bao cao thi truong ca phe

7/27/2019 Bao Cao Thi Truong CA Phe

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I HC NGOI THNG

---XW---

Vi nt v thtrng c ph thgii v tnh hnh snxut chbin xut khu mt hng ny ca Vit Nam

nhng nm gn y

Sinh vin: Trn Phc LongLp: Anh 6 K38 KTNT

Gio vin hng dn: T Trng Nghip

12/2003


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Vi nt v th trng c ph th gii v tnh hnh sn xut, ch bin,xut khu mt hng ny ca Vit Nam nhng nm gn y

Trn Phc Long Anh 6 K38 KTNT ^ 1

LI MU

rong nhng nm qua, c ph lun gi vai tr l mt trong s t nhng

mt hng trng yu ca nn kinh t quc dn. Hng nm, c ph ng

gp ti 10% vo tng kim ngch xut khu ca c nc. Vi tm quan

trng ca mnh, c ph c xp vo danh sch 10 mt hng xut khu ch lc

ca Vit Nam v c chn l mt trong nhng mt hng trng im cn pht

huy trong giai on 2005-2010.Cng nh nhiu mt hng nng sn khc, hot ng sn xut v xut khu

c ph ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t khch quan nh thi tit, kh hu v s

bp bnh, khng n nh lun l c tnh c hu ca th trng ny. Ch trong

mt thp k qua, th trng c ph th gii tri qua ti ba t bin ng

mnh, y l cuc khng hong tha nin v 1994/1995, cn st c ph nin v

1997/1998 v cuc khng hong va qua, trong t bin ng mi y c

coi l nghim trng nht. n nay, tri qua nhng ngy gi c ph xung ti

mc k lc, thp nht trong vng 30 nm trli y, chng ta mi thc s cm

thy c s tn ph d di ca cuc khng hong ny. Tuy nhin, mc

thit hi i vi mi nc l khc nhau tu thuc vo s chng ca nc

vo th trng c ph th gii. C th ni, Vit Nam l mt trong nhng ncchu hu qu nng n nht do tnh ph thuc ca ngnh c ph Vit Nam vo th

trng th gii rt cao, c ti 98% sn lng l dnh cho xut khu. Bn cnh

cn do nhng yu km trong hot ng ca ngnh vn tn ti t trc ti

nay: c ph pht trin t khng theo quy hoch, khu cht lng v ch bin

cha c ch trng, cha nhn thc c tm quan trng ca vic qung b c

ph Vit Nam ra th trng th gii v xy dng thng hiu cho c ph Vit

Nam. y mi chnh l nguyn nhn su xa ca vn v nhng bin ng ca

T


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th trng c ph th gii va qua ch l mt nguyn nhn khch quan v l git

nc y lm trn ly.

Vi nhng l do nu trn, tc gi chn vit Kho lun tt nghip vi tiVi nt v th trng c ph th gii v tnh hnh sn xut, ch bin xut

khu mt hng ny ca Vit Nam nhng nm gn y.

Ni dung kho lun tt nghip gm 3 chng sau :

Chng I: Khi qut v th trng c ph th gii.

Chng II: Tnh hnh sn xut, ch bin v xut khu mt hng c ph trong

nhng nm gn y.Chng III: Phng hng v nhng bin php ch yu nhm nng cao

hiu qu sn xut, ch bin v xut khu c ph ca Vit Nam thi gian ti.

thc hin kho lun vi ni dung trn, tc gi s dng cc phngphp nghin cu sau gii quyt cc yu cu m ti t ra :

- Phng php duy vt bin chng, duy vt lch s

- Phng php phn tch, tng hp.

- Phng php thng k, i chiu, so snh...

Tc gi xin trn trng cm n cc c ch, anh ch trong V K hoch thngk - B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn, Trung tm thng tin Thng mi -B Thng mi, th vin quc gia, phng th vin - Vin kinh t th gii cngnh cc thy c v anh ch trong khoa Kinh t Ngoi thng, th vin trng

i hc Ngoi Thng nhit tnh cung cp ti liu v s liu lin quan, vxin c bit cm n thy gio T Trng Nghip, ngi trc tip hng dntc gi trong qu trnh chn ti, nh hng ti liu v hon thin kholun./.

i hc Ngoi Thng, thng 12-2003

Sinh vin thc hin

Trn Phc Long

.


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CHNG I

KHI QUT V TH TRNG C PH TH GII

I. GII THIU VI NT V CY C PH

1. Lch s cy c phCch y khong 1000 nm, mt ngi du mc Ethipi ngu nhin pht hin ra

hng v tuyt vi ca 1 cy l mc lng Capfa gn th Ethipi. n gia sc ca

ng sau khi n xong nhng cy ny bng ti tnh v khng chu ch la vo

bi tr m, thy vy, ng nm th v cm thy rt sng khoi, tnh to v t tri

cy trthnh ung cho con ngi.

T th k VI, c ph khng chc ngi Ethipi dng m do tc dng kch thch

mnh m m thi c coi l hin tng thn k, cy c ph c lan c sang

Yemen, cc nc khc Trung Cn ng v nhanh chng vt bin sang ARp

(Arabica) do c loi c ph tn l Arabica.

Th k XVI cc nh bun nc cng ha Vernize nhp khu c ph vo Chu u,

nh vt du loang, c ph lan sang Chu , Chu i Dng. Ging c ph Arabica

do ngi H Lan a vo Xrilanca, Clmbia v Java (Innxia) nm 1670. Cui

th k XVII, cy c ph tm c chng vng chc trn th gii.2. Cc loi c ph

Vn cn nhiu tranh ci v s lng loi c ph, ngi ta ni rng c th c t 25-

100 loi c ph trn th gii nhng nhng loi quan trng nht l:

- C ph ch (Coffee Arrabica L): Loi ny chim 65 % s lng c ph sn xut

trn th gii

- C ph vi (Coffee canephora pirre): Loi ny chim 35% lng c ph sn xut

trn th gii- C ph mt (Excelsa) pht hin u tin nm 1902 Ubangui Chari nn thng

c gi l c ph Chari. Do c vm nn ngi ta thng trn vi c ph ch

to ra v thm hn.

3. ch li ca cy c phCy c ph c dng trong y hc, trong cng nghip thc phm. C ph cn to

ra cng n vic lm, gp phn bo v mi trng. c bit cy c ph em li ngunthu nhp ln. Hin nay kim ngch xut khu c ph th gii khong 10 t USD/nm.


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II. TNH HNH SN XUT V TIU TH C PH THGII

Trong vi thp k qua sn xut c ph th gii tng gim tht thng, nhng nhn

chung c xu hng tng ln (biu 1). S bin ng tt c cc kha cnh ca sn xut

l sn lng, din tch, canh tc v nng sut u khng ging nhau.

1. Din tchDin tch trng c ph th gii t nm 1990 n 2002 tng trung bnh l 0,1%/nm,

t 14.593.940 ha nm 2002. Din tch trng c ph cc khu vc khc nhau trn th

gii tng gim khng ng u. Trong khi din tch trng c ph ca khu vc Chu

- Thi Bnh Dng tng trung bnh l 2,8%/nm th din tch trng c ph nhng

nc khc li gim 0,3% (tnh t 1990 n 2002).

2. Nng sut

Tri vi vic gia tng v din tch, nng sut trng c ph trn th gii li c xuhng gim xung, gim 0,2%/nm. Nu nh nng sut c ph ca th gii nm 1990

t trung bnh l 580kg/ha th nng sut nm 2002 cht 553kg/ha. Tt nhin nng

sut trng c ph trong thi gian qua khng gim tt c cc nc chng hn cc

nc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng nng sut c ph khng nhng khng gim m li

cn tng ln trung bnh 0,4%/nm.

3. Sn lng

Sn xut c ph th gii tng ln. Qua bng tng kt sn lng c ph th gii(biu 1) trong thi gian l 42 nm ca cc nh phn tch kinh t ca B Nng

nghip M, ta thy rng sn lng c ph v 2001/2002 l 118,8 triu bao, tng 51

triu bao tng ng vi 77% so vi nm 1960/1961. Trung bnh mi nm tng 1,2

triu bao hay ni cch khc l 1,83%/nm. Tuy nhin sn lng tng khng u cc

nm. Sn lng thp nht l 53 triu bao/nm (1964/1965) v mc cao nht l 118,8

triu bao/nm (2001/2002 nin v nm ngoi). Nhn chung sn lng tng t nm

1976/1977 n nay. Sn lng thp vo u nhng nm 1960 v nm 1975 do sng

mui. T nm 1987/1988 n nay sn xut c ph cng tng gim tht thng nhngnhn chung l c xu hng tng ln v sn lng. (Chi tit xin xem ti ph lc 1)

Sn xut c ph tp trung ch yu cc nc ang pht trin: Chim hn 90% sn

lng ca c ph th gii, cc nc pht trin sn xut vi khi lng rt nh v ch

yu nhp khu tiu dng. Chu M la tinh l khu vc trng c ph ln nht th

gii, trong Braxin c sn lng ng u th gii. Trc chin tranh th gii ln

th II, sn xut c ph ca Braxin chim 80% sn lng ca c th gii, nhng nm

sau ny do nhiu nc Chu , Chu Phi y mnh sn xut nn hin nay sn lngc ph ca Braxin ch chim khong 30% sn lng th gii. Tnh t thng 9/2002


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n thng 8/2003, sn xut c ph ca Braxin t 27,7 triu bao, chim t trng

31,5% trong tng sn lng c ph th gii.

Sn lng c ph ca cc nc Chu , Chu Phi tng ng k v tng dn t

trng so vi sn lng th gii. Hin nay nhiu nc ch trng n sn xut c

ph ha tan xut khu.Tm li, v sn xut c ph th gii nhn chung trong thi gian gn y c xu

hng tng ln v sn lng v din tch, c bit khu vc Chu v Chu Phi.

Nhiu nc trn th gii i vo sn xut c ph ha tan xut khu. C ph ch

vn chim u th trong tng sn lng c ph th gii ( chng 70%). Tuy nhin, nng

sut c ph th gii c xu hng gim xung.

4. Tnh hnh tiu th c ph

C ph l mt mt hng bun bn c gi tr kim ngch ln th 2 ca th gii ang

pht trin sau du m. C ph c trng v xut khu cc nc ang pht trin

thuc vnh ai nhit i v nhit i, phn ln sn phm c nhp khu v tiu

thcc nc cng nghip pht trin.

Nm 1922 tng lng c ph tiu th trn th gii l 31,2 triu bao th 80 nm sau

lng tiu th ln n 112,4 triu bao (2002) tng n 3,6 ln. Trong nhng nm

gn y lng c ph c tiu th trn th gii tng bnh qun mi nm 1%. Gn

75% lng c ph c tiu thcc nc pht trin. S tng trng tiu th c phl kh n nh.

4.1. Tiu th c ph cc nc nhp khu thnh vin ICO

Bng 4: Tiu th c ph cc nc nhp khu thnh vin ICOn v: triu bao


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Nin v/Th trng

1995-1996

1996-1997

1997-1998

1998-1999

1999-2000

2000-2001

2001-2002

Tng s 60,177 61,380 61,420 57,929 58,557 61,380 59,386M 18,111 18,255 18,077 17,457 17,758 18,468 17,897ECP 34,528 35,681 35,436 32,904 33,972 35,033 33,297

Php 5,611 5,445 5,432 5,085 5,402 5,625 5,449c 10,204 10,657 10,064 10,641 9,032 10,270 9,513Italia 4,428 4,780 4,837 4,656 4,824 4,852 4,654o 2,384 2,558 2,737 2,178 2,426 2,372 2,922Ty Ban

Nha2,943 2,095 2,820 2,684 2,828 3,139 2,803

H Lan 2,512 2,301 2,713 2,306 2,265 2,549 2,496Thuin 1,528 1,633 1,703 1,629 1,124 1,418 1,333Nht Bn 5,800 5,587 6,110 5,975 5,951 6,265 5,953

Nc khc 1,718 1,957 1,797 1,593 1,576 1,612 1,659

Ngun: ICO, coffee statistics (9/2003)

Trong 21 nc nhp khu thnh vin ICO th M l nc tiu th c ph ln nht

v n nh t 17,5-18 triu bao/nm, chim 30% th trng c ph th gii, nhng

cng cht bnh qun 4kg/ngi/nm, cn thp hn so vi cc nc Chu u. Cc

nc EU c ph l ung thng dng, chim khong 20% th trng ung, tiu

th c ph hng nm t 33-35 triu bao, chim 57-58% th trng th gii. Nht Bnl nc tiu th c ph ln nht Chu , vi mc tiu th 6 triu bao/nm. Cc nc

ang pht trin lng tiu th tng ln ng k l do iu kin kinh tc ci thin.

4.2. Tiu th c ph cc nc sn xut.

n v: triu bao

Nin v 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002Tng s 22,045 22,976 24,079 24,352 22,918

Ngun: ICO statisctics on coffee

Cc nc sn xut c ph khng ch xut khu m xu hng tiu dng ni a

ngy cng tng. Nm 1996 tiu th khong 20,5 triu bao, n nm 2002 mc tiu th

l 23 triu bao. Hai nc Brazil v Indonexia v c mc tiu th ni a cao, thng

chim trn 30% sn lng hng nm. Theo k hoch th n ht nm 2003 Brazil c

th tiu th ti 15,5 triu bao, Clombia 1,6 triu bao, Indonexia 2,1 triu bao. Khi


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lng tiu dng cc nc Chu cng tng ln.

Tiu th c ph cc nc sn xut kh n nh, ring v c ph 2001/2002 c xu

hng gim xung do tnh hnh khng hong kinh t trn th gii, c bit l cc

nc Chu , M La tinh.

Ngoi ra ngi dn cc nc Trung v ng u rt thch ung c ph, hng nm

cc nc ny tiu th khong 5-6 triu bao. Cc nc nhp khu c ph khng phi l

thnh vin ICO hng nm nhp khu khong 5 triu bao nh Angirni, Triu Tin,

Achentina,...

V chng loi, th c ph Arabica vn c a chung hn v ngy cng c nhu

cu tiu th nhiu hn bi cht lng cng nh hng v thm ngon ca n. Do vygi c ph Arabica thng cao gp 2-2.5 ln gi c ph Robusta.

III. MU DCH C PH THGII

1. Tnh hnh xut khu c ph th gii

1.1. Khi qut chung vxut khu c ph thgii

Xut khu c ph th gii trong thng 9 nm nay t 6,55 triu bao, gim 7,3% so vi

thng 9 nm ngoi. Tuy nhin, tng xut khu tt c cc loi c ph trong nin v

2002/2003 (t thng 10/2002 n thng 9/2003) t 87,34 triu bao, tng 1,7% so vi

nin v trc (2001-2002). Xut khu c ph ca Braxin nin v 2002/03 tng 5,9%

t 27,5 triu bao chim ti 31% tng sn lng xut khu c ph th gii. Xut khu

ca Vit Nam t 11,56 triu bao, ng th hai th gii v nc c sn lng xut

khu cao th ba l Colombia vi 10,48 triu bao. Nhiu nc khc cng c mc xut

khu tng trong nin v 2002/03 nh Burundi, Camrun, Ecuao, Ethipia,Guantmala, Innxia, Maagaxca, Nicaragoa, Niu Ghin, Tanzania v Thi Lan

trong khi mt s nc li c mc xut khu gim so vi cng k l Coxta Rica, B

bin Ng, Ele Xanvao, Honurax, Mhic v Ugana. (Chi tit xin xem ph lc 3).

* Cc loi c ph xut khu:

Trc nm 1962, c ph thng c phn loi khi xut khu theo chng loi: l

c ph ch (Arabica) v c ph vi (Robusta). Nhng sau ny, T chc C ph thgii (ICO) li phn loi c ph Arabica ra lm 3 loi: loi c ph du Colombia


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(Colombian Milds), loi c ph du khc (Other Milds) v c ph ch khng ra

(unwashed Arabica). Sau ny loi c ph ch khng ra li c gi tn l c ph

Brazil (Brazilian Naturals) v cc loi c ph ch khc. Nhng sau , Brazils khng

nhng ch xut khu c ph ch m Brazils cn xut khu c ph vi nn cch phnloi trn li gp rc ri.

Mt cch phn loi khc theo cht lng c ph l:

+ C ph ho hng(gourmet coffee) l loi c ph c cht lng cao c

xut khu t nc xut x, thng l t mt trang tri hoc mt khu vc no v

gi thng cao.

+ Ngy nay do yu cu bo v mi trng v sc khe, ngi sn xut v xut

khu li a ra mt tn gi mi cho c ph l c ph sch (organic coffee) l

loi c ph c trng m khng cn dng n phn bn v thuc tr su. Loi c

ph ny ang cng ngy cng c a chung lin minh Chu u v M.

+ C ph tch cafein (decaffemated coffee)

Tuy nhin nhiu ngi cn nghi ngv phm cht thc ca cc loi c ph c

phn loi theo kiu trn.

Theo ICO th hn 90% khi lng c ph xut khu ca th gii l loi c ph ht

cn sng. Trn th trng cng xut hin kinh doanh c ph dng rang chn

(Roasted coffee) v dng qua ch bin k c th ha tan c ngay (instant

coffee).

1.2. Mt snc xut khu c ph ch yu

* Braxin

L nc xut khu ln nht th gii, trung bnh hng nm nc ny bn ra th

trng th gii 16 triu bao (60 kg/bao), chim hn 20% xut khu th gii trong

75% l c ph ch (Arabica), cn 25% l c ph vi (Robusta). Mi khi khi lng

xut khu ca Braxin thay i, xut khu ca th gii cng thay i theo. Theo s

liu ca chnh ph Braxin, t thng 10/2002 n thng 9/2003, sn lng xut khu

ca nc ny l 27,5 triu bao. Gn y Braxin tr thnh i th cnh tranh ca

cc nc Chu v Chu Phi v c ph vi. Hng nm Braxin xut khu 4-5 triu

bao c ph vi.


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* Clmbia

L nc ng th 2 trn th gii v xut khu c ph, trung bnh hng nm nc

ny xut khu 12 triu bao. iu ng ch l nc ny dng khoa hc k thut

tng nng sut c ph u tng sn lng m khng phi dng bin php tng dintch trng trt. Mt iu th v l xut khu c ph ht ca Colombia li thng c

ng trong bao nng 70 kg, trong khi nhiu nc ng 60 kg/bao.

* Cxtarica

y l mt nc ni ting v sn xut c ph ch t c cht lng cao. Xut khu

trung bnh l 2,3 triu bao/nm. Nhng v 10/2002-9/2003 xut khu ca nc ny

cht 1,7 triu bao.

* Ct-i-voa (Bbin Ng)

L mt trong nhng nc sn xut v xut khu c ph vi ln nht th gii. u

nhng nm 80, sn xut ca Ct-i-voa ng th 3 th gii, sau Braxin v Clmbia.

Nhng n u nm 1990. do chnh ph khng quan tm n sn xut c ph nn

nhiu ngi trng c ph li chuyn sang trng ca cao, mt loi hng nng sn xut

khu s mt ca Ct-i-voa. Lc ny, Ct-i-voa ng hng th 12 trn th gii, xut

khu ch trn 2 triu bao. Sau chnh ph Ct-i-voa nhn nhn li vn v

tng gi thu mua c ph, tng cng u t cho ngnh ny. Ngoi ra vi s t do ha

mu dch v gi c c ph th gii tng ln lm cho ngi trng c ph li trng c

ph v sn xut bt u tng. Sn xut hng nm trung bnh t 4,4 triu bao v xut

khu trung bnh l 4 triu bao chim 4,8% xut khu ca th gii. Xut khu c ph

ca Ct-i-voa ch yu sang Php v Italia, EEC chim 80% lng c ph xut khu

ca nc ny, trong 7% - 10% l c ph ha tan. Tng lai vi vic trng li c

ph c tha sn lng c ph ca Ct-i-voa ln mc 5 triu bao/nm

* Innxia

Vi mc sn xut trung bnh l 6,8 triu bao/nm (1990-1997) v 6,34 triu bao (

1998-2002), Innxia chim 7% sn xut c ph th gii v ng vo hng th 3 sau

Braxin v Clmbia, sn xut c ph vi ln nht, vt Ct-i-voa. Xut khu trung

bnh l 5,5 triu bao (c hai loi c ph vi v c ph ch, nhng ch yu l c ph

vi). Innxia xut khu nhiu c ph vi c ch bin bng phng php kh


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sang Chu u, Nht v M. p ng vi yu cu ca th trng, thng 3/1998,

Innxia chnh thc khai trng mt nh my lm c ph ha tan tr gi 25 triu

la M. y l nh my lin doanh ca hng Parasidha Indonexia v hng Itochu

v Ieshima (Nht Bn). Indonexia hy vng s sn xut 3600 tn c ph ha tan v2400 tn c ph xay hng nm. Tuy nhin, nm 2001 do nh hng ca ElNino,

Indonexia phi mua 30.000 tn c ph ca Vit Nam m bo hp ng vi cc

nc.

* n

L mt nc trng c 2 loi c ph ( c ph ch v c ph vi). Sn xut trung bnh

l 2,5 triu bao, trong chng 50% l c ph ch. n ng sau Indonexia v

xut khu c ph ch Chu . Xut khu hng nm chng 2 triu bao. Trong ba

nm qua n u t nhiu vo vic qun l v trng c ph v thu c

nhiu kt qu trong ngnh c ph. Theo d bo ca y ban k hoch n , sn

lng c ph ca n s tng ln mc 5 triu bao vo nm 2004.

* Goatmala

Sn xut ca Guatemala gn y t 4,1 triu bao/nm (1999-2003), ch yu l c

ph ch. Xut khu hng nm chng 3,7 triu bao ch yu sang M v c. Trong

nhng thp k qua, do s cng thng v chnh tr v x hi cng lm nh hng

n s pht trin ca ngnh c ph.

* Ethipia

L nc xut khu c ph th gii lu i nht, y cng l nc u tin trng c

ph ch. C ph chim mt v tr quan trng trong nn kinh t ca t nc, chim

60% kim ngch xut khu. Hng nm sn xut chng 2,9 triu bao (1990-1996) ch

yu l c ph ch v 50% dng cho xut khu. y l mt nc tiu th c ph ln

nht Chu Phi. Ethiopia xut khu ch yu sang c, M, Php v Nht Bn, trc

y ch yu xut sang Lin X c v cc nc ng u.

* Ugana

L mt trong nhng nc sn xut c ph Robusta chnh ca th gii, Uganda ch

sn xut 10% c ph Arabica.

Do s bt n v chnh tr trong nhng nm 70 v u nhng nm 80 lm nhhng ln n ngnh c ph( gim t 3,5 triu bao u nhng nm 60 xung cn 2,5

triu bao nhng nm 80). Nhng sau do c s thay i v chnh tr v t do ha


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kinh t lm cho sn xut c ph phc hi li. Hai nm qua sn xut chng 3,1 triu

bao/nm.

D bo v 2003/2004 sn xut gim xung cn chng 2,8 triu bao, nhng s tng

ln n mc 5 triu bao/nm v Uganda sa vo trng ging mi (clonal coffee)

vi nng sut tng ln rt nhiu (t 600 kg/ha ln 1300 kg/ha). Loi c ph ny ngn

ngy (18 thng l cho qu v 2 nm l t c nng sut cao) v chu c su

bnh. My nm qua tnh hnh su bnh c ph Uganda kh cao. Chnh ph h tr

200.000USD chng bnh ho l v 250.000 USD cung cp ging mi cho

ngi trng c ph v theo c tnh ca Chnh ph nu khng kim sot c su

bnh c ph th 5 nm ti su bnh s lm nh hng ln n sn lng c ph v tn

tht s chng 2%/v, tng ng 3,5 triu USD.

* Knya

L mt trong nhng nc sn xut c ph Arabica loi du ln nht th gii. Sn

xut trung bnh 1,2 triu bao/nm ( 1999-2003), xut khu trung bnh 0,9 triu bao,

ch yu sang c, Anh, H Lan, M, B v Nht.

2. Tnh hnh nhp khu c ph th gii

2.1. Khi qut chung vnhp khu c ph thgii

Nu nh sn xut c ph tp trung ch yu cc nc ang pht trin Nam M,Chu , Chu Phi th nhp khu li tp trung chnh cc nc c nn kinh t pht

trin (chim 90% nhp khu th gii) (Biu 3).

Trong nhng nm u ca thp k 90, nhp khu c ph th gii bin ng khng

ngng. Trung bnh t nm 1990 n 1994 nhp khu gimc 91 triu bao/nm (tr

nm 1991 gim xung 85 triu bao). Nm 2002 do mc d trcc nc nhp khu

cn ln nn cc nc ny gim nhp khu v vy khi lng nhp khu ca c thgii ch cn 89,6 triu bao. (Chi tit xin xem ph lc 4)

Cc nc tiu th v nhp khu c ph ln trn th gii l: M, Phn Lan, c,

Php, Italia, H Lan, Thy in, Anh, Nht Bn.

M l nc tiu th c ph ln nht th gii. Sau n c, Nht Bn, Italia. Do

dn s tng nhanh v mt phn do thu nhp i sng kh hn, tc tiu th v nhp

khu c ph cc nc ang pht trin cng tng ln t 3,5%/nm trong nhng nm

90 ln 4,1% trong nhng nm gn y.


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iu ng ch trong nhp khu c ph th gii l nhiu nc phng Ty ngy

cng nhp khu c ph ht ch bin thnh c ph ha tan xut khu c bit l

M. Vic pht trin cng nghip ch bin c ph trong c c ph ha tan nhiu

nc lm nhu cu c ph th gii tng ng k v loi c ph ny rt tin li chongi tiu dng.

2.2. Nhng nc nhp khu c ph ch yu

* M

M l nc nhp khu c ph ln nht th gii (biu 3). Tiu dng c ph M c

chiu hng gim nh k t khi t mc cao nht l gn 19 triu bao nm 1990.

Tiu th gim vo cui nm 1994 do gi c ph bn l tng ln gp i. Tiu dng c

ph nm 2001 l 21,4 triu bao, nm 2002 tng ln mc 21,7 triu bao. Ba nh ch

bin c ph ln M l Kraft General, Proctor & Gamble v Nestle. Nhng nh sn

xut ny ch bin chim chng 70% c ph ca c nc.

Nhiu nh sn xut nh cng bt u hot ng phc v nhu cu ca th trng

i vi loi c ph ho hng. Ngi ta c tnh l loi c ph ny ch chim chng

16% th trng c ph bn l. Theo kt qu cuc thm d ma ng 2001 ca Hip

hi c ph quc gia M cho thy ch c 2,7% s ngi c phng vn l ung loi

c ph ho hng ny hng ngy. Tuy nhin, th phn ca loi c ph ho hng ny

ang tng ln v theo ngi pht ngn ca nhng nh sn xut loi c ph ny th h

tin rng vo th k 21 loi c ph ny s chim 1/3 th trng c ph ca M.

M cng nh nhng nc nhp khu khc u c ti xut. V d nm 2002, M

nhp tng s l 21,7 triu bao v ti xut 2,6 triu bao (chim 12%). c bit, M

xut khu c ph rang v c ph ha tan rt ln. Nm 2001, M nhp 21,449 triu bao

c ph ht v M li xut khu 2,485 triu bao trong c ph rang v c ph ha tan

chim 50%.

* Vng quc Anh

y l ni c ph ha tan c tiu dng ln nht, theo bo co ca Data Monitor,

nhm nghin cu th trng, c ph v ang thay th ch, trung bnh mi nm mi

ngi dn Anh s dng 15 bng cho c ph. Cng theo bo co ny, tc tng ca

c ph l 11%/nm k t nm 1997, v hin nay c ph chim phn ln nht trong cc


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loi ung Anh. Hng nm (t nm 1998-2002) Anh quc nhp khu chng hn

3 triu bao.

* Chu u

Php, o v Hy Lp, nhiu ngi chuyn sang dng c ph ch. Nhiu ngichuyn sang ung c ph ch v lng c ph vi ch bin xut sang Trung v

ng u gim i. Ngc li c, nhiu ngi li chuyn sang dng loi c ph vi

thay v dng loi c ph ch c v du. Mc tiu th c ph ch gn y gim

mt s nc Chu u ch yu do gi bn l c ph tng nhanh, nhng nc l: B,

Luxembourg, an Mch, Php, c, H Lan. Mc tiu th ca Ty u trong nm

2001/2002 gim hn 2 triu bao, ni cch khc l gim hn 5% so vi nm

2000/2001 v c th cn tip tc gim trong nhng nm ti.Mt iu ng lo ngi cho nhng nh sn xut c ph l th trng Chu u gii

trc tip xc vi c ph rt sm, nhng h thng ch ung c ph nhiu khi h

bt u i lm. Nhng mt s nc khc, m in hnh l an Mch v c, gii

tr li thch ung cc loi ung khc v d cc loi p lnh. S thay i trong

thi quen dng ung c thy M trong nhng nm 60 v ngy nay thi quen

vn khng thay i.

Mt s nh quan st cng thy rng, ngy nay Ty u ngi tiu dng li thch

ung loi c ph ho hng nh c ph m (espresso), c ph sa (cappuccino), c

ph Moea Th NhK (Turkish Mocha) v.v... Ngi ta cho rng gii trChu u

sng mt vai tr cc k quan trng trong vic hnh thnh nn th trng tiu th c

ph trong tng lai, do ngnh sn xut c ph cn phi tiu chnh theo kp

vi s thay i ca mi trng x hi y.

* Trung v ng uy l th trng c tim nng tiu th c ph ln, mc du gn y sc mua c

gim i. V khu vc ny nhp khu nhiu c ph t Ty u, nn kh c th xc nh

c s lng c ph ch v vi trn th trng ny.

Tuy nhin, theo s liu thng k ca ICO trong nhng nm qua do thu nhp c

nhn gim i v gi c c ph tng ln nn s lng tiu thcc nc ny gim i,

v dNga nm 1999 l 1,77 triu bao v nm 2002 l 1,5 triu bao. Nhiu ngicng chuyn sang dng c ph vi v loi ny r hn c ph ch.


15/101



V lng cung cp c ph cn t v gi c cao so vi thu nhp, nn c ph thng

c coi nh mt loi hng ha c gi trng u. Ngi ta thng tng nhau

nhng gi c ph nh th hin lng bit n gip , s mn khch ch khng

tng hoa hay ko scla nh nhng ni khc thng lm. Tiu dng tnh theo ungi Trung v ng u cn xp vo loi thp nht th gii nhng y l khu vc

c tim nng tiu th c ph rt ln, c bit ngy nay.

* Nhng khu vc khc

Mc du nhng th trng nhp khu c ph ln nht th gii nm Bc M v

Chu u, nhng vn cn nhng khu vc khc, v d nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc,

Algeria. Nhn chung vic nhp khu c ph ca Nht Bn c bin ng trong phm vi

chng 6 triu bao t 1994-1998 v 7 triu bao t nm 1999-2002. Hn Quc nhp

khu trong nhng nm qua trung bnh 1 triu bao.

C nhiu tim nng tiu th c ph nhng nc ny, c bit l Nht Bn v

nhng nc Chu khc. Th trng Nht Bn c coi l mt th trng ngy cng

kh tnh. y ngi ta thng bn nhng loi c ph ho hng, v th phn cho loi

c ph cht lng cao ny ngy cng tng ln. Trong khi Nht c coi l mt nc

dng loi c ph truyn thng, th nc ny cng l mt trong nhng nc ng

u pht minh ra nhiu sn phm v c ph nh c ph hp, c f , c ph hn hp.

C ph tan cng nhanh chng ginh c v tr trn th trng Nht Bn. Mt iu

th v l thi quen tiu dng c ph ca Nht Bn cng lan sang c nhng nc Chu

khc nh Hongkong v Singapore. Kt qu l Chu s trthnh khng nhng l

ngi khch hng ln v c ph thng thng v c ph tan m cn l khch hng

ca cc loi c ph ho hng, ngy cng nhiu loi ny c sn xut trong khu vc.

Cui cng l th trng Trung Quc y tim nng ang m ra do tc tng

trng kinh tn nh, dn sng v lng khch du lch ln (nm 2002 l 51,127

triu khch nc ngoi), Sn xut c ph trong nc cng ang c nhiu ha hn. D

sao th trng ny cng ang a ra nhng chi v thch thc cho cc nh sn xut

c ph th gii, c bit l khu bn li hi phi a dng ha mt hng v cht

lng cng ng vai tr rt quan trng thc y bn loi c ph thng thng v

tng lng tiu th c ph.


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3. D tr c ph th gii

Xut khu th gii v vic tiu th vt qu sn xut. iu ny dn n gim

mc d tr kho ca nhng nc sn xut c ph. Gn y ch c Colombia v

Braxin l vn cn lng lu kho ng k, nhng nhiu phn ca lng lu kho caBraxin qu lu v cht lng cn phi xem xt li.

Mc d trcc nc nhp khu tng nhanh trong thi gian 1989-1992 do vic

bn hng t ca nhng nc sn xut c ph sau khi b c-ta nm 1989. Hin nay

do nhiu nh sn xut thc hin phng thc mua bn ng lc (Just in time- JIT)

gim chi ph lu kho nn mc lu kho nhng nc nhp khu gim i nhiu. V

d nm 1999 s lu kho nhng nc nhp khu l 19 triu bao, n nm 2002 chcn 11,5 triu bao.

4. Gi c

T nhng nm 1980 trli y, do tc ng ca nhiu yu t m ch yu l quan

h cung cu trn th trng, gi c ph bin ng tht thng: c 4 n 5 nm gi lin

tc tng ln th sau li c t 4 n 5 nm gi lin tc gim xung. Ring nm

2003, gi c c ph th gii chia lm 2 giai on: u nm l 100 xu M/pound v gitng ln n 311 xu M/pound vo gia nm, thi k th 2 l thi k gi gim xung

t ngt cn 150 xu/pound. Gi ca cc loi c ph khc nhau th khc nhau. Do

nhng c im v sn xut v tnh hn hn v mt cht lng, gi c ph ch thng

cao hn gi c ph vi. (Chi tit xin xem ph lc 5).

5. Tp qun kinh doanh c ph th gii

C ph cng c mua bn theo tp qun kinh doanh loi cy cng nghip dingy nh bng v cao su. Ngi ta thng mua bn thc hoc mua bn k hn c ph

trn cc csgiao dch hng ha ca th gii nh London v New York. Hin nay

nhiu nc k kt theo mu hp ng Chu u 1997.

6. Xc tin mu dch c ph

Hin nay tng s tin dng cho qung co ca cc loi ung khc vt rt xa

s tin dng cho qung co c ph. tng lng tiu dng c ph ch yu nhng

nc nhp khu v cnh tranh vi cc loi ung khc, gn y ICO quytnh dnh 2 triu USD cho chin dch xc tin bn c ph Trung Quc v Nga.


17/101



Clmbia cng tin hnh mt chin dch qung co v xc tin mu dch c ph trn

ton th gii cho t nc ny.

Cng theo ICO, cc nh ch bin c ph trn th gii u t hng chc triu

la M xc tin bn hng ca h. Ngi ta cho rng tin chi cho qung co v xc

tin mu dch chim t 3-6% tng s tin bn hng.

Xc tin mu dch c thdi dng bn hng, qung co, pht tri, trin lm

hi chv thng qua cc phng tin thng tin i chng.

y ban xc tin mu dch ca ICO c thnh lp t nm 1964 London

xc tin vic bn c ph ni chung v t c v duy tr c cht lng tt nht

ca c ph. Tin np ca cc nc thnh vin l 15 xu/bao c ph xut khu dng

vo cng vic xc tin mu dch c ph v cc cng vic khc ca ICO.7. T chc c ph th gii (ICO) v hip nh c ph th gii (ICA)

7.1. Tchc c ph thgii ( International Coffee Organization ICO)

Do s bin ng tht thng ca gi c th trng nh hng ln n nhng

nc sn xut v tiu th c ph nn nhng nc ny ng u l Braxin hp li

ln u tin nm 1962 di s bo trca Lin Hp Quc ti New York thnh lp

ICO v k c hip nh th nht c ph th gii.

Hin nay ICO c 51 nc thnh vin trong c 35 nc xut khu v 16 nc

nhp khu. Mc ch ch yu ca ICO l nhm to nn mt th trng c ph n nh

v mt gi c bng cch phn phi cota gia cc nc thnh vin.7.2. Hip nh c ph thgii ( International Coffee Agreement ICA)

Hin nay hip nh ICA mi nht c k kt bi 63 thnh vin Chnh ph ca Hi

ng C ph quc t (International Coffee Council) ti Lun n vo thng 9 nm

2000 sau khi hip nh ICA 1994 ht hn hiu lc vo ngy 30/9/1999. Hip nh kodi 6 nm ny sy mnh hn na quan h hp tc gia cc nc sn xut v nc

tiu dng c ph trn th gii v c hiu lc k t ngy 1/1/2001 (v vy hip nh

ny c gi tt l ICA 2001). Nhng mc tiu chnh ca ICA 2001 l :

- Thc y hp tc quc t trong cc vn v c ph.

- To ra mt din n Chnh ph cc nc c th tho lun, thng lng cc

vn lin quan n c ph sao cho c th cn i gia cung v cu, to ra mc gi


18/101



hp l cho c ngi bn ln ngi mua, v duy tr mc cn bng di hn gia sn

xut v tiu dng.

- To iu kin cho cc doanh nghip c th thng lng cc vn v c ph.

- Mrng v minh bch ha thng mi c ph quc t.- Thu thp v cung cp cc thng tin kinh t v k thut, cc s liu thng k,

nghin cu v pht trin cc vn v c ph.

- Khuyn khch cc nc thnh vin n nh v pht trin ngnh c ph trong

nc.

- Xc tin, khuyn khch v gia tng tiu dng c ph.

- Phn tch v h trcc d n pht trin ngnh c ph th gii.

- Khuyn khch chuyn giao cng ngh gia cc nc thnh vin.

IV. TRIN VNG TH TRNG C PH THGII

1. Nhng yu t tc ng n th trng c ph th gii

Phn ny ch nu ln nhng yu t chnh tc ng n cung, cu v gi c c ph.

1.1. Nhng yu tchnh tc ngn CUNG

a. Thi tit kh huC ph l cy cng nghip nhit i c nhng yu cu sinh thi rt kht khe. Khi

thi tit thun ha, sn xut t kt qu tt dn n cung tng ln. Nhng nu thi tit

xu nh sng mui Braxin nm 1975 ph hoi 60% din tch c ph y.

Theo nghin cu ca ICO vnh hng ca kh hu i vi th trng v sn xut

c ph lm cho nhiu ngi phi ngc nhin v theo bng bo co ny th sn xut

v th trng c ph rt nhy cm khi c sng mui v hn hn nhng khi c hintng ElNino th khng c nh hng r rt. V d nm 1982/1983 c ElNino sn

lng ton cu gim 16%, nhng nhng nm 1969/1970, 1972/1973 v 1991/1992

tuy th gii c hin tng ElNino nhng sn xut c ph li tng ln r rt. C ngi

cho rng v ElNino chnh hng n mt s vng nht nh ca th gii trong mt

thi im nht nh, nn mt s khu vc ny sn lng b gim nhng cc khu vc

khc ca th gii sn lng c th li tng.

b. Gi c


19/101



V c ph cng ging nh nhng cy nng sn di ngy khc cn c su t ln

v sn xut v phi mt 3-5 nm cy c ph mi cho nng sut cao nn ngi trng

c ph khng th t b sn xut c ph ngay khi gi c ph xung qu thp v ngc

li khi gi c tng vt, ngi ta cng khng th c ngay c ph bn. Nhng nmqua sn xut c ph nhn chung khng gim khi gi thay i. Nhng v lu di gi c

c ph cng vn nh hng n cung. V nu khng c li, ngi trng c ph s

chuyn sang trng loi cy mi. Hin tng ny thy nhiu ni trc y khi gi

c ph xung thp nht l giai on t nm 1997 n nay.

c. Cng ngh v khoa hc k thut

Cng tc khuyn nng, nhng thnh tu khoa hc k thut mi: v d nh Uganda

va a mt loi c ph ging mi (tn l Clonal coffee) a nng sut c ph t 600

kg/ha ln 1300 kg/ha c ph ging mi lm cho nng sut c ph tng dn ti tng

cung.

d. Cc chi ph u vo

Gim gi cc khon u vo (nh tin cng, chi ph cho phn bn, ging, tin my

mc thp hn v.v...) s lm cho cc nh sn xut u t vo sn xut nhiu hn v s

tng cung.

e. Siu tit ca chnh ph

Mt yu t ch quan nh hng n cung c ph l s can thip ca chnh ph nh

nhng quy nh nghim ngt ca chnh ph v bo v mi trng v.v...v d nh

Chnh ph BBin Ng va quyt nh s ph hy tt c cy c ph v ca cao trng

tri php trong khu vc rng quc gia. Hay h trgi, Chnh ph Colombia cho

xy nhiu kho ln ct gi c ph d tha, vt qu sc tiu th trong nc v th

gii. Ngoi ra chnh ph nhiu nc khc nh Nicaragua, Indonexia, Uganda v.v...

cp tn dng h trsn xut cho ngi trng c ph. Nhng siu tit ny cng

nh hng ln n lng cung c ph th gii.

f. Do yu cu ca hip hi

Ngy nay, tn ti ngi ta thng lin doanh, lin kt li vi nhau mang tnh

cht ton cu hay khu vc. C ph cng khng thngoi quy lut . V d thng

5/1997 ACPC ( t chc ca nhng nc trng c ph th gii) tha thun s tip


20/101



tc gim hn ngch xut khu c ph xung cn 52,75 triu bao trong vng 12 thng(

bt u t 1/7/1999) so vi 53 triu bao hn ngch c. Tuy nhin i khi vic ny

cng khng c nhiu tc dng lm.

1.2. Nhng yu tchnh tc ngn CUTi sao ngi ta li ung c ph v h ung bao nhiu c ph? Theo cc tc gi ca

cun Hng dn cho cc nh xut khu c ph nm 1992 th cu tr li cho cu hi

kh phc tp do chng ta ch xt n nhng yu t chnh tc ng n cu nh

sau:

a. Gi c

i vi mt ngi tiu dng bnh thng, gi bn l c ph c nh hng ln n

tiu dng c ph hay khng? Bn bo co ca Ngn hng th gii trnh by co

gin ca cu i vi gi c ph ca 21 nc nhp khu (B, an Mch, Php, c,

Hy Lp, i NhLan, , H Lan, Bo Nha, Ty Ban Nha, Anh, M, Australia,

Canada, Phn Lan, Nht Bn, Na Uy, Thy in, Thy S v New Zealand).

Kt qu ca kho st cho thy cu rt t co gin 21 nc ni trn khi thay i 1%

gi. Do vy, gi c nh hng n cu ca nhng nc ny nhng khng nh hng

n mc nh ngi ta thng ni. Tuy nhin gi tr co gin kho st trn ch lin

quan n thay i nh ca gi 1%. Do khi c s thay i ln ca gi c th vn c

nh hng ln n hnh vi tiu dng ca khch hng.

Trc y c nh ch bin v tiu dng cui cng rt quan tm n cht lng c

ph nhng ngy nay h li quan tm nhiu n gi c. Theo tng kt mi nht

(11/2002) ca hng thng tin c ph c (B.R Infa) v ca ACPC cho thy do s

chnh lch gi qu cao gia c ph ch v c ph vi t l trung bnh trong nm 2002

: 185/80 xu/pound lm cho cc nh ch bin v ngi tiu dng cui cng chuyn

sang dng c ph vi. Cc b ni tr nhy cm vi gi c gp 10 ln so vi vi

nm trc y c bit c. Vic chuyn sang dng loi c ph vi c th hin

r nht l M (t thng 1- thng 9/2003) c ph vi nhp khu chim 25% lng c

ph nhp khu v s c ph vi lu kho cng gim i rt nhiu. iu ny l gii

ti sao lng tiu dng c ph khng bin i ln khi gi c tng vt. Tuy nhin mc


21/101



phn ng i vi gi ccc nc tiu th khc nhau. cc nc Scandinavia

th hin s thay i t nht.

Mt loi co gin theo gi khc l co gin cho, loi ny cp n s thay i ca

nhu cu v c ph khi gi c ca cc loi ung khc thay i. V d gi c ca chthay i c nh hng n nhu cu ca c ph khng ? V cha c nhiu nghin cu

v vn ny nn cha c kt qu r rng.

b. Thu nhp

Cng theo s kho st trn ca Ngn hng th gii, cc tc gi cng kho st

co gin ca cu khi thu nhp thay i (c th l co gin ca cu i vi 1% thay

i ca thu nhp).

Kt qu l cu nhy cm vi thay i ca thu nhp hn i vi gi trong nhiu

trng hp. Mt vi nc nh i NhLan c co gin theo thu nhp cao v mc

ung c ph thp. Nhng thu nhp n mt mc no , nhu cu i vi c ph s

n nh. V d nh cc nc Bc u, tng thu nhp t nh hng n cu.

c. Sthch ca ngi tiu dng

C ph vn thng c ung trong cc ba n ca gia nh. Tuy nhin vi nhp

cng nghip ha ngy nay i hi c ph phi c iu chnh thch ng vi li

sng mi nu khng c ph s phi nhng th phn ca mnh cho cc loi ung

khc. mt s nc ung lnh (v d nh Cocacola) ang ngy cng ph bin.

V c ph thng phi ung nng nn c ph kh cnh tranh vi ung lnh nu

trn. Ngy nay trn nhiu th trng tiu th truyn thng, ngi tiu dng khng cn

lun lun trung thnh vi mt loi sn phm m h sn sng chuyn sang dng loi

sn phm c ph mi nh loi sy kh bng phng php lm lnh (freeze-dried

coffee) hay loi c ph xay ht th. Ung c ph ang ngy cng c nhiu ngi

a chung mt s nc, c bit Nht Bn. Loi thc n ngi ta dng cng nh

hng n s lng c ph ngi ta ung. C th do thi quen v khu v, c ph

thng c ung cng vi mt s loi thc n ny hn l loi thc n khc. iu

l gii ti sao ngi ta t ung c ph nhng ca hng n bn cc mn n phng

ng hn l nhng ni bn cc mn n ca M v Chu u. M c mt s thay


22/101



i v khu v t thc n ngt nhiu kem sang loi thc n nhiu gia v. Ngi ta cho

rng chnh l nguyn nhn lm gim cu v c ph y hin nay.

t lu ngi ta cho rng c ph tt hn (c ngha l cht lng ht tt hn,

ch bin c ci tin hn, thun tin cho ngi tiu dng hn) s to ra cu c phnhiu hn. iu ny c xc nhn qua kim nghim M. Vi nhng ci tin v

pha trn gn y, lng cu hnh nh tng ln ng ki vi cc loi c ph ny.

Vi mt s pht hin gn y v mi lin quan gia c ph v sc khe lm nh

hng n vic xc tin mu dch c ph. Mc du, ngi ta cn nghi ng v

chnh xc ca kt qu nghin cu v lng dng c ph hay cafein y qu cao

nhng nhng cng b cng gy nn lo lng v tc ng xu n cu c ph.Ngnh c ph cng hiu c mi lo lng nn c gng tuyn truyn v tc

dng tt ca c ph v cho ra i loi c ph tch cafein. Vic lm cng thu

c nhng kt qu nht nh.

d. Thu

Thunh vo c ph c nh hng ln n vic tiu dng c ph. Thuc coi

l mt hng ro php l i vi cu v c ph. Trong Hip nh c ph quc t2001 cc nc thnh vin ca ICO nu r cc nc thnh vin s c gng xin

gim thunh vo c ph hoc tin hnh cc hot ng khc loi b trngi i vi

vic tng tiu th c ph.

Hin cn nhiu nc nh Anh, Php, c, H Lan, an Mch nh mc thu 4%

i vi c ph nguyn liu t nhng nc khng phi l thnh vin ca nhng nc

sn xut c ph th gii (ACPC) hoc t nhng nc khng c hng quyn tihu quc. Hu ht cc nc nh thu vo nhng sn phm c ph, v d Nht Bn l

20% i vi c ph tch cafein, c v H Lan l 18% i vi c ph ha tan.

1.3. Nhng yu tchnh tc ngn GI C

Ngi ta thng ni cung cu iu tit gi c, iu ny vn ng i vi c ph.

Nhng gi c li bin ng rt tht thng khi tnh hnh sn xut v cu thc s

ca c ph trn th gii hu nh tng i cn bng trong sut 30 nm qua. Vy yut no to ra nhng cung cu gi to lm cho gi c bin ng nh vy ? Theo


23/101



cc nh nghin cu c ph ngoi nhng yu t khch quan nh kh hu, thi tit, cn

c nhng yu t ch quan nh:

a. Cc chin lc ca cc nh u c

Qua biu 4 thng k trn ta thy gi c bin ng theo quy lut c 4-5 nm tng rili gim trong khi sn xut v tiu th khng theo quy lut . Theo cc nh

nghin cu v c ph cho rng chin lc ca cc nh u cc ph, lng mua vo

bn ra ca h nh hng n s bin ng ca gi c, t nht l trong mt thi gian

ngn.

Mi khi h nghe tin thi tit khng n nh sng mui Braxin, hn hn

Indonexia, h li c chin lc mua vo. Vic ny lm cho gi c c ph tng ln

nhanh chng v ngc li. Mt v d gn y nht, 6 thng u nm 2002, gi c c

ph tng t 100 xu M/pound (thng 1) ln n 311 xu M/pound (thng 6). V

cc nh bun don l s khng lng cung cp c ph ch ra do thu hoch c

ph Clmbia gim. Chnh v vy cc nh nhp khu v u co t mua vo y

gi c ph tng vt ln.

b. S chi phi ca cc nc xut khu c ph chnh

Siu chnh cn bng hn ngch ca ACPC cng tc ng n gi. Khi gi cao,

ACPC tng mc hn ngch xut khu ln v khi gi thp ACPC li ct gim hn

ngch i to nn s cn bng cung cu, duy tr n nh gi. Tuy nhin i khi vic

ny cng khng c tc dng ln.

c. S can thip ca Chnh ph

Chnh ph mt s nc cn can thip vo ngnh c ph bng cch quy nh gi sn

(gi ti thiu). Nhiu nc trong c Vit Nam tng thc hin Qu bnh n gi

cho nng nghip. Qu ny c to nn nh vic thu ph xut khu. Khi gi c

xung qu thp, nh nc dng qu ny h trcho nh sn xut v nh xut khu.

2. D bo v trin vng th trng c ph th giiTheo cc nh kinh t th gii, nhn chung rt kh d bo th trng c ph th gii

v c ph chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t hay bin i nh ni trn. Sau y l

mt s d bo mi nht v th trng c ph.2.1. Sn xut


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Theo ICO t c kh nng l sn xut s tng. Nhng vi mc nhu cu c ph hin

nay, sn xut s vn p ng v s d tha nu cu gim i. c tnh c ph

vi s chim 1/3 lng c ph sn xut ca th gii. Trong khi c ph vi ch

chim 29% tng s c ph th gii trong nm 2000. D bo ny da theo nhng con

s thng k ca sn xut c ph trong 38 nm qua. Thc t cho thy kh hu xu cthnh hng mt khu vc no ca th gii lm lng c ph sn xut khu vc

gim i nhng lng c ph ca khu vc khc li tng ln nn ton b sn lng

th gii s t b bin ng.

2.2. Xut khu

Mc d ACPC ( Hip hi cc nc sn xut c ph th gii) quyt nh duy tr

mc xut khu l 60 triu bao cho ti nm 2005, nhng th trng c ph vn cha c

phn ng g v theo ICO thc cht ACPC khng c cng c g thc hin hn chxut khu. Nu vy, xut khu c th vn c duy tr vi mc tng chm (chng

6% nh nhng nm 95-2001).

2.3. Nhu cu

Theo nhn nh gn y ca ICO v cc nh phn tch kinh t ca Php, tng cu

c tng nhng tng t, nht l sau khi ICO quyt nh dnh 2 triu la M

marketing c ph Nga v Trung Quc nm 2002. y l 2 th trng c tim nng

ln, c bit l Trung Quc c dn s ln nht th gii. Tuy nhin, do nh hng trc

tip ca vic tng gi v thu nhp gim ng s lm gim cu chng 0,8 triu

bao/nm. Nhu cu v c ph vi s tng ln rt nhiu so vi c ph ch v c ph vi

s chim 1/3 tng sn lng c ph th gii.

2.4. Gi c

Theo d bo ca M v ca ICO gi c s tng do c s hn ch cung cp c ph

ca ACPC v nhu cu tng. Theo cc nh kinh tc ngy nay cc nh ch bin c

h thng dng phng thc mua ng lc- Just in time( J.I.T) hn ch thp

nht mc chi ph lu kho (t l lu kho thng di mc 30%). Lu kho thp l mtu hiu nguy him v n s lm cho gi c bin ng tht thng khi tnh hnh sn

xut c ph bin ng. Do kh c th d bo chc chn v gi c c ph trong mt

thi gian di.


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CHNG IITNH HNH SN XUT, CH BIN V XUT KHU C PH VIT

NAM NHNG NM GN Y

I. TNH HNH SN XUT

1. Tim nng sn xut c ph ca Vit Nam.

1.1. Vkh hu.

Nc ta nm trong vnh ai nhit i bc bn cu, tri di theo phng kinh

tuyn t 80 30 n 230 30 v bc. iu kin a l v kh hu rt thch hp vi

vic pht trin cy c ph v em li cho c ph Vit Nam mt hng v rt ring.

Hai loi c ph ch yu ang c trng ph bin nc ta l cy c ph vi v

c ph ch c nhng yu cu sinh thi khc nhau. Cy c ph vi a thi tit nng m

v lng nh sng di do nn thch hp trng cc tnh pha Nam. C ph ch a

thi tit mt, c cng nh sng mt tri thp v chu c nhit thp (thp

hn c ph vi 5-70C) nn thch hp trng cc tnh pha Bc.

1.2. Vthnhng.

Cy c ph pht trin tt trn t bazan v cc loi t bin cht khc. Loi hnh

t tt i vi cy c ph l: t ti xp, c tng dy trn 1 mt. Nc ta c vng t

bazan Ty Nguyn, Ty Qung Tr, Ty Ngh An v nhiu loi t khc trung du

u thch hp vi cy c ph.

1.3. Vlao ng.

Nc ta c ngun lao ng di do, c bit l nng thn v cc tnh trung du.

Gi nhn cng r khin gi thnh sn phm thp, tng sc cnh tranh cho mt hng c

ph Vit Nam.

1.4. Vkthut v cng ngh.

So vi mt s loi cy trng khc, k thut trng cng nh chm sc cy c ph

v ch bin sn phm kh n gin, hon ton c kh nng gii quyt c. Cc h

gia nh trc tip trng, chm sc, thu hoch v sch sn phm. Cc n v dch v

k thut v xut nhp khu ng vai tr cung ng vt t k thut cho ngi sn xut

v ngi thu mua, ti ch sn phm thnh mt hng xut khu. Hn na, ngnh c

ph Vit Nam c kinh nghim gn 100 nm nay v trng c ph.


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1.5. Vngun vn.

Chnh ph c ch trng, chnh sch pht trin cy c ph ch, ch yu l khu

vc kinh t h gia nh vi quy m va v nh. Ngun vn ch yu l vn t c v

vt t, sc lao ng ca cc h sn xut, Nh nc ch h trphn no di dng vn

cho vay tn dng di hn, li sut u tin cho ng bo min ni v vng kinh t mi.

Hin nay Nh nc ta thc hin chnh sch mca, cc nc c iu kin u

t vo nc ta, v vy ngnh c ph c iu kin mrng hp tc, tranh th vn u

t nc ngoi, vay vn ca cc t chc, ngn hng th gii.

2. Cc ging c ph ch yu Vit Nam hin nay.

Cc loi c ph u thuc ging Coffea, gm gn 70 loi khc nhau, ch c

khong 10 loi ng ch v gi tr trng trt. Vit Nam hin nay trng 2 loi c

ph chnh:

- Ging Arabica (c ph ch)

- Ging Robusta (c ph vi)

Tu theo tng ging m chng i hi cc iu kin ngoi cnh khc nhau cho

nn vic b tr ccu ging vo trng trong mt vng phi da trn cc yu cu ring

ca chng, c nh vy mi pht huy c hiu qu ca tng ging.

2.1. C ph Arabica (c ph ch)

y l ging c ph c trng nhiu nht trn th gii (chim khong 70% sn

lng c ph th gii) tp trung ch yu Nam M, chu Phi nhng li chim mt t

l rt nhVit Nam (ch khong 5% din tch). C ph Arabica a ni mt v hilnh. Nhit thch hp t 18-250C, thch hp nht t 20-250C. Do yu cu v nhit

nh vy nn c ph Arabica thng c trng min ni c cao t 600-

2500m (nguyn qun ca c ph ch cao nguyn Ethiopia, vng nhit i ng

Phi, ni c cao trn di 2000m). C ph Arabica cho sn phm thm ngon ca

cc nc nh: Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Columbia... thng c trng ni c

cao t 800m trln.


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Sdchng ta gi l c ph ch v loi ny c l gn ging l ch. Thn c ph

ch c v sn si, c ging phn cnh cao, trng on thn ti khong 80cm nh

Typica, Bourbon; c ging phn cnh thp, cp cnh th nht cch mt t 12-15cm,

khong cch gia cc cp cnh trn thn cy l 3-7cm nh Catimor, Caturra,Catuay... y l c im hnh thi rt quan trng ca cc ging c ph ch trong

canh tc, m trc ht l phng chng su hi nh su c thn.

B r c ph ch kh pht trin. Gp t ti xp v c su ln th r cc mc

thng v su ti trn 1m. Cc r ph v r lng ht mc theo hng chch ngang v

tp trung ti 80-90% lp t mt c su 0-30cm.

C ph Arabica t th phn (trn di 90%), cao t 3-5m, trong iu kin kh hut ai thun li c th cao n 7m, c thn hoc nhiu thn; qu hnh trng, di 10-

18mm. S lng qu t 800-1200 qu/kg. Thi gian qu mang trn cy t lc bt u

hnh thnh qu non n khi qu chn t 7 -8 thng. Trong iu kin kh hu min Bc

nc ta, c ph Arabica chn r vo thng 12 v thng 1. Ty Nguyn, c ph chn

sm hn 2-3 thng so vi min Bc. Khi qu chn, nu b ma d nt v rng. Trong

mt qu thng c hai nhn, mt s t qu c ba nhn. Nhn c v la mu bc bmcht vo nhn, ngoi v la l v thc, ngoi cng l v tht. T 5-7 kg qu s thu

c 1kg nhn c ph sng. Mu xm xanh, xanh lc, xanh nht tu thuc vo chng

loi c ph v cch ch bin, bo qun. C ph Arabica thm, ngon, du, hm lng

cafein c trong nhn khong 1-3%.

2.2. C ph Robusta (c ph vi).

Robusta l loi c ph c din tch trng ng hng th hai sau c ph ch (xp x30% sn lng c ph th gii), c trng tp trung chu , chu Phi. Khong 20

nm gn y, din tch c ph pht trin nhanh, ch yu l c ph vi khu vc chu

v chu Phi do cng nghip pht trin, c bit l c ph vi chim khong 60%

trong thnh phn c ph tan. y l loi c ph ch yu Vit Nam (chim ti 95%

din tch trng).

Ngun gc c ph Robusta khu vc Cng-g v min ni vng thp xch o vnhit i Ty Phi. C ph Robusta thch hp ni nng m. Nhit thch hp 22-


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26 0C, thch hp nht 24-260C. Lng ma cn thit i vi cy c ph vi t 1300-

2500mm.

Robusta th phn cho (d hoa th phn) nn tp giao v dn n hin tng a

dng trong bt k vn no trng bng ht, do vic phn loi c ph vi rt phctp. Cy cao t 5-7m, qu hnh trng hoc trn, qu chn c mu thm. Thi gian

mang qu trn cy t lc bt u hnh thnh qu non n khi qu chn l t 9-10

thng. V qu cng v dai hn c ph Arabica. T 5-6 kg qu s thu c 1kg nhn.

min Bc nc ta, qu chn t thng 2 n thng 4, cn Ty Nguyn qu chn

sm hn, thng 12 n thng 2. c bit khc vi Arabica, c ph Robusta khng ra

hoa kt ht ti cc mt c ca cnh. Nhn hnh hi trn, to ngang, v la mu nh nubc. Mu ca nhn xm xanh, xanh bc, vng m g.. Tu thuc chng loi v

phng php ch bin, lng cafein trong nhn khong 1,5-3%.

Trn th gii, ngi tiu dng a chung c ph Arabica hn c ph Robusta.

Ngoi ra trong sn xut c ph, th gii hin nay c ging Arabusta do lai to

gia ging Arabica v Robusta nhm t c nng sut cao, chng chu kh ca

ging Robusta v c phm cht tt ca c ph Arabica. Tuy nhin cht lng ca nkhng cao bng c ph Arabica. Vit Nam mi trng th trn mt t din tch

Ty Nguyn.

3. Din tch, nng sut, sn lng.

3.1. Din tch

Cy c ph xut hin Vit Nam t cui th k XVI, nhng n cui thp k

80 ca th k 20 cy c ph mi thc sc pht trin v din tch c ph cng bt

u tng nhanh.

Nm 1975, khi vn pht trin cy c ph c t ra, c nc ta mi ch c

khng y 20 ngn ha, ch yu c trng hai tnh kLk v GiaLai. n nm

1980, ton ngnh cng mi cht 180 ngn ha. Trong nhng nm qua, nhc chnh

sch khuyn khch sn xut v xut khu c ph ca ng v Nh nc, cy c ph

bt u c pht trin trn quy m ln v din tch c ph khng ngng tng.

n nm 2002, din tch c ph trn c nc t ti con sng kinh ngc l


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540.000 ha, iu ny vt ngoi d kin ca ngnh. C ph c trng rng khp

trn ton quc v ch yu tp trung mt s tnh nh Ty Nguyn, kLk, Lm

ng, Gia Lai, KonTum.., c bit Ty Nguyn chim ti 73,3 % din tch c ph

c nc.Biu 1: Din tch c ph qua cc nin v va qua

Nin v Din tch (ha) Sdin tch tng so vi nin v trc (ha)

1992 /93 140.000 -1993/94 150.000 10.0001994/95 215.000 65.0001995/96 295.000 80.000

1996/97 350.000 55.0001997/98 410.000 60.0001998/99 460.000 50.0001999/00 520.000 60.0002000/01 500.000 -20.0002001/02 540.000 40.000

Ngun: B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn

C th thy trong nhng nm qua, din tch c ph tng vi tc nhanh chng.

Ch trong 10 nm m din tch tng ln gn gp 4 ln, tuy nhin tng khng u.

Trong nin v 1996/1997 din tch c ph tng chm hn so vi nm trc do th

trng c ph th gii va tri qua cuc khng hong tha vo nm 1994/1995. Tuy

nhin, do tnh hnh khan him c ph trong nin v 1998/1999, gi c ph tng cao

nn n nin v 1999/2000 din tch c ph li tng vi tc ln hn v din tch

c ph t con s ln nht t trc ti nay, 520.000 ha, c ph c trng trn lan

khp ni trong c nc. n nin v 2000/2001, do gi c ph trn th trng th gii

st gim nghim trng, nhiu h nng dn trong nc cht b cy c ph trng

cc loi cy cng nghip khc khin cho ln u tin din tch c ph trong nc

gim khong 20.000ha xung cn 500.000ha. Nhng sang nm 2002, gi c ph li

phc hi v din tch trng c ph tng trli v t mc cao nht trong vng 10 nm

qua.

Nhn chung, din tch c ph tng qua cc nm. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do:


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* Th nht, iu kin t ai Vit Nam rt thun li cho vic trng v pht trin

cy c ph. Vit Nam c khong 10,5 triu ha t nng nghip (chim 1/3 din tch c

nc). Trong , c nhng loi th nhng c gi tr kinh t cao nht bazan

tri di t cao nguyn Trung bn ng Nam B. Theo thng k ca Vin quyhoch v thit k nng nghip, din tch t c th trng c c ph gm 3 loi t:

S1 (rt thch hp trng c ph); S2 (thch hp trng c ph) v S3 (t thch hp trng

c ph). Tng s din tch t c th trng c c ph trong c nc l 2.368.765 ha,

trong hai loi S1 v S2 l 1.084.660 ha chim 46%. Nu ch so snh vi hai loi

t S1 v S2 th vi din tch c ph khong 500.000 ha chng ta mi ch khai thc

khong 47%. V vy qut trng c ph l rt di do v din tch c ph vn c

th mrng c trong nhng nm ti.

* C ph l mt trong nhng loi cy cng nghip mang li li nhun cao hn so

vi cy lng thc. Theo tnh ton ca Vin quy hoch v thit k nng nghip - B

nng nghip v pht trin nng thn th li nhun ca c ph gp 3,4 ln so vi sn

xut go v 2,9 ln ng. Hn na, cy c ph l mt loi cy cng nghip di ngy,

vic u t ban u ch cn mt ln, sau l u t b sung. iu ny rt ph hp

vi ngun vn eo hp ca cc h nng dn nc ta. C th Vin nghin cu a

ra hiu qu v mc vn u t cho mt ha cy c ph trng Ty Nguyn, mt vng

t rt thch hp vi loi cy ny, th th t mc li nhun nh sau (so vi mt s

loi cy cng nghip khc)

Biu 2: Mc li nhun i vi mi loi t trng

n v : 1000/ha/nm

Cy cng nghip C ph Tiu Cao su Ch iu

t rt thch hp (S1) 7508 4740 4200 3720 3094

t thch hp (S2) 4035 2440 3050 3110 2800

t t thch hp (S3) 2057 _ 2610 2200 2144

Ngun: Vin qui hoch v thit knng nghip - B Nng Nghip v PTNT

Do hiu qu kinh t cao nh vy, nhiu vng, nhiu ni trong c nc chuyn

sang trng v thm canh cy c ph. Thm ch , do c mt thi gian di (1997 - 2000)c ph bn c gi cao, sn xut thu c li nhun siu ngch, thm vo cc h


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nng dn li c giao t v t qun l cng vic trng trt kinh doanh ca mnh.

Chnh v vy xy ra tnh trng ua nhau t trng c ph. Nhiu ngi nht l dn

di c t do vo cht ph rng trng c ph. Theo thng k sb, hng chc ngn

ha rng u ngun b tn ph. Chnh v vy, trong nhng nm qua din tch c phtng trn lan, c bit l giai on 1995 - 2000.

3.2. Nng sut

Mt iu m ngnh c ph Vit Nam ng t ho l nng sut c ph Vit Nam

c nh gi l cao nht th gii, vt xa nng sut ca cc nc sn xut c ph

khc, k c nhng nc lun dn u v sn lng nh Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia.

y chnh l im mnh v cng l li th cnh tranh ca c ph Vit Nam khin cho

nhiu nc sn xut c ph trn th gii phi kinh ngc. Nng sut bnh qun ca

Vit Nam qua mt s nm nh sau:

Biu 3: Nng sut bnh qun qua cc giai on

Nm 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Nng sut(t/ha) 14 14,4 15 15,2 16 20 21 22

Ngun: VINACAFE

Trong khi nng sut c ph ca hu ht cc nc t di 1 tn/ha th c ph

Vit Nam trong nm qua t ti k lc 2,1 tn/ha v lun gi v tr hng u (nng

sut bnh qun ca th gii l 6,05 t/ha)

Biu 4:Nng sut c ph ca mt s nc nm 2002

STT Tn nc Nng sut kg/ha H s so vi Vit Nam1. Vit Nam 2.201 1

2. n 967 0.463. Clmbia 924 0,444. Braxin 792 0,385. Innxia 738 0,356. Ugana 525 0,257. Mhic 368 0,188. Vnxula 300 0,14

(Ngun ACPC, ICO, Commodity expert.com, nin gim thng k 2003)

Bn cnh nguyn nhn trong nhng nm qua Vin nghin cu c ph Vit Nam cung cp hng chc tn ht ging mi, nng sut cao cho cc a phng th t


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ai cng vi iu kin kh hu thch hp l hai yu t quan trng gip cho c ph Vit

Nam t nng sut cao. Mt khc, cy c ph Vit Nam li tr hn rt nhiu so vi c

ph ca cc nc khc v hin nay ang l thi im cho nng sut cao nht

Ngnh c ph Vit Nam lun t ho t c nng sut cao nht th gii, hnc Braxin, nhng trc nhng din bin ca th trng c ph th gii hin nay th

ngnh c ph Vit Nam cn phi xem xt li. Bi v c ph Vit Nam t nng sut

cao nht th gii nhng mc chi ph mt tn c ph nhn cng mc cao. V nng

sut cao khng hn em li hiu qu kinh t cao. V vy, bn cnh vic duy tr

nng sut t c, Vit Nam cn phi ch trng nng cao cht lng v h gi

thnh sn phm.

3.3. Sn lng

Nm 2002 va qua l nm t ph ca ngnh c ph Vit Nam v sn lng.

Sn lng c ph t mc cao nht t trc ti nay v vt xa ch tiu t ra, a

Vit Nam vn ln v tr th hai th gii v sn lng c ph v ng u th gii v

sn lng c ph vi (c ph vi ca Vit Nam chim 18% sn lng c ph vi ton

cu). y l kt qu tt yu ca nng sut cao v din tch c ph ngy cng c m

rng. Hn na, y cng l giai on cy c ph cho nng sut cao nht. C th ni,

nu xt v nng sut v sn lng th ngnh c ph Vit Nam khng thua km bt k

mt ngnh c ph no trn th gii.

Biu 5: Din bin sn lng c ph Vit Nam

Nin v Sn lng (tn)S lng tng so vi nin v

trc (tn)

1992/93 140.400 _

1993/94 181.200 40.800

1994/95 211.920 30.720

1995/96 236.280 24.360

1996/97 242.300 6.020

1997/98 413.580 171.280


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1998/99 404.206 - 9374

1999/00 700.000 295.794

2000/01 900.000 200.000

2001/02 1.050.000 150.000

Ngun: Bo co VICOFA

Sau khi Vit Nam chnh thc gia nhp vo t chc c ph th gii (ICO) vo nm

1991, hot ng sn xut c ph ca Vit Nam bt u i vo quy m hn, sn lng

tng u qua cc nm v Vit Nam lun gi v tr l mt trong ba nc sn xut c

ph hng u th gii. Tr nin v 1998/1999, do nh hng ca hin tng ElNino,

thi tit kh hn, sn lng c ph Vit Nam gim 9374 tn nhng sau li tng

mnh vo nin v 1999/2000, 2000/2001 v 2001/02. Nu nh so vi nin v

1992/1993 din tch c ph ch tng gp 4 ln th sn lng tng ti gn 7,5 ln. y

cng chnh l yu t gp phn to nn s bin ng th trng trong nin v va qua.

T trc ti nay, sn lng cao lun l mc tiu t ra ca ngnh c ph Vit

Nam ni chung cng nh ca mi h trng c ph ni ring. n nay, mc tiu

phn no t c v n lc Vit Nam cn thay i quan im v mc tiu t ra

cho ton ngnh. Mc tiu t ra lc ny khng ch l sn lng cao m chng ta cn

phi xt n hiu qu kinh t.

4. Cng ngh ch bin c ph.

4.1. Kthut chbin c ph nhn.

Hin nay nc ta ang p dng 2 phng php: phng php ch bin kh i

vi c ph Robusta v phng php ch bin t i vi c ph Arabica:

* Phng php chbin t: l phng php ch bin vi cng ngh phc tp,

mang li nng sut v cht lng cao nhng chi ph u t ln. Ch bin t gm 2

giai on chnh:

- Giai on xt ti loi b cc lp v tht v cht nhn bn ngoi, ln men v

phi sy kh t mc quy nh vm ca ht

- Giai on xay xt loi b lp v tru v v la.


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* Phng php chbin kh: l phng php ch bin n gin, trong phng

php ny ch c mt cng on chnh l lm kh c ph ti bng cch phi nng

hoc sy kh tch v. Phng php ny c p dng rng ri trong cc nh my

v trong cc h gia nh. u im ca phng php ny l n gin, chi ph thp

nhng cht lng thp. Hn na, nhng nm ma ko di trong v thu hoch ngi

ta phi sy trong cc l sy t bng than , ci.

4.2. Cng ngh chbin.

Sau nm 1975, khi i vo pht trin sn xut c ph, chng ta mi ch c mt t

xng ch bin ng Giao, Ph Qu vi thit b lp t t nm 1960 -1962 do

Cng ho dn chc ch to. pha Nam c mt s xng ca cc doanh in c

nh: Rossi, Delphante li, cng sut khng ln. Cng vi vic mrng din tchtrng c ph, chng ta bt tay vo xy dng cc xng ch bin mi, bt u t

nhng thit b l ri n cc dy chuyn sn xut sao chp theo mu ca Hang-xa nh

ca Nh my c kh 1-5 Hi Phng, Nh my A74 b Cng nghip Thc -

thnh ph H Ch Minh.


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S ch bin c ph nhn sng

Nguyn liu qu ti

Phng php t Phng php kh

Phi kh hoc sy

C ph qu kh

Phn loi trong b xiphong ong

Xt ti

Phn loi c ph thc

theo trng lng

Ngm ln men

Ra sch

Lm ro nc

Phi kh hoc sy

C ph thc kh

Lm sch tp cht

Xt kh

nh bng c ph nhn

Phn loi c ph

C ph nhn thnh phm

Nhng nm gn y, nhiu cng ty, nng trng xy dng cc xng ch bin

mi kh hon chnh vi thit b nhp t Cng ho lin bang c, Braxin. Mt lot

hn mt chc dy chuyn ch bin ca hng Pinhalense -Braxin c a vo Vit

Nam. Tip li xut hin nhiu xng lp rp thit b do c scng nghip Vit


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Nam ch to, m phng c ci tin cng ngh ca Braxin. Cc c s ch bin vi

thit b mi, cht lng sn phm kh c xy dng trong vng 5-7 nm trli y

m bo ch bin c khong 150.000 tn n 200.000 tn c ph nhn xut khu.

Tuy nhin tc pht trin ca cng ngh ch bin khng p ng kp s gia tngv sn lng. C th ni c ph l mt trong nhng ngnh sn xut nng nghip

pht trin vi mt tc rt cao Vit Nam. Ch sau 20 nm, t nm 1982 n

nm 2002 sn lng c ph nc ta tng t 6.000 tn ln ti trn 1 triu tn

tn ngha l tng hn 100 ln v ch sau 10 nm (1992-2002) sn lng c ph

tng trn 7 ln. c bit l trong 2 nm li y sn lng mi nm tng khong

100.000 tn n 150.000 tn. C th ni l mt mc tng trng k lc tronglch s ca ngnh c ph ton cu. S tng trng vt bc ca sn lng c ph

Vit Nam l mt nhn t quan trng lm tng nhanh sn lng c ph th gii v

nhiu ngi cng coi l nguyn nhn ca vic gim gi c ph trn th gii.

Mt khc, do sn xut c ph pht trin nhanh nh vy to nn s mt cn i

gia sn xut v cng nghip ch bin. Vi sn lng c ph nhn hng nm l

700.000 tn v c ph vi c t l ti: nhn tm tnh l 4,6:1 th mi nm ngnhc ph phi thu hi v ch bin trn 3 triu tn c ph qu ti. l mt khi

lng sn phm khng nh, n i hi s pht trin tng ng ca cng nghip

ch bin. Trong tnh hnh hin nay, th trng th gii i hi ngy cng cao

khng ch v mt hng v cht lng c ph th nm m cn phi m bo mc

cao tiu chun an ton v v sinh nc ung. Ngoi ra ch bin trn 3 triu

tn qu c ph vn x l cht thi, bo v mi trng sng cng i hi u t

gii quyt.

nc ta, phn ln cc nh ch bin u thuc loi nh. Hin ti c nc c

khong trn 50 dy chuyn thit b ch bin c ph nhn, trong c 14 dy chuyn

nhp ngoi (Braxin, Anh) cn li l sn xut trong nc. Quy m cng sut cc

dy chuyn ny t 2 n 9 tn/gi, phn ln u do cc nng trng, doanh nghip

Nh nc trang b. Khu vc sn xut v ch bin c ph trong nhn dn hu ht u

qua sch bng cc my c cng sut nh t 300 n 500 kg/gi. Nhiu ni chng ta

dng cc my xay xt nh xay c ph qu kh ra c ph nhn bn cho nhiu ngi


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thu gom. Tnh hnh ch bin nh vy dn n kt qu l sn phm cht lng khng

ng u.

Cc nh ch bin ny tin hnh giai on schu tin vi cng sut di 100

tn/nm, ch c th schc na tng sn lng. k Lk - i din tiu biutrong ch bin c ph, chim khong 60% tng sn lng ton quc - c khong 10-

15 nh ch bin t nhn, cng sut trong khong t 1000 n 2000 tn/nm v 3 cng

ty t nhn c cng sut 5000 tn trln.

Nng trang Nh nc l cc nh cung cp cho hu ht cc nh my ch bin ca

Nh nc. C khong 14 nh my ch bin lin kt vi cc nng trang Nh nc

k Lk. Cc nh my ny thng c quy m va vi cng sut 3000 tn/nm. Tng

cng ty c ph Vit Nam (VINACAFE) c 7 nh my ch bin c cung cp u

vo t 7 nng trang Nh nc.

Khu ch bin l mt trong nhng khu quyt nh cht lng c ph thng

phm, th nhng c n 70% sn lng l s ch phn tn ti cc h gia nh vi

phng php th cng, phi nng t nhin nn khng m bo yu cu. iu kin

sn th rt hn ch, ti k Lk 217 ha c ph mi c 1 ha sn phi, trong khi tiu

chun quc t l 100 ha c ph cn 1 ha sn phi, cha kiu kin m ca Vit

Nam kh cao, cao hn mc chun 13%.

Mt khu khng km phn quan trng rt d thc hin nhng ta li khng lm

c l khu thu hi. Thc t cho thy v thu hi xanh nn c ph nhn ca Vit

Nam c nhiu ht en v, nhn nhm, kch thc nh, d b mc. y l l do ch

yu lm c ph Vit Nam cha p, bnh gi thp. Khu vn chuyn t ni thu

hoch n ni ch bin khng c thc hin ngay lm phm cp gim do ht c ph

ti c th ny mm ngay.V tiu chun xp loi, qua biu 10 c th thy h thng xp loi c ph Vit

Nam qu n gin. C 3 hng c ph da trn 4 tiu thc trong khi Colombia c 6

hng c ph xut khu cht lng Excelo da trn 7 tiu thc: m, hng thm,

mu sc, cht, hm lng ht lng, tp cht v mi v.

Biu 6: Tiu chun cht lng c ph Vit Nam

Tiu chun cho mi loi

Tiu thc Loi 1 Loi 2 Loi 3m 12% 12% 13-15%Tp cht 0,5% 0,5% 1%


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Ht v 2-3% 2-3% 4-5%Kch c ht 7mm 6-7mm 5mm

Ngun: Hip hi c ph -ca cao Vit Nam (Vicofa)

Vic khng tiu thc phn loi c ph (c bit l ch tiu mu sc) dn ti

vic c ph ht c chp nhn trong nc li khng c quc t chp nhn, v th

danh ting ca c ph Vit Nam gi c trn th trng th gii u b gim st. Bn

cnh tiu chun xp loi c ph Vit Nam t khi tng thch vi cc tiu chun

quc t. iu ny dn n tnh trng l c ph c xut khu theo yu cu ca nh

nhp khu quy nh trong hp ng m khng c mt tiu chun chnh thc no. V

th cc nh xut khu, ch bin Vit Nam trnn ph thuc vo ngi mua nc

ngoi, mt i tnh chng ca mnh v d b p gi.

My nm gn y, do cung vt cu, gi c xung thp lin tc, ngi mua i

hi cht lng cao hn v p t cc yu cu cho ngi bn nhi nm th hng,

ly lm csgiao dch, thanh ton. Ngnh c ph Vit Nam ang phi ng u

vi nhng thch thc mi v mt cng nghip ch bin. Ngoi i hi ngy cng cao

ca khch hng v cht lng, cn c nhiu vn mi ny sinh trn th trng c

ph th gii nh:

- Hip hi cc nc sn xut c ph (ACPC) ng h kin xut ca mt s

nc sn xut c ph Trung M ch trng loi b c ph cht lng thp ra khi

th trng v coi l mt cch ci thin cn cn cung cu.

- T chc c ph th gii (ICO) a ra tiu chun c ph ti thiu dnh cho

cc nc xut khu c ph: m khng c cao hn 12,5%; i vi c phRobusta s li khng c qu 150 li trn mu 300g. Tiu chun ny bt u

c p dng t 1/10/2002 va qua.

- Cc nc EU dnh t 1/1/2003 p dng ngng nhim Ochrattoxyn A

trong c ph, nu p dng ti Vit Nam th tng ng vi 40.000 tn-tr gi gn

200 tng, s khng th tiu th. Nhng iu i hi ngnh c ph nc ta phi

c mt chuyn bin trong cng ngh ch bin c th tip tc tn ti v pht trin.

Tm li, do cng ngh lc hu, u t t v khng tp trung vo c ph xut khu ca


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Vit Nam ch yu di dng nghin th, cha qua ch bin cao cp. V vy, ci tin cng

ngh v thit b ch bin c ph nng cao cht lng c ph xut khu l mt trong

nhng yu cu bc thit cn c quan tm mt cch trit .

II. TNH HNH XUT KHU.

1. Nhng thun li v kh khn khi xut khu.

1.1. Nhng thun li ca Vit Nam khi xut khu c ph ra nc ngoi.

Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh c ph Vit Nam c nhng bc pht trin

ln, c th ni l vt bc v nhiu mt, c v mrng din tch, tng nng sut, sn

lng v nng cao khi lng c ph xut khu. Vit Nam t mt v tr xut phtthp vn ln ng u v xut khu c ph vi, v ng th hai ch sau Braxin v

xut khu c ph trn th gii.

t c nhng thng li trn l nhcy c ph VN c nhng thun li sau:

a. V khch quan

C ph Robusta c trng tp trung trn nhng vng t tt c bin ngy

m ln, c li cho s hnh thnh v tch lu cc hp cht hu c. Hn na, li c

trng phn ln cao t 450-1000m so vi mt nc bin, kh hu thch hp nn

c ph Robusta ca nc ta c hng vm c nhiu nc a chung. Nu c

ph Robusta ca chu Phi bnh gi l gt (strong) th c ph Robusta ca Vit Nam

c khch hng chu u nh gi l du (mild) n trung tnh (neutral), c s

dng trong vic u trn v sn xut c ph ho tan.

C ph Arabica Vit Nam c trng cao 500m trln vng nhit i

v 2500m vng xch o vi iu kin sinh trng rt thch hp. Ln u tin dc

trng th vo nm 1858, n thp k 30,40 c ph Arabica ca Vit Nam ni ting

trong cc hi chquc t di tn gi "Moka Tonkin", "Tonkin Superieur".

b. V ch quan

Thnht, chng ta c ngun nguyn liu rt di do cho xut khu. Nhng nm

qua, nhy mnh phong tro pht trin c ph trong cc h gia nh nn c ph tng nhanh c v din tch, nng sut, sn lng. Vit Nam, 80% khi lng c ph


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xut khu c ngun gc t cc h nng dn. l th mnh ca chng ta trong khu

to ra ngun nguyn liu.

Thhai, l nc xut khu c ph vi ln nht th gii, mc tng trng lng

xut khu hng nm ln (khong 20,35%), Vit Nam thc s c nh hng to lnn gi giao dch ca c ph Robusta trn th trng th gii. C th ni, gi c ph

Robusta trn th gii tng gim theo v ma thu hoch c ph ca Vit Nam v

Indonesia. Trong tnh hnh din bin phc tp ca th trng vi s cnh tranh gay

gt, y l mt im ht sc thun li cho c ph Vit Nam.

Thba, trong cng tc xut khu c ph, Vit Nam vi li th l nc xut khu

c ph ln nht khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng nn c thy mnh lng hng

xut khu sang th trng Nht Bn v Trung Quc - hai th trng tiu th c ph

ln ca th gii. i vi hai th trng c bit ny, Vit Nam c li th hn hn cc

nc xut khu c ph khc v v tr a l nn c th tit kim c chi ph vn

chuyn vn chim mt t l ln trong tng chi ph cho xut khu. Trong kinh doanh,

nu chi ph ny gim s dn n vic gi c ph gim, t lm tng sc cnh tranh

ca hng ho.

1.2. Nhng kh khn ca Vit Nam khi xut khu c ph ra nc ngoi.

Bn cnh nhng thun li k trn, kh nng cnh tranh ca mt hng c ph Vit

Nam trn th trng th gii vn cn yu km. Trong hot ng xut khu c ph,

chng ta gp phi nhng kh khn sau:

a. V ch quan

Trc htv ngun nguyn liu. C ph trng Vit Nam phn ln l c ph

Robusta (chim khong 95% din tch), trong khi c ph Arabica ch chim 5%

din tch li l loi c ph c cht lng thm ngon hn hn, chim trn 70% tng

khi lng c ph tiu thu trn th gii. V th, khi xut khu c ph Vit Nam

thng phi chu gi thp (trn th gii, c ph Arabica thng bn vi gi cao hn

hn Robusta t 650-750 USD/tn). Thm vo , c ph ca ta ch phi nng ngoi

tri nn cht lng thp, t l ht en vcao, ln nhiu tp cht, hm lng nc cao

hn mc chun.


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Thhai l khu ch bin vn cn manh mn: Nhhng vm t nhin, c

ph Vit Nam c nhiu khch hng a chung. Nhng cng ngh ch bin lc hu

nn kh nng cnh tranh ca c ph Vit Nam trn th trng th gii cn hn ch.

Gi c ph nhn xut khu ca ta b thua thit ln so vi th gii v ngay c cc nctrong khu vc (bnh qun vi trm USD/tn), lng xut khu ln m kim ngch

cha cao. Hin phn ln sn phm bn ra ca ta cn l c ph nhn x lm nguyn

liu ti chnc ngoi. C th ni, trong nhng nm qua, din tch v sn lng c

ph c s gia tng mnh m nhng trnh cng nghip ch bin cha c nng

cao tng xng. Nhn chung tnh hnh ch bin c ph trong nc hin cn phn tn

v kh tu tin. Cn ti 70-80% c ph c ch bin trong cc h gia nh vi cng

ngh gin n l phi kh, xt v bng thit b th cng, chp v, khng ng quy

cch, tiu chun. C ph c ch bin nh vy nu khng c ti ch trc khi

xut khu th thng c cht lng rt km.

Ngay trong khu thu hoch v sau thu hoch, ngi ta cng ch ch n vn

s lng m qun i cht lng. Ngi trng c ph nhiu khi hi c qu xanh v qu

chn ln ln nhau. Bn cnh , vn sn phi cng cn nhiu nhc nhi. a s cc

h nng dn khng c sn phi tt, phi c ph c trn sn t, ng i khin c ph

b ln tp cht. Thm ch cc nng trng cng khng c din tch sn phi theo

yu cu nn khi thu hi dn dp phi ng khin c ph b thi v mc. Nu c

cu c th cng nh hng nhiu n cht lng c ph nhn.

Trong iu kin cnh tranh mua bn sn phm c ph trn th trng th gii

ngy cng gay gt, nn cng nghip ch bin vn trong tnh trng manh mn nh

hin nay th c ph Vit Nam s rt kh khn trong vic cnh tranh vi sn phm c

ph ca cc nc khc nh Braxin, n , Innxia Nhiu nm qua, cc nh xut

khu c ph Vit Nam phi chu nhiu thit thi v gi ca c ph Vit Nam

thng thp hn so vi cc nc khc mc d cht lng t nhin ca c ph Vit

Nam c nh gi l tt hn. Cc nh qun l ngnh c ph vn ni n vn l

ch thiu vn u t. Song c mt nghch l l, khi thu c li dng nh khng

ai nghn vic s dng mt phn thch ng u t cho ch bin c ph. C

nhng h nng dn vo nm bn c ph c gi thu li hng chc, hng trm


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triu ng cng khng xy dng c mt sn phi ng qui cch. Trong nhn thc

ca lnh o nhiu doanh nghip, vn u t cho ch bin vn cha c ch

trng.

Ba l, cht lng c ph xut khu cn nhiu tn ti. Do cng ngh ch bin cnlc hu nh ni trn nn cht lng c ph xut khu ca Vit Nam cn mt s

mt yu km sau:

- Hng c ph Vit Nam cha ng u, c s khc nhau gia cc l hng (l tt, l

xu) v khc nhau ngay trong cng mt l hng.

- m c ph Vit Nam cao thng l trn 13%. Trong c ph ln nhiu ht cha

chn do hi ln nhiu qu xanh v ln c qu kh cha xay.

- Cht c ph khng u, c bit s ht li, v, en cn kh ln.

- Hng v c ch khng t yu cu nh c mi t v phi lu trn sn hay cc v

l khc.

- C ph gn y xut hin hin tng nm mc v chng ta nhn c nhiu

lu ca khch hng v vn ny.

- Hng giao i khi khng ng vi mu.

- Ht trng lng.

R rng cht lng c ph l mt vn ni bt trong ngnh c ph Vit Nam.

Vn ny cng trnn ng lo ngi hn khi trn th trng th gii cung ang vt

cu v yu cu ca ngi tiu dng ngy mt cao hn. Nhng nm qua nhy

mnh phong tro pht trin c ph, chng ta tng nhanh lng hng xut khu

nhng do cht lng khng c sc cnh tranh nn thng phi bn vi gi thp. Bi

vy, chng ta khng c l do g chm ch trong vic nng cao cht lng c ph

xut khu.

Bn l vn thiu vn. Thiu vn nghim trng lun l vn nan gii ca

nhiu ngnh kinh t ni chung v ngnh c ph ni ring. V thiu vn m nhiu

doanh nghip kinh doanh c ph khng th gm hng chgi ln cao xut khu.

Theo Tng cng ty c ph Vit Nam (VINACAFE), xut khu c 70.000 tn c

ph cn ti trn 1000 tng vn. Trong khi , vn ca VINACAFE ch c hn 10

tng, phn cn li phi vay ca ngn hng 150 tng, quay vng 9 thng, li sut


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phi tr hn 1,1 t ng/thng. Thiu vn, li sut phi tr ngn hng ln buc

VINACAFE khng th tng mua c ph vo ma thu hoch r, khng th gom hng

chgi ln cao ri mi xut khu, m phi nhanh chng bn hng ra quay vng

vn nhanh, v vy thua thit trong xut khu l iu kh trnh khi. y cng lnguyn nhn ch yu lm cho gi c ph trong nc xung thp trong ma thu hoch

gy thua thit cho ngi trng. Cng do thiu vn m Vit Nam cha th gia nhp

Hip hi cc nc sn xut c ph th gii (ACPC) bi Vit Nam kh c th thc

hin c nguyn tc cbn ca ACPC l khi gi trn th trng th gii xung thp,

ACPC s hn ch xut khu, tng d tr tng gi m bo quyn li chung cho c

ngi sn xut v xut khu.

Thnm, sn phm c ph c bn t do trn th trng khng c t chc. Do

khng c quy nh qun l xut khu theo u mi nn s cng ty v t nhn tham

gia xut khu tng ln nhiu. iu ny bc l nhng hn ch trong qun l cng

nh trong iu hnh xut khu c ph. Nhng ngi chuyn lm ngh bun bn c

ph, cc i l, cc chn hng cung cp c ph cho cc nh xut khu khng chth

trng c ph Ty Nguyn m h cn chuyn ch c ph v cho cc cng ty xutnhp khu c ph thnh ph H Ch Minh, Nha Trang... Tnh hnh th trng nh

vy dn n gi c tht thng, nhiu lc gi c ph ti Ty Nguyn cao hn gi xut

khu (FOB HCM) v xp x gi th trng London. Khi gi c ph trn th trng th

gii c nhng bin ng t ngt v khng don c th Ty Nguyn xy ra

nhng v b ca nhm ngi bun bn, mi gii c ph v dn n nhng thit

hi ln cho cc nh xut khu, cc cquan, cc cng ty Nh nc.

y cng cn ni thm v cc hng bun nc ngoi di cc nhn hiu lin

doanh, lin kt, u thc... cng t chn ln Ty Nguyn v nu trc y h mua

c ph ca khu th nay h mua c ph ti nh vn, gp thm phn khng nh

vo tnh trng tranh mua tranh bn ht sc gay gt trn th trng c ph Ty

Nguyn.

Khng chTy Nguyn, th trng c ph k Lk cng kh nhn nhp. Trong

cc khch hng lm nhim v cung ng c ph cho cc nh xut khu cng c khch


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hng Vit Nam nhn tin mua h cho khch hng nc ngoi gy nn tnh trng gi

c c lc khng ph hp vi gi xut khu. Theo Cu lc b xut khu c ph tnh

k Lk th tnh hnh phn tn, manh mn ny lm mt i s phi hp thng nht

hnh ng ca cc nh xut khu, cc nh sn xut c ph ln ca Vit Nam nhmbo m li ch ca ngnh c ph nc ta v m bo cht lng hng ho, gi vng

uy tn ca mt hng c ph trn th trng th gii.

Th su, cc doanh nghip tham gia xut khu c ph ca Vit Nam cha c

nhiu kinh nghim trn th trng th gii phi chp nhn cuc cnh tranh vi cc

tp on a quc gia c nhiu kinh nghim trn thng trng. D c ph Vit Nam

c mt trn 60 quc gia nhng ni chung cc th trng tim nng vn cn nhiu.Chng ta vn phi xut khu qua mt s trung gian v cha khi phc c hon

ton cc th trng truyn thng nh Nga, cc nc SNG, ng u. nhng th

trng pht trin nh M, c, Nht, Anh, Php hin nay ca Vit Nam th nhng

i hi ca khch hng v sn phm c ph l rt c th v nghim ngt. Kinh

nghim ca cc doanh nghip tham gia xut khu cn t, hn na cht lng c ph

li cha cao nn mt hng c ph Vit Nam s khng nhng kh thm nhp, mrngthm th trng m cn phi c gng rt nhiu th mi mong duy tr c nhng

khch hng hin ti. Nu cht lng khng m bo, khng p ng c yu cu

ca nhng khch hng kh tnh, trong hon cnh cnh tranh gay gt nh hin nay,

khch hng s tm n loi c ph c phm cht, hng v thm ngon hn ca cc i

th cnh tranh nh Braxin, Colombia.

b. V khch quan :C ph l mt hng nng sn kh nhy cm, mang tnh cht ton cu. Nhu cu c

ph kh n nh song ngun cung cp rt bp bnh, tu thuc vo sn lng thu

hoch ca cc nc sn xut ln nh Braxin, Colombia, Indonesia v d tr tn kho

cc nc tiu th chnh nh M, EU v Nht Bn. V th, gi c ph trn th trng

th gii din bin khng n nh, ln xung tht thng. Nm 1992, gi c ph ch

khong 600 USD/tn. Nhng n nm 1994, gi c ph li tng vt, c thi im t


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4000 USD/tn. K t nm 1999 n nay gi c ph li lin tc gim, c thi im

gim xung mc thp k lc l 380 USD/tn.

Ch cn mt din bin ca thi tit, kh hu hay mt chnh sch kinh ti vi c

ph ca mt trong 10 nc sn xut v xut khu c ph ng u th gii, bt k

chu lc no, lp tc nh hng n gi c c ph quc t, tt yu nh hng n gi

c th trng c ph Vit Nam. Chng hn nh trong thng 8 nm 1999: gi c ph

cc loi trn cc th trng ln trong tun 20/8 - 26/8 u vng ln m ng lc chnh

y gi c ph ln trn cc th trng l tin thi tit lnh hn Braxin. Gi c ph

giao thng 9 ti London tng ln 1359 USD/tn t mc 1335USD/tn. Gi c ph

Arabica giao cng k ti New York cng tng 25-60 USD/tn, t 2115-2140USD/tn. iu ko theo ti chu , gi c ph Vit Nam v Indonesia cng tng

10-35 USD/tn, ln 1120-1140 USD/tn (FOB) v 1130-1165 USD/tn (FOB) tng

ng. Ngoi ra, u nm 1999, cn bo Mitch honh hnh Trung M lm gim

ng k cht lng c ph ca cc nc ny ko theo gi gim. Cuc khng hong ti

chnh-tin tchu , c bit l Indonesia cng nh cuc khng hong tin t

Braxin gy nhiu nh hng tiu cc n gi c ph quc t.

Gn y, bi thu c ph ti Braxin v Vit Nam - hai nc sn xut c ph ln

nht th gii, chnh l nguyn nhn dn n s st gim nghim trng ca gi c ph

th gii t thng 12/1999 ko di n hin nay.

Ngoi ra, gi c ph cn ph thuc vo tng quan lc lng gia cc nc trng

c ph, phn ln l cc nc chm pht trin vi cc nc tiu th c ph l cc nc

pht trin. T nm 1989, Hip nh v c ph th gii mt hiu lc, T chc c ph

quc t (ICO) khng cn kim sot c hn ngch xut nhp khu c ph. Hip hi

cc nc sn xut c ph th gii (ACPC- m Vit Nam cha tham gia) tho thun

hn ch lng c ph xut khu nng gi ln. Do , th trng th gii c tnh

c quyn v chu s chi phi ca nhng nc tiu th chnh v cc nc sn xut

ln. Cc nc sn xut v xut khu c ph cha tham gia vo cc t chc c ph th

gii, cha phi hp cng cc bn hng xut khu nn thng bng v lng tng

mi ln gi c ph th gii bin ng. Vit Nam tuy l thnh vin ca ICO song s


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phi hp hnh ng cng cc bn hng xut khu c ph cha cao, hn na do trnh

qun l cn hn ch nn tt yu kh trnh khi nhng thit hi ng tic.

Khng ch c vy, vic phi hp hnh ng gia cc n v kinh doanh xut khu

c ph trong nc cng rt lng lo, cha cht ch cn thiu theo di st sao din

bin th trng v cc yu t khc. Th trng c ph th gii manh tnh u ctrc

li cao, nhng thng tin v th trng c ph th gii rt phc tp, vi mc ch u

c, trc li, kh don c din bin th trng. Cc nh xut khu Vit Nam cn

thiu t chc cht ch trong vic xut khu c ph nn thng b thua thit sau mi

ln bin ng gi c ph. T nn tranh mua, tranh bn l mt trong nhng nguyn

nhn lm gim ng k gi c ph xut khu. Mt s tnh ton chuyn gia cho thy s

sai lch v gi c trong nc v gi xut khu cnh tranh kiu trn lm gim kim

ngch xut khu c ph ca Vit Nam vi gi trng tic. V th, cn c ch

thng tin, hp tc gia cc n v xut khu, trnh tnh trng tranh mua trong nc,

b p gi khi xut khu.

2. Cht lng v chng loi c ph xut khu.

2.1. Cht lng c ph xut khu.

Thc cht c ph Vit Nam c lit vo loi c hng vm , c khch

hng c bit a chung do c trng cao v v so vi mt bin. Nhng do

yu km trong khu thu hi, ch bin nn lm gim i nhiu cht lng vn c ca

n. Theo Cafecontrol, nu ch bin ng quy trnh th cht lng c ph Vit Nam

khng phi l thp: 35% rt tt, 50% tt, 10% trung bnh, 5% km.

Cht lng l yu t quan trng trong mua bn quc t, c bit trong thi im

hin nay khi m cung c ph ln hn cu c ph, ngi mua ngy cng i hi cht

lng cao hn. Khch hng nc ngoi thng phn nn vm, kch csng, ht

li, tp cht v mc ca c ph Vit Nam. R rng kh nng phi, ch bin, sy, tn

tr c ph khng theo kp tc tng ca sn lng. Mt yu t na l cc nh xut

khu c ph ca Vit Nam ch yu l thu gom t cc h gia nh cho nn cht lng

ht c ph khng u v yu km. Mt s nh bun quc t nhn xt rng c ph VitNam cha c tiu chun qui chiu xc nh cht lng. Ngoi ra, tnh php l ca


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TCVN p dng cho xut khu c ph trong sut thi gian qua l v cng thp v hu

ht cc hp ng thng mi trong TCCL phn ln l do khch hng nc ngoi

t ra. TCVN ch dng li tnh hng dn, thm ch khch hng nghe hay khng l

tuh. Tnh trng ny lm lu m tnh php l ca b TCVN v cht lng cph v chnh n to ra s ch quan t khu sn xut n khu thu mua, ch bin, bo

qun v xut khu vi rt nhiu li. Do khch hng thng p gi c ph ca ta

thp hn cc nc khc trong khu vc nh Indonesia, Thi Lan t 50-100 USD/tn.

Ti cuc hi tho v c ph Vit Nam c t chc gn y ti Bun M Thut,

gn 100 i biu u nu kin lo lng v s gim st cht lng ca c ph Vit

Nam. Nu nh nm 2001, c ph xut khu ca Vit Nam ni chung thng c 2%

ht en, 25-27% ht c kch cln th nm 2002, lng ht en li tng ln 6-7%, ht

kch c ln ch chim 8-10% (trong khi , c ph Robusta loi 2 ca ta nu c 5%

ht en, ht v th v cht lng ch tng ng vi c ph loi 5, loi 6 ca

Indonesia). y l hi chung bo ng cho ngnh c ph Vit Nam, nu ch chy

theo sn lng m khng quan tm nng cao cht lng th du sn phm sn xut ra

c nhiu th cng khng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao.

Ngoi ra c cu sn phm xut khu cn n iu. Mc d trn th trng th

gii, 95% lng c ph xut khu l c ph nhn sng, cc dng c ph ch bin

khng qu 5%, nhng sn phm c ph ch bin ht sc a dng, ch yu l c ph

ho tan, c ph rang v mt s dng khc nh dng lng ng hp, Braxin v

Colombia pht trin cng ngh sn xut dng c ph c c. Ngnh c ph Vit

Nam do cng ngh cn yu km nn ccu sn phm ht sc n iu, 95% lng

xut khu l c ph Robusta. Trong , c ph nhn chim mt t l rt cao. C th

thy r iu ny qua bng 7:

Biu 7: Kt qu xut khu c ph nin v 2001/2002 (Phn theo loi sn phm)

Sn phmS lng

(tn)

Tr gi

(USD)

Gi bnh

qun

(USD/tn)

C ph nhn653.687

(99,06%)

537.984.318

(99,8%)823


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C ph thnh

phm:

- C ph ho tan- C ph ht

rang

- C ph khc

268,291

(0.04%)

226,880

2,25039,161

879904

(0,2%)

855.652

4.538129.714

4.212

2.0173.312

Ngun: Hip hi c ph-cacao Vit Nam 6/2003.

S liu bng trn cho thy s yu km trong ccu sn phm c ph nc ta.

Khi lng v gi tr xut khu ca sn phm c ph ch bin cn qu nh (0,04% v0,2%), i hi ngnh c ph phi n lc hn tng cng ch bin su, a dng ho

sn phm xut khu v m bo tiu thc vi gi cao. Thc t cho thy gi c

ph ch bin cao t nht 3 ln gi c ph nhn. tng kim ngch xut khu, bn

cnh vic tng khi lng xut khu cn phi ch nng cao cht lng c ph v a

dng ha sn phm.

2.2. Chng loi c ph xut khu.Sn phm c ph xut khu ca Vit Nam ch yu gm c c ph vi (Robusta)

v c ph ch (Arabica). Trong c ph ch ch chim khong 2%, cn li l c ph

vi ch yu l xut khu bn thnh phm. Khong 95% tng khi lng c ph xut

khu l c ph nhn sng, c ph ho tan ch chim 3-5% v c ph nhn rang chim

t l nh khong 1-2%. Chng loi c ph xut khu ca Vit Nam cn n iu nh

vy l do nhiu nhn t nh do cng nghip ch bin cn th s, cht lng cha p

ng c yu cu thng mi. Hin c mt s nc nhp khu c ph Vit Nam v

ch bin li v bn vi gi cao hn t 100-150 USD/tn nh Thi Lan, Singapore,...

V sn phm c ph ho tan, hin nay nhu cu th gii ang tng nhanh do th

hiu ngi tiu dng. S bin chuyn ny l mt s kin ng ch i vi cc nc

xut khu c ph ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring. Trong thi gian ti nn y mnh

pht trin sn phm ny th khng ch chng ta c th xut khu thu ngoi t m cn

p ng nhu cu tiu dng trong nc, thay th cc loi c ph tan m lu nay chng

ta vn phi nhp khu.


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3. Gi c, sn lng v kim ngch xut khu c ph.

3.1. Sn lng v kim ngch xut khu.

Trong nhng nm va qua, sn lng c ph xut khu ca Vit Nam tng

nhanh v c ph trthnh mt trong nhng mt hng chin lc ca Vit Nam vi

bao cao thi truong ca phe

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