i

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A - PRIMARY SOURCES

(a) INSCRIPTIONS

1. Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy 1905, 1915, 1936-37, 1950-51 and

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(b) LITERATURE

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ii

7. Silappatikaram, with notes edited by Thiru.Po.Ve. Soma

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(c) TRADITIONAL ACCOUNTS

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(d) GAZETTEERS AND CENSUS REPORT

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Krishnaswami

Madras District Gazetteers, Madras, 1933.

2. Baliga, B.A., Madras District Gazetteers, Government of

Madras, Madras, 1966.

4. Francis Fredrick

Nickelson,W.,

Gazetteer of South India, Mittal

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Service of Census

Operations

Census of India, 1961, Vol.IX, Part XI-D,

Temples of Madras State, Coimbatore and

Salem, Madras, 1968.

5. Lafanu, H., Manual of Salem District in the Presidency

of Madras, Vols.I and II, 1983.

6. Ramaswami, A., Madras District Gazetteer-Salem,

Government of Madras, 1967.

7. Richards, F.J., Salem-Madras District Gazetteers, Vol. I,

Parts I and II, Madras, 1918.

iii

(e) PERSONAL INTERVIEW

1. Dr.T.Manonmani, Retired Professor of History, Arulmigu Palani

Andavar Arts and Science College for Women, Palani dated 05.09.2009.

2. Pulavar Rasu, S., Retired Professor of Tamil, Tanjavur Tamil University

dated 30.08.2008.

3. Dr.Sampath, M.D, Retired Director, Archaeological Survey of India, and

Mysore dated 12.3.2008.

4. Dr.Santhalingam, R., Epigraphist, Government Museum, Madurai dated

18.8.2008.

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2. Avanam, Vol.4, Journal of Tamil Nadu Archaeological Society, 1994.

3. South Indian History Congress, Third Annual Conference, Erode, 1982.

4. Studies in Indian Place Names, Vols. XXIV, XXVI, XXVIII, XXIX,

The Place Names Society of India, Mysore, 1990-200.

(b) PERIODICALS

1. Pulavar. S.Rasu, Kongu Monthly, Madras, 1973.

2. Tenolai, Vol.28, April 1981.

(c)SOUVENIRS

1. Chandramudaliar, The State and Religious Endowments in Madras,

University of Madras, 1976.

2. Kodandaraman, Manivizha Malar, Erode, 1981.

3. Kongu Katturai Manigal, Gobi Arts and Science College, Gobi, 2003.

4. Seminar Proceedings on Kongu Nadu History, Erode, 1980.

iv

(d) DISSERTATIONS

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Kamaraj University, Madurai, 2005.

5. Muthulakshimi, S.M., Minor Deities in and around Palani, Madurai

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3. Aiyer, K.V.,

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Historical Sketches of Ancient Dekhan,

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4.______________, Largest Provincial Organisation in

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6. Arunachalam, M., The Saivagamas, Gandhi Vidyalayam,

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v

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9. Ayyar, P.V., Jagadisa, South Indian Festivities, Rupa &Co,

New Delhi, 1982.

10. Balasubramanyam, S.R., Early Chola Temples (A.D. 907- 985),

Orient Longman, Bombay, 1971.

11. ______________, Middle Chola Temples, Rajaraja to

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12. Basham, A.L., The Wonder that was India, Rupa &Co,

Delhi, 1981.

13. Beck, E.F., Brenda,

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14. Bhandarakar,

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15. Busangi Rajannan, Salem Encyclopaedia, Institute of

Kongu Studies, Salem, 1992.

16. Champalakshmi, R., Urbanisation in Medieval Tamil Nadu,

Oxford University, New Delhi, 1986.

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Thilagavathi.L.,

Trade in Kongu (Upto 16th century

A.D), Emerald Publishers, Madras,

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18. Das, R.K., Temples of Tamil Nadu, Bharatiya

Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1964.

19. Dhaky, M.A., Encyclopaedia of Indian Architecture,

Vol. I, Varanasi, 1982.

20. Dorai

Rangasamy, M.A.,

The Religion and Philosophy of

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21. Gravely, F.H. An Outline of Indian Temple

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vi

22. ______________, South Indian Shrines, Asian

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23. Harle, C., James, Temple Gateways in South India,

Oxford University Press, New Delhi,

1963.

24. ______________, Dravidian Architecture, Asian

Educational Services, New Delhi, 1987.

25. Jouveau-Dubreuil, G., Iconography of Southern India,

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26. Lakshminarayan, K.,

Gangadharan, T.,

Chandrasekar, N.,

Salem City - An Ethno History (1792-

1992), Vysya College, Salem, 1999.

27. Mahalingam, T.V., South Indian Polity, University of

Madras, Madras, 1977.

28. Manickam, V., Kongu Nadu (A History upto 1400 A.D),

Madras, 2001.

29. Minakshi, C., Administration and Social Life under

the Pallavas, University of Madras,

Madras, 1977.

30. Nagaswami, R., Art and Culture of Tamil Nadu,

Sundeep Prakasham, New Delhi, 1980.

31.______________, Tamil Coins-A Study, Madras, 1981.

32.______________, The Art of Tamil Nadu, State

Department of Archaeology,

Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras,

1972.

33.______________, Karur Vanchi, TNDA, Coimbatore,

1979.

34. Noboru Karashima, Towards A New Formation, South

Indian Society under Vijayanagar rule,

vii

Oxford University Press, New Delhi,

1992.

35.______________, South Indian History and Society 800

A.D to 1800 A.D., Oxford University

Press, New Delhi, 1984.

36. Orr., C., Leslie, Temples Women in Medieval Tamil

Nadu, Oxford University Press, 2000.

37. Pandey, B.A., Temple Economy under the Cholas,

Bahri Publications Private Limited,

New Delhi, 1984.

38. Pillai, K.K., A Social History of the Tamils, Vol. I,

University of Madras, Madras, 1975.

39. ______________, The Caste System in Tamil Nadu,

University of Madras, Madras, 1977.

40. Pillai, B., Suresh, Introduction to the study of Temple Art,

Equador and Meridian, Thanjavur,

Tamil Nadu, 1976.

41. Ponnusamy,S., Sri Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur,

Department of Archaeology, 1972.

42. Poongundran,R., Perur, Tamil Nadu State Department of

Archaeology, Madras, 1979.

43. Rajagopalan, M., Sixteen Saiva Temples of Tamil Nadu,

Surya Achagam, Tiruvanmayur, 1955.

44. Ramamurthy, V., History of Kongu, International Society

for the Investigation of Ancient

Civilization, Madras, 1986.

45. Rao, T.A., Gopinath, Elements of Hindu Iconography,

Motilal Banarsidas Publishers, New

Delhi, 1985.

46. Robert Sewell, Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern

India, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi,

1975.

viii

47. Sadasiva

Pandarathar, T.V.,

History of the Later Cholas (Part I),

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48. Sastri, K.A., Nilakanta The Colas, University of Madras,

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49.______________, A History of South India, Oxford

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50.______________, Development of Religion in South India,

Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers

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51. Sethuraman, N., The Cholas, Raman and Raman Private

Limited, Kumbakonam, 1977.

52. ______________, Early Cholas, Raman and Raman

Private Limited, Kumbakonam, 1980.

53. ______________ , Medieval Pandyas (A.D.1000-1200),

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ix

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x

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xix

GLOSSARY

Abhayahasta : Hands held as if bestowing happiness

Achchu : Gold coin, coin current in olden days

Adhishthana : Basement of a temple

Adikilthalam : Trading centre, residing place of the traders or a cantonment

Akkasalai : People involved in minting

Anai Achchu : Standard measure, elephant figured coin

Andarayam : Common tax

Anjalihasta : Hands held in prayer

Annurruvar : Five hundred men

Antarala : An intermediate space in a temple

Araiyan : Title conferred by the king on a village chief

Ardhamandapa : A small hall immediately in front of the principal shrine

Bhitti : Wall

Bhutagana : Goblin group

Brahmadeya lands : Land donated by the king to the Brahmanas

Chaturvedimangalam : Village owned by the Brahmanas who were well versed in the

four Vedas

Dandakurram or : A fine imposed on criminals

Kurradandam

Devadana lands : Land donated by the king to the Siva temple

Devakanmis : Temple executive officers

Devakoshtha : Niche on the wall of the shrine

Devaradiyars : Women who offered temple services

Dhvaja stambha : A pillar, standard or flagstaff

Elavai : Fee for crematorium

Garbhagriha : Central shrine, Sanctum Sanctorum

Gopura : Main gate way

Griva : Neck, a segment below the Sikhara

Hara : String of miniature shrine over each terrace of the storied

Vimana

Illai amudu : Betel leaf offering to God

Iraivari : Land tax paid by the people

Iraiyili : Tax free land

Jagati : A terrace, a plinth, or a platform; the basement of a temple

Kadamai : Land tax

Kalam : Measuring pot

Kalanju : A unit of gold weight, Gold coin

Kalasa : Wide mouthed vase, lower most member of the pillar capital

Kamakottam : Shrine of Goddess Parvathi

Kambu : A dry land grain

Kanam : Gold coin

Kani : Land measurement

Kapota : Dove, over hanging cornice

Kasu : Money

xx

Katyavalambita : Palm perpendicular to the ground and resting on the hip

Khadihasta : Posture

Kol : Measuring rod

Kudi : Cultivators, house hold

Kudimai : Agricultural tax, tenancy tax

Kudu : An arch shaped opening, nest

Kulam : Tank

Kumbha Panjara : A niche decorated with a vase motif

Kuttam : Clan

Lolahasta : Hand held freely

Ma : A land measurement

Mahamandapa : Pillared hall immediately in front of the ardhamandapa

Mahanasika : Projected nose like part from the sides of the Griva

Makara Torana : Decoration on the niches with fishes

Managar : Great city

Manjadi : Tax in gold

Manrupadu : Fine, penalty

Mukha mandapa : First or frontal mandapa

Nagar : City

Nagarattar : Local merchant

Nali : Grain measurement

Nandavanam : Flower garden

Nattar : Agricultural people

Nimandakkarar : Temple servants

Padma : Lotus

Padmabandha : Broad fillet

Palan salaka : Old coin

Palanjalagai achchu : Coin that was already in circulation

Panam : Money

Panjara : Miniature apsidal shrine

Parivaram : Group of temple servants

Pattika : Projected top slab of the platform

Peruvazhi : Trunk road

Phalaka : Abacus; wide plank on top of the terminal saduram or

moulded capital of pillar supporting the corbel, or podiga

Pitha : Pedestal

Pon : Gold

Ponvari : Tax on gold

Pranala : Sprout projected like a gargoyle to discharge water

Prastara : Roof, entablature

Puravu : Land tax paid by farmers who cultivated the king's land

Sabha : Council of Brahmins

Sala Sikhara : Sikhara in vegan shape

Saliyar : Traders, Weavers, Cloth Merchants

Samabhanga : Standing or seated figure in equipoise

Sandhi lamp : Lamp lit mostly in the evening in the temple

Sarigai : Common tax

xxi

Sikhara : Roof of the vimana over the griva

Sirrayam : Minor tax

Stambha : Pillar

Stupi : Finial, forming the topmost or ultimate member of the vimana,

gopura or any other structure

Sumai : Load

Sungam : Tax paid by traders

Tadi : Saucer shaped capital member above the kalasa and below the

kumbha

Torana : Free- standing ornamental floral festoon

Tribhanga : Tri bent standing body posture

Tripattakumuda : Three faceted torus moulding

Ugavai : Marriage tax

Upana : Lower most moulding of the adhishthana

Ur : Traders Settlement

Vanigar : Merchant

Varadahasta : Hands held in boon giving posture

Vazhi : Footpath

Veli : Unit of land measurement

Vetti : Service rendered by the holders of lands, a form of revenue, a

free service

Vimana : The shrine portion of a temple and its superstructure

Vyala : Leonine figure

Vyalamala, : Decorative frieze

Vyalavari