww qc{julc qce mdloeqj~duwe {etuh{ew q{edqmeoq jb q{dow-

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41 jb 42

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bifurcation of drift shells near the dayside magnetopause

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