--Basic Ship Theory

K. J. Rawson R.C.N.C. , C.Eng., M.R.I.N.A. , Wh.Sch.

E. C. Tupper B.Se., R.C.N .C., C.Eng., M.R.I.N.A ., Wh.Sch.

Longmans

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Contents

Foreword

Introduction Units - Examples - References

Symbols and nomenclature General ,··· Geometry of ship - Propeller geometry - Resistance and propulsion -- Sea­keeping - Manoeuvrability - Strength

I Art or Science '! History Naval architecture today - Ships Authorities Classification societies -Government bodies - lnternalionai bodies - Learned bodies Referenc:es

2 Some tools Bask geometric concepti Proptrt~8 of irregular shapes Plane shapes - Three­dimensional shapes -- Metacentre - Hollow shapes - Symbols and conventions Approximate integration Trapezoidal rule - Simpson's rules - Newton-· Cotes' rules - Tchebycheff's rules - Gauss rules Machines Planimeter - Integraph -integra­tor - Analogue computers and simulators - Digital computers Approximate formulae and rules Normand's formula - Weight conventions Statistics Proba­bility - Probability curve Worked examples Reference! Prohlems

3 Flotation and trim Flotation Propt:rties of fluids Archimedes' principle - Vertical movement Trim Changes of draught with trim-moment causing trim -_. Addition of weight - Large weight additions - Determination of design trim - Change of water densi ty Hydro­static data Hydrostatic curves - Calculation of hydrostatic data - Metacentric diagram Work.ed examples Problems

4 Stability Initial stabitity Adjustment of transverse metacentric height by small changes of dimensions - Effect of mass tlensity - Effect of free surfaces of liquids - Effect of freely suspended weights - The wall-sided formula Complete stability Cross curves of stability - Derivation of cross curves of stability - Accuracy of stability calculations - Curves of statical stability - Main features of the GZ curve - Effect of free liquid surfaces OD stability at large angles of inclination ' . . Surfaces of B. M. F , and Z -Influence of ship fonn on stability - Stability of a completely submerged body Dynamical stabilJty Stability assessment Stability standards _. The inclining experi­ment References Prohlem.~

5 Hazards and protection Flooding and collJsioD Watertight subdivision - Flotation calculations - Damaged stability calculations - Damage safety margins - Loss of stability on grounding -Berthing and ice navigation Safety of life at sea Fire - Life-saving equipment -Anchoring - Damage control - Uncomfortable cargoes - Nuclear machinery Other hazards Mechanical shock - Ship signatures - Enemy action Referettecs Problems

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Vl Contents

6 The ship girder The standard calculation The wave - Weight distribution - - Buoyancy and balance­Loading - Shearing force and bending moment - Second moment of area - Bending stresses - Shear stresses Extensions to the sraodacd calculation rnfluencc lines -Changes to section modulus - Slopes and deflections - Horizontal ftexure - Behaviour of a hollow box girder - Wave pressure correction · Longitudinal strength standards by rule - Compllter programs Thermal Slresses Criterion of failute Full-scale trials -- - The n<:t ture of failure - Statistica l determination of loading Discoatinuities Theory - Built-i n stress concentrations - Brittle fracture - Discontinuities in structural design - Superstructures and deckhouses References Problems

7 Structural design and analysis Loading and failure ··- Structural units of u ship Stiffened plating Simple beams -Grillages - Swedgcd plating Panels of plating Bchaviour of panels under lateral loading - Available results for flat plates under lateral pressure .. Buckling of panels Frameworks Methods of analysis - Elastic stability of a frame - End constraint Fittings Control surfaces -- Shaft brackets - Derricks - Lattice masts References Problems

8 Launching and docking Launching Launching curves - Construction of launching curves .- G rounuways­Thc dynamics of launching Strength and stability - Sideways launching Docking Load distribution · Block behaviour - Strength of floating docks - Stability during docking References Prohlc>ms

9 The ship environment The external eovjroDmen(~ The sea Water properties - The sea surface Waves Tro­ehoidal waves - Sinusoidal waves - Irregular wave patterns Histograms and probability distributions -- Wave spectra - Wave amplitude.. .. - Extreme wave ampli ­tudes - Other means of defining an irrcguliu wave system Climate The wind Ambient air - Climatic extremes Physical limitations The internal environment. Ship motions The air Lighting Vibration and noise Excitation Responses -Cures- Calculations - Noise References Problems

10 Powering of ships: general principles

Fluid dynamics Componeots or resistaoce and propulsion Effective horsepower -Types of resistance Wave-making resista nce - Frictional resistance - Form resis­tance Eddy-making resistance - Air resistance - Appendage resistance - Residuary resistance -. - The propulsion device - The screw propeller - Special types of propeller - Alternative means of propulsion - Momentum theory applied to the screw propeller

The blade element approach - Cavitation - Singing Interaction between ship and propeller - Hull efficiency Overall propulsive efficiency - Shitrmodel correla­tion Model testing Resistance tests - Resistance test facilities and tC\:hniques -Model determination of hull efficiency elements - Propeller tests in open water -Cavitation tunnel tesL" Ship trials Speed tria ls - Experimen ts on HMS Greyhound and Lucy Ashton Summary Rereren«s Prohlems

11 Powering of ships: application

Presentation of data Resistance data - The Froude 'constant' notation Taylor notation - Propeller data Power estimation Resistance prediction - Froude method - ITIC ship-model correlation line ._- Effect of small changes of dimensions - Varia­tion of skin frictional resistance with time out of dock - Calculation of wind resistance­Propeller design Choice of propcller dimensions - Propeller design diagram-­Influence of form on resistance - Reducin g wave-making resistance .. - Compatibility of machinery and propeller - Strength of propellers Effect of speed on endurance Summary Refer-eDCeS Problems

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383

Contents VII

12 Seakeeping 424

SeakeepinR qualities Ship motions Undamped molion in still water - Dampet.l motion in still water - Approxim.1te period of roll - Molion in regular waves -Presentatio n o f motion data - Motion in irreg ular seas - Motion in o hlique seas -Surge, sway and Y"w Speed and po'ft'er in waves Wetness Slammiag Ship stabiliza-tion Slahili7.at ion systems - Rrief descriptions of systems - Comparison of principal systems - Performance of stabilizing systems Experiments aDd trials Model ex.peri-ments -Ship trials -Stabilizer trials Theory JnHuenceofform on seakeeping Refer-eaces Problem,,"

\3 Manoeuvrability Theory Directional stability or dynamic stability of course - Theory of directional stability - The action of a rudder in turning a ship Measurement of manoeuvrability The turning. circle The :.:ig-zag manoeuvre --- The spiral manoeuvre -,- Standards for manoeuvring and directional stability Rudder forces and torques Rudder force -Centre of pressure position - Calculation of force and torqlle on non-rectangular rudder Experiments and trials Model experiments concerned with turning and manoeu vring - Model experiments concerned with directional stability - Ship trials Rudder types and systems - Types of rudder - Bow rudders and lateral thrust units -Special rudders and manoeuvring devices - Automatic control systems Ship hlllooliog Turning at slow speed or when stopped - Interaction between ~h i p ... when close ahoard Stability and control ofsubmarine5 Experiments and trials Design assessment Modi­fying dynamic stability derivatives - Efficiency of control surfaces Refereoces Problems

14 Major ship design features Machinery Electrical genera tion Systems Electrical distribution system -- Piping systems - Air conditioning and Ventilation - Fuel systems - Sewage systems and waste disposa l - Cathodic protection Equipment Cargo handling Replenishment of provisions -- Boats and davits Weapons The ship-weapon sy~tem - Shipfitting problems Accommodation Measurement References ProhJems

15 Ship design RClluirements Warships Merchant ships Design studies Preliminary studies -Internal volume - Principal dimensions - Displacemen t and deadweight Machinery power Choice of form Weather deck layout and profile Design development Contract design - The design spiral- Appearance and layout Detailed design Draw­ing schedules and procedure charts Sapport functions Design influence diagrams -Network planning - Work stud y - Design method -- Value engineering - System analysis ]n service Reliability - Maintatnability - Surveys References Prnhlems

16 Special ship types Passenger liners Submarines Hydrofoil craft Ground effect machioes Catamarans Aircraft carriers Bulk cargo carriers Fishing vessels Tugs OfTsbore drilliog rigs Yachts Re(ereocfS

Answers to problems

Index

Acknowledgement

476

523

564

597

624

631

We are indebted to The Society of Engineers for permission 10 include material from a lecLure by Mr. W. A. Crago, and from 'Some Notes on Hovercra ft ' by W. A. erago: Transactiolls of the Snc.ielY nf £ngi"eer.~ (Incurpuru/ed): October 1960 upon which the set;tioll on 'Hovercraft' is based.

Index

A

A brackets 264 Accommodation 553, 566 Active 377 Active fins 455 Active rudder 504 Active stabilizer systems 454 Active tank system 456 Active weights 455 Added weight method t 49, 153 Addition of material 195 Addition of weight 69, 7J Admiralty 5 Admiralty Experiment Works 371 , 384 Advance 482 Advance coefficient 343 Ahead resistance coefficient 404 Air conditioning 535 Air drawing 618 Air. internal condition 325 Air purity 542 Aircraft carrier 611 Alb.era ]f)7 Ambient air 321 American Bureau of Shipping 4 Amidships 9 Amplitude response operator 440 Analogue computer 38,515 Analysis pitch 355 Anchoring 161 Angle of loll 117,154 Angstrom 327 Annual survey 594 A P (After Perpendicular) 9 Appearance and layout 584 Appendage coefficient 344, 368, 370 Appendage resistance 352 Approximate formulae,

BM 41 centre of pressure 493 group weights 577 longitudinal strength 205 machinery power 577 powering 361,387, 394, 40S principal dimensions 570

631

roll period 430 rudder force 490 stability 130 VCB 41 vibration 332

Approximate integration 22 Arched rib analysis 256 Archimedes of Syracuse I Archimcdcs' Principle 57 Areas, curve of 415 Armour 168 Aspect ratio 492 Association Technique Maritime et Aero-

nautique 6 Assumed neutral axis 187 Atwood's formula 107 Augment of resistance 367 Automatic conlrol systems 507 Automatic levelling 163 A uloma tic pilot 507 Axial inflow factor 362

B

Bacteria 168. 323 Balance on a wave 181 Balanced reaction rudder 506 Bale capacity 560, 572 Dames' method for cross curves 111 Basis ship 570 Beaches 465 Beam, influence on stability 126 Beams 228, 230 Beaufort scale 317,318 Bending stresses 189 Bent nail fatigue 227 Bernouilli, D I, 345 Berthing I S9 Bilge keels 457 Bilging 146 Biologica l agents 168,323 Blade area ratio 355 Blade element lheory 362 Block coefficient 12,470 Blue book 171 BM ]f), 41

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632 Index

Board margin of weight 577 Boa rd of Trade 5, 156 Roat, 550 Body plan 8 Bollard pull 61K Bonjean curves 12. 35. I R I. 202. 278 Bouguer, Pierre 1 Boundary layer 349 Bow rudder 502 Box girders 200. 230 Brackets 255 British Corpora tion 4 British thermal unit 326 British Towing Tank Panel wave spectrum

31 1.319 Brittle fracture 215, 616 BSS 1991 x.22 Bubble cav i tat ion 365 Buckling 208,227.244 Building drawing~ 580 Built in stresses 209.2 15 Bulbous bow 470 Bulk carriers 163, 6 i 3 Bulkhead deck 156 Bunkering 544 Buoyancy 57.181 Burea u Verilas 4

Cable. chain 161 Caissons 284 Calais-DoutJres 610 Calorie 326 Camber 11

C

Cam her, propeller 357 Candle power 327 Capsizing 154 Cuptain 4 Careening 284 Cargo deadweighl 556 Cargo drones 618 Cargo handling 548 Cargo ships 573 Cas/alia 6) 0 Castigliano's theorem 248 Catamarans 609 Cathodic protection 545 Cavitation 364 Cavitation number 343 Cavitation tunnel 374, 392 Celsius unit xii, .125 Centigrade 325 Centre of buoyancy Centre of Hotation

18 15.65

Centre of gravity 18, 126 Centre of la teral res istance 478, 484,618,

619. 621 Centre of pressure 493 Certificates 594 Change of density 62. 74 Chapman. Frederick Chapman report IX Check li st 587 Circular notation 369 Circulation 363 Clan Alpine 207 Classification soci~ties 4. 190. 528 Climate 316 C limatic extremes 322 Coastguards. US 5 Codag. Cosag ete 523 Coefficient of fineness 12 Coefficient of midlihip lieclion 12 Coil slope 540 Collapse design 251 Conision 147 Collision bulkheads 147 Compari r..on, law of 370 Compartment sta ndard I S6 Complernenb 553 Components of resistance, propulsion 343 Composite sections 188 Computers ,8. 21)7 . 469. 500. 515. 582. 589 C onstant di splacement method 154 Constant flmv device 534 Con(;'linr.:r ships 54X Continuous spec[rulll 30)5 Continuous survey 594 Contrac t design 580 Con tro l surf~lces 263. 517 Cont rol systems. automatic 507 Controllable. pitch propeller 354.357.619 COllventio ns 22.42 Conversio n British/metric 62 Coordinates ofa trochoid 179 Correlation of ship/ moocl powers .144,

369.395 Corresponding speed 370 Corrosion 545 Corrosion allowant.:e 190.261. 547 Corrmion fatigue 227 Corrugated pla ting 236 Cost effectiveness 590 Costs, repair 593 Coulomb .x Counterflooding 163 Cracking 208. 212. 215 Criterion numera l 156

Critical path 589 Critical point 514 Critical speed 514 Cross curves of stability 106, 109 Cross section, effect on resistance 415 C rossBow drag coefficient 492 Cumulative probability 306 Curtain bulkheads 163 Curvature derivatives 500 Curve. metacentric 122 Curve of areas I L 414 Curve of buoyancy 121 Curve offlotali on 123 Curve of statical stability 11 5 Curve, the Z 124 CUlly Sark 3

D

Damage control 162 Damaged stability 149. 153, 155 Damped motions 429 Damping, effect on vibration 330 Da ngerous cargoes 616 Darbyshire wave spectrum 311, 319 Davits 550 Deadweight 555,573 Deadweight/displacement ratio 573, 604 De'.tdweight scale, ratio, coefficient 556 De-ballasting 545 Decay of wave spectrum 312 Decibel 335 Deckhouses 216 Decrement of roll 459 De.gaussing 167 Degrees Kelvin x Delivered horsepower 367 Density xi. xii. xiii . 55. 74. 291. 341 Depreciation 567 Depth of water 323 Derricks 103, 267, 549 De<ign development 580, 5~6 Design economic~ 567 Design influence diagrams 5tD Design method 590 Design, propeller 406 Design spieR I 580 Design studies 569 Design tr im 73 Design wate rplane 7 Detail de<ign 585 Developed blade area 354 Dew point 326

Index 633

Diesel machinery 523 Dieudonne spiral 486 Digital computer 40 Dimensional a nalys is 341 Dimensions, choice of principal 570 Direct ional stability 477. 488, 499, 617 Directional stability standards 488 Disc area 354 Discontinuities 211,2Iti Dispersion t 68 Displacement xiii. 59. 64, 573 Displacement, influence on stability 126 Displacement lines 9 Displacement sheet, table 77 Dock blocks 286 Docking 70,275, 284 Double bottom 147 Draught. inlluence on stability 126 Drawing schedules 586 Drawings 586 Drift 11 Drift angle 482 Drifters 616 Drilling rigs 619 Dry bulb temperature 325 Ducling, air 542 Duration, wind 296. 316 Dust 322 Dyna mic sta bility 477,51 L 602 Dynamic stabi lity, design assessment 516 Dynamical stability 128 Dynamics of launching 2X2

E

Economics 525, 567 Eddy making resistance 352 Eductors 545 Effective breadth of plating 230. 2.13 Effective horse power 344 Effective tempera tu re 326. 537 Elastic stability 254 Elasto-plastic theory 237 EIt:Ctrical dist ribution 528 Electri cal generation 527 Electro-chemical table 546 Elements of form diagram 384 Encounter frequency 437 Encounter spectrum 437 End constraint 255 Endurance 416 Enemy action 168 Energy methods 24X

634 Index

Environment. external 291 Environment, internal 324 Environment. ship 291 Equilibrium 93 Equilibrium conditions 94 Equivalents. metric. SI xi Erosion 529 Euler I Exaggeration factor 232 Excitation of vibration 329 Exempted spaces 558 Expanded area ratio 355 Expansion joints 218 Expansion of outer bottom plating 21 Experiment. inclining 133 Explosives 163, 164 Extreme wave amplitudes 316

F curve 122 Face cavitation 365 Face pitch 355

F

Factor of subdjvi~ion 156 Factory ships 616 Fahrenheit units xii. 325 Failure 207,208,226,252 Farad x Fatigue 199 Fetch, wind 296, 316 Fins, active 455 Fins, fixed 457 Fire protection 159. 160 First rule, Simpson's 25 Fishing vessels 616 Flap rudder 505 Flare II Fiashpoint 164 Flettner rudder 506 Flexure of hull 199 Floating docks 287 Floodable length 156 Flooded at 154 Flooding 146, 148 Flooding board 162 Flotation 55, 148 Flotation, centre of 15 Fluid dynamics 341 Flutter 199 Flyco 612 Foot candle 327 Force on a rudder 494 Fore poppet 276 Form, choice of 57~ , 618 Form, influence 011 seakeeping 470

Form. influence 011 stability 124 Form resistance 352 Foundering 147 FP (fore perpendicular) 9 Fracture 215, 227 Frameworks 228,245 Free Hooding 150 Free surface 101,118,147 Freeboard 10, 156,449,471 Freely suspended weights 103 Frequency, wave 302 Friction in pipes 529 Frictional form resistance 351 Frictional resistance 349. 395 Froude constant notation 383 Froudc number 342, 346. 348 Froude, WilJiam 1. 2 Froude's law of comparison 370,392 Fuel consumption 416. 524 Fuel systems, filling 542, 544

G

Garbage grinders 545 Gas 168 Gas turbines 523 Gauss rules 32 Gaussian distribution 306 Germanische L10yd 4 Girder, ship 175 Globe temperature 326 Gnomon rudder 502 Gra! Zeppelin 505 Grain 163,615 Grain capacity 560, 572 Graving dock 2~4 Great lakes 190 Green seas 323 Greyhound trials 377 Grillages 175, 232 Gross tonnage 557 Ground effect machine 60.606 Grounding 70. 84, 158 Groundways 275,280 Group weights 576. 578 Growth of wave r;pectrum 312 9tEded missile de~troyer 571,584 GZ curve 116

H Half breadth plan H Haslar formula 399 Heat transfer 538 Heave 426.428 Heel 11. 94, 164

Heeling during turn 132, 484, 489 Heeling trial 138 Helicopters 613 Hertz x High rates of strain 166 High speed stability 512 Histograms 304 Hogging 176 Hole in a plate 212 Hole. ingress of water 163 Hollow box girder 200 Hollow shapes 20 Horsepower 326,344,367,369 Horsepower. effective 344 Hotelload 416 Hovercraft 606 Hull efficiency 367,368 Hull efficiency elements 367 Humidity, relative 326 Hydraulic propulsion 359 Hydroconic form 618 Hydrofoil 263,265 Hydrofoil craft 604 Hydrogen peroxide 165 Hydroplanes 263 Hydrostatic curves 76 Hydrostatic pressure 58 Hygroscopic materials 163.165

I

Ice accretion 6 t 7 Ice strengthening 159 Icebreakers 526 Illumination standards 327 IMCO (Inter-Governmental Maritime

Consultative Organization) 6, 159, 557

Impact 216 Impressed current protection 547 Impulse wave testing 464 Incidence controlled foil s 604 Inclining experiment 133, 600 Index path, circuit 531 Inflow through a hole 163 Influence diagrams 553 Influence lines 180, 192 Infra red radiation 168 Inglis-Bailey results 239 Initial response to rudder 486 Initial stability 95 Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in

Scotland 6 Insulated capacity 572 Insulation 539 Integraph 35

Integration 22 Integrator 36, 109

Index 635

Interaction between ships 509 Interaction, ship and propeller 366 Internal volume 570 International Towing Tank Conferences

22 Iris correction 372 Irradiation 165 Irregular shapes 14 Irregular wave patterns 303 Isochronous rolling 428 IITC correlation line 395, 397 (zod test 21

J Jackstay 550 Jet propulsion 359 Joe<>sel formula 493 Joint stiffness 255 Joule x, 326

K Kelvin 346 Kelvin degrees x, xii Kempf manoeuvre 486 Kilowatt 326 Kinematic viscosity 292. 342 Kitchen rudder 504 Knot xi Kort nozzle 618

L Lagrange Laminar flow 350 Large angle stability 106 Large deflection theories 237 Latent heat 326 Lateral thrust units 502 Lattice masts 267 Launching 275 Launching (;urves 276 Law or comparison 370, 392 Law of flotation 57 Layout, design 584 LCB 18 LeG 18 Lcclert's theorem 124 Lee helm 621 Length, infiuem:e on stability 126 Lenin 527 Liberty ships 211 Life saving equipment 161 Lifeboats 161

636 l/ldex

Lighting 327 Limit design 25 t Line out 587 Line spectrum 308 Lines plan 8 Liquefied gas carriers 616 Liquid gas 163, 165 L1oyd, Edward 4 Lloyd's Insurance Corporation 4 L1oyd 's Register of Shipping 4,205 Load factor 254, 368 Load waterplane 9 Loadline 157, 159 Locked up stresses 215 Log normal dislribution 306 Loll 117, 154 Long crested wave pattern 303 Longitudinal strength 175,614 Losses in pipes 530 Lost buoyancy method 149, 153 Lucy Asllwn trials 377, 395 Lumen 327 Lux x, 327

M

M or metacen tric curve 122 Mach number 342 Machinery 523 Machinery, compatability with propeller

416 Machinery power 577 Magnet ic mines 167 Magnification factor 330,432 Main hump 348 Maintainahility 592 Manoeuvrability 476 M<looeuvrc. zig.zag, spiral 46X,49X Manoeuvring st<mdards 488 Manoeuvring lank 465,498 Manoeuvring trials 500 Margin line 156 Masks 282 Mass density xi, xii, 55, 99, 292 MCTI " xiii,68 Mean 44 Measured mile 375 Measurement 555 Mechanical shock 166 Median 44 MegancwtoJl xiii Metacentre 19.96 Metacentric height 96 Metacentric diagram 79, 80 Method of least squares 136 Methodical series 390, 407,414,470, 579

Metric equivalents Xl, Xl1

Metric system x Middle line plane 7 Midship section coefficient 12 Midships 9 Mile, na utical 1I.i Ministry of Transport 5 Minoans 187 Modal period, waves 313,319 Mode 44, 314 Model sc:lf propulsion point 373 Model testing 113,370,463,498 Model testing,

cavitation tunnel 374 directional stability 499 hull efficiency elements 372 propellers. open water 373 resistanl:e 371 seakeeping 464 .submarines 515 turning, manoeuvring 498

Model~. u~e in stability work 113 Moment di5tribution 246 Momentum resistance 608 Momentum theory, propeller 360 Moorson system 557 Morrish's rule 42 Moseley's formula 129 M oskowitz wave spectrum 311,319 Motion in waves 431,436 Moulded dimensions 9 Multiples xii Murray's method 205

N NACA 0015 section 491 Natural gas Cltrriers 616 Nautical mile xi Navy department 5 Net tonnage 557 Nell present va lue 567 Networks 588 Neumann wave spectrum 311,312,319 Neutral equilibrium 93, 127 Neutral point 480, 513 Neverita, Newcombia 207 Newton x, xiii Newton-Cotes rules 29 Newton, l~aae 1 Nippon Kaiji Kyokai 4 Noise 168,291 ,328,335, 613 Nomenclature xvi Non-contact explosion 166 Normal distribution 306,315 Normand's formula 42

Norske Veritas det 4 North East Coast Institution of Engineers

and Shipbuilders 6 Notch toughness 216 Nuclear power 526 Number. wave 302

o Oblique seas, motion in 443 Ocean Vukan 207 Oertz rudder 506 Offsets 9 Offshore drilling rigs 619 Ohm x Oil carriage 163, 164 Oil pollution 159, 543, 544 Oil tankers 613 Onc dimensional wave system 303 One metre trim moment xiii, 69 Operating characteristics 566 Operator, response amplitude 440 Optimum design 226 Ore carriers 613 Ore carriers, submarine 602 Orifice plates 531 Outer bottom expansion 21 Overdeck tonnage 558 Overload fraction 368 Overshoot 486, 489, 507

P

Paddle wheel 360, 618 Paddle wheel effect 508 Painting 545 Panels of plating 228, 236 Pappus Guldinus, theorem of 49 Parallel sinkage 60 Passenger certificate 594 Passenger liners 573,579,593,597 Pa$sive stabilizer systems 454 Performance, stabilizers 458 Permeability 150 Permissible length 156 Personnel heat 537 Petrol, carriage 164-Phase angle 432 physical limitations of environment 323 Pi theorem 342 Pipe erosion 529 Piping systems 529 Pitching 426, 428 Pivoting point 483 Planar motion mechanism 500 Plane shapes 14

Index 637

Planimeter 34 Plastic design, modulus 251 Plasticity 238 Plating stiffeners 228 Pleuger active rudder 504,515 Plunge 146, 156 Population, statistics 307 Portals 245 Poundage 21 Power estimation 392 Power estimation, Froude 393 Power in waves 424,446 Powering 383, 602 Powering of ships 340, 383 Pre-wetting 168 Preferred values xii Prefixes xii Pressure field 509 Pressure in a wave 201 Pressure mines 168 Preston and Bruce 207 Prismatic coefficient 13,414,470 Prismatic hump 348 Pro-metacentre 20, 121 Probability distributions 43, 209, 304 Procedure charts 586 Prohaska (stability) 1l3, 127 Propeller, compatability 416 Propeller, controllable pitch 354 Propeller data 389 Propeller design 406 Propeller design diagram 410 Propeller. dimensions 407 Propeller efficiency 362, 368, 389 Propeller strength 416 Properties of fluids 55 Propulsion components 343 Propulsion device 353 Propul~;ive coefficient 344.367,386 Protective plating 168 Psychrometric chart 537

Quasi-propulsive coefficient 368 QPe f.ctor 368

R

Radhaz 168 Radioactive material 163,165 Radius of gyration 470 Rake 11 Rake, propeller 356 Range (statistical) 44 Range of stability 116

638 Index

Rankine 2 Rankine unit xii Rayleigh distribution 306,314, 315 Reactor protection 148, 165 Reciprocal weight density 56 Rectangular block stability 100 Rectangular holes 214 Reech's method for cross curves 112 Refrigeration machinery 536 Refuelling 543 Register Book 5 Register tonnage 557 Registro Italiano 4 Regressional analysis 387.617 Relative humidity 326 Relative rotative efficiency 366 Reliability 591 Replenishment 549 Requirements, ship 565 Reserve of buoyancy 60 Residuary resistance 353, 387 Resistance 342 Resistance,

air 352,402 appendage 352 eddy making 352 form 352 frictional 349 frictional form 351 residuary 353 wavemaking 345

Resistance coefficients 342, 343, 383 Resistance data presentation 383 Resistance, dimension changes 397 Resistance, effect of form 413 Resistance in pipes 529 Resistance prediction 392 Resistance tests 370 Resistance test facilities 371 Resistance, time out of dock 399 Response curves, ship motions 436 Response in vibration 330 Response operators 209.440 Reversal speed 514 Revolutions, propeller 342 Reynolds' number 342, 350, 530 Righting lever, moment 95 Ring mains 534 Rise of ftoor 10, 579 River water 74 Roll, approximate period 430 Roll on, roll off 548 Rolling in still water 426, 427 Rolling in waves 431 Rotating arm 465,500, 515

Roughness, effect on resistance 351 Round down 11 Royal Corps of Naval Constructors 5 Royal George 4 Royal Institution of Naval Architects 6 Rudder 263,481 Rudder force 489 Rudder torque 494 Rudders, special types 504 Rules for longitudinal strength 205

s Safety certificate 594 Sagging 176 Sailing boats 621 Salinity 292 Sample, statistics 307 Sand 322 Sandwich protection 148 Santacilla 1 Sehliek formula 334 Scope 161 ScOIl Russell 2 Sea 296 Seakeeping 424 Seakeeping basins 465 Sea-spray 323 Sea surface 293 Sea to river water 74 Second moment of area 188 Second rule, Simpson's 28 Section modulus 187,195, 204 Self trimming 163 Sensible heat 326 Sensible heat ratio 539 Service requirements 591 Sewage systems 545 Shaft brackets 264 Shaft transmission efficiency 368 Shallow water effects 323, 511 Shape factor 251 Shearforee 178, 183 Shear lag, flow, diffusion 191 , 200, 217,

230 Shear stresses t 90 Sheer 11 Sheer drawing, draft 8 Sheer plan 7 Sheet cavitation 365 Shelter deck ships 557 Shielding, reactor 165 Shifting boards 163 Ship design 564 Ship girder 175

•

r Ship handling 508 Ship-model correlation 369, 498 Ship motion 291,324, 424, 426 Ship motion trials 466 Ship routing 425 Ship tank 370, 499 Ship trials 375,466, 500 Shipborne wave recorder 467 Shock 166,29 1 Shock mountings 167 Shrouded propeller 358,619 SI x Sideways launching 283 Signatures of ships 167 Significant wave height, amplitude 304,

310 Sills 147 Similarity 341 Simpson's rules 24 Sims, Sir A. J. VUJ

Simulator 38,516 Singing propeller 365 Siporters 549 Sisal 165 Skew back 356 Skin friction correction 394 Slamming 425, 453 Sliding ways 275 Slip 355 Slip ratio 355 Slope deflection method 246 Slopes and deflections J 99 Small deflection theories 236 Smith correction, effect 200,467 Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers 6 Space estimates 510,554 Spacings, Tchebycheff 31 Spade rudder 502 Special surveys 594 Specialization in design 3 Specific gravity 56 Specific volume xiii. 56 Spectacle plates 264 Spectra, wave 209,308,311,437 Spectrum, encounter 439 Spectrum, motion 440 Speed coefficient 386 Speed in waves 424, 446 Speed, loss on turn 484, 489 Speed trials 375 Spiral, design 580 Spiral manoeuvre 486, 498 Sprinkler systems J 60 Square holes 212

Stability, 93 initial 95 large angle 106

Index 639

Stability and control, submarines 511 Stability, angle of vaniShing 116 Stability assessment 130 Stability calculations, accuracy 114 Stability derivatives 479,499,514, 517 Stability, dynamical 128 Stability index 480, 489,512 Stability, influence of form 96, 125 Stability of submerged body 127 Stability on grounding, docking 158, 287 Stability, range of 116 Stability standards 130,617 Stabilizers 263, 425, 454 Stabilizer trials 468 Stable equilibrium 96, 127 Staff requirements 565 Stalling, rudder 490 Standard deviation 44, 306 Standard of stability 155 Starved horse look 237 Statical stability curve t 15 Statistical analysis, resistance 387, 617 Statistics 43, 209 Statutory free board 157 Steam machinery 523 Stiffened plating 228 Still water BM 205 Strain energy 248 Streamlined rudders 506 Strength, propellers 416 Strength, wind 296, 316 Stress concentrations 211 Stress raisers 216 Strip theory 469 Struts 227 Submarine ore carrier 602 Submarine trials 515 Submarines, stability and control 511.599 Supercavitatmg propellers 365 Superstructures 216 Support functions, design 587 Surface film resistance 538 Surface piercing foils 604 Surface, sea 293 Surface tension 341 Surfaces of B, M, F, Z 120 Surge 426, 445 Surveys 593 Sway 426, 446 Swedged, swaged plating 236 Swell 296 Symbols xvi, 22

640 Illdex

System analysis 591 Systems 528

Table of offsets 9 T

Tactical diameter 483, 488 Tank capacity 572 Tankers 572 TayJor, resistance data 385 Tchcbycbeff displacement sheet 78 Tchebychefl's rules 30 Temperature, ambient 291,321,325 Temperature. dry bulb 325

effective 326 globe 326 wet bulb 326

Theory, seakeeping 469 Thermal conductivity 538 Thermal stresses 207 Three. ten minus one rule 28 Threshold of comfort 537 Through costing 567 Thrust 342 Thrust coefficient 343, 389 Thrust deduction factor 367 Thrust horsepower 367 Tilt test 138 Tip vortex cavitation 365 Todd formula 334 Tonfper inch immersion xii, 61 Tonnage 542 Tonnage mark 559 Tonne, tonnef xiii,59 Torque 342 Torque coefficient 343, 3R9 Torque. rudder 494 Total heat 326 Towing tanks 371 TPI, TPC 61 Transfer 4R3 Transfer of weights 4tll Transient wave testing 464 Transition 350 Transition temperature 216 Transverse plane 8 TrapezoidaJ rule 23 Trawlers 616 Tri-axial tension 216 Trial. heeling 138 Trial, manoeuvring 500 Trial, speed 375 T'rials. ship motion 463 Trials. submarine 515 Triggers 275 Trim 11. 73. 94

Trim correction 66 Trimming and inclining experimem 600 Tripping brackets 254 Trunk sizing 542 Tugs 618 Tumble home I I Tun 556 Tuning factor 432 Turbulent flow 350 Turning at slow speed 508 Turning circle 482, 498, 501 Turning rate 489 Turning trial 500 Twin hul1 ships 609 Two dimensional wa ve system 303 Type ship 570 Types of rudder 502

v Ul1ages 615 Unbalanced rudder 502 Undamped motions 427 Underdcck tonnage 557 Underwater explosion 166 Uneven cooling 215 Union purchase 548 Unitized machinery 168. 524 Units x, 22. 56 VS Coastguards 5

v Value engineering 590 Vapour pressure 341 Variance 306 Vusa, lhe 4 VCB 18 VCG IR Velocity of sound 341 Venl plates 165, 168 Ventilation S~5 Vertical axis propeller 505.619 Vertic-dl prismatic coefficient 14 Vibration 44,291 , 328 Vibration, cures, calculations 332 Vibration, levels. modes 331 Virtual work 253 Viscosity 341 Viscosity, kinematic 342, 292 Voith-Schneider propel1er 357.505 Volt x Volume of displacement 12 Vortex 363 VTO L aircraft 6 I 3 Vulnerability 524

w Wake 366 Wake, Froude, Taylor 366 Wall-sided formula 104 118 Waste disposal 545 ' Water brakes 282 Water properties 291 Water systems 536 Waterlines 8 Waterplane 8 Waterplane coefficient Watertight subdivision Watt x Wave amplitudes 314

12 146, 162

Wave frequency, number 302 Wave patterns 303, 346 Wave pressure correction 200 Wave recorder 467 Wave spectra 308, 311 Wave. standard 178 Wavemakers 465 Wavemaking resistance 345.415 Waves 296 Waves. sinusoidal 301 Waves, trochoidal 296 Weapon blast 323 Weapons 550 Weather deck layout 579 Weather helm 621 Weber number 342

Illdex 641

Weight 18 Weight density xiii, SS Weight distribution 180 205 Weight equation 575 ' Welding stresses 215 Wet bulb temperature 326 Wetness 425, 449 Wetted length 414 Wetted surface coefficient 388,394 Whaling boat' 616 Wide Hanged beams 229 Williot diagram 26R Wind 316 Wind propUlsion 360 Wind resistance 352. 402 Wind speed, variation with height 320 Wolf 207 Work done in heeling ship 128 Work study 590

y

Yachts 621 Yaw 11 , 94, 426 446 Yielding out 209

z Z curve 124 Ziz-zag manoeuvre 4R6, 49R