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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

CHNG 1 KHI NIM LUT MI TRNG 1. C s hnh thnh v pht trin lut mi trng 1.1. Tm quan trng ca mi trng v thc trng mi trng hin nay Khi nim mi trng v tm quan trng ca mi trng Thc trng mi trng hin nay: Tnh trng suy kit ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. nhim mi trng v suy thoi mi trng ngy cng trm trng S c mi trng ngy cng gia tng 1.2. Cc bin php bo v mi trng v s cn thit phi bo v mi trng bng php lut Bin php chnh tr Bin php tuyn truyn-gio dc Bin php kinh t Bin php khoa hc cng ngh Bin php php l Lu : y cn phi chng minh bin php php l l bin php bo m thc hin cc bin php BVMT khc. 2. nh ngha lut mi trng, i tng v phng php iu chnh ca lut mi trng 2.1. nh ngha lut MT LMT l mt lnh vc php lut gm tng hp cc QPPL iu chnh cc quan h x hi pht sinh trc tip trong hat ng khai thc, qun l v bo v cc yu t mi trng. Lu : Chng ta khng ni lut MT l mt ngnh lut trong h thng php lut Vit nam v do tnh thng nht ca MT, nn khi ni ti lut mi trng l phi ni ti c lut quc gia v lut quc t v MT. 2.2. i tng iu chnh ca lut MT nh ngha: i tng iu chnh ca lut MT chnh l cc quan h x hi pht sinh trc tip trong hat ng khai thc, qun l v bo v cc yu t MT. Mun xc nh phm vi iu chnh ca lut MT cn phi lu :

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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Th nht cn phi xc nh yu t MT theo lut MT ch bao gm nhng yu t t nhin v vt cht nhn to (khon 1, khon 2, iu 3 Lut BVMT). Th hai: cn phi xc nh th no l nhng quan h x hi pht sinh trc tip trong vic khai thc, qun l v bo v cc yu t MT. Phn nhm: Cn c vo ch th tham gia vo quan h php lut MT, chng ta c th chia i tng iu chnh ca lut MT ra lm 3 nhm sau: Nhm quan h gia cc quc gia v cc ch th khc ca Lut quc t v MT. Nhm quan h gia cc c quan nh nc vi nhau v gia c quan nh nc vi t chc, c nhn. Nhm quan h gia t chc, c nhn vi nhau. 2.3. Phng php iu chnh ca lut MT Trn c s i tng u chnh nh ni trn, lut MT s dng hai phung php iu chnh sau: Phng php Bnh ng-tha thun (dng iu chnh nhm quan h th nht v nhm quan h th ba) Phng php Quyn uy (dng iu chnh nhm quan h th hai). 3. Nguyn tc ca LMT 3.1. Nguyn tc Nh nc ghi nhn v bo v quyn con ngi c sng trong mt mi trng trong lnh Khi nim v quyn c sng trong mi trng trong lnh. Quyn uc sng trong MT trong lnh l quyn c sng trong mt MT khng b nhim (theo TCMT ch khng phi l mi trng trong sch l tng), m bo cuc sng c hi ha vi t nhin (nguyn tc th nht ca Tuyn b Stockholm v MT v con ngi v Tuyn b Rio De Janeiro v MT v pht trin). C s xc lp. Tm quan trng ca quyn c sng trong MT trong lnh: y l quyn quyt nh n vn sc khe, tui th v cht lng cuc sng ni chung. Thc trng MT hin nay ang b suy thoi nn quyn t nhin ny ang b xm phm.


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Xut pht t nhng cam kt quc t v xu hng chung trn th gii. H qu php l. Nh nc phi c trch nhim thc hin nhng bin php cn thit bo v v ci thin cht lng MT nhm bo m cho ngi dn c sng trong mt MT trong lnh. Xt kha cnh ny th y khng ch l mt nguyn tc m cn l mc ch ca LMT. To c s php l ngi dn bo v quyn c sng trong MT trong lnh ca mnh thng qua nhng quyn v ngha v c bn ca cng dn (iu 50, Hin php1992) nh: quyn khiu ni, t co, quyn t do c tr, quyn c bi thng thit hi, quyn tip cn thng tin 3.2. Nguyn tc pht trin bn vng Khi nim Theo khon 4, iu 3, Lut BVMT, pht trin bn vng uc nh ngha l: pht trin p ng cc nhu cu ca th h hin ti m khng lm tn hi n kh nng p ng nhu cu ca cc th h tng lai trn c s kt hp cht ch, hi ha gia tng trng kinh t, bo m tin b x hi v bo v mi trng. Ni cch khc, pht trin bn vng chnh l pht trin trn c s duy tr c mc tiu v c s vt cht ca qu trnh pht trin. Mun vy cn phi c s tip cn mang tnh tng hp v bo m s kt hp hi ha gia cc mc tiu; kinh t-x hi-mi trng. C s xc lp Nguyn tc ny uc xc lp trn nhng c s sau: Tm quan trong ca mi trng v pht trin Mi quan h tng tc gia MT v PT. Yu cu ca nguyn tc Kt hp hi ha gia tng trng kinh t, bo m tin b x hi v bo v mi trng (bo co Brundland, nguyn tc 13 ca tuyn b Stockholm, nguyn tc 5 ca tuyn b Rio De Janeiro). Hat ng trong sc chu ng ca tri t. 3.3. Nguyn tc phng nga C s xc lphttp://www.ebook.edu.vn 3

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Chi ph phng nga bao gi cng r hn chi ph khc phc. C nhng tn hi gy ra cho MT l khng th khc phc c m ch c th phng nga. Mc ch ca nguyn tc: ngn nga nhng ri ro m con ngi v thin nhin c th gy ra cho MT. Lu : Nhng ri ro m nguyn tc ny ngn nga l nhng ri ro c chng minh v khoa hc v thc tin. y chnh l c s phn bit gia nguyn tc phng nga v nguyn tc thn trng. Yu cu ca nguyn tc Lng trc nhng ri ro m con ngi v thin nhin c th gy ra cho MT a ra nhng phng n, gii php gim thiu ri ro, loi tr ri ro. 3.4. Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin C s xc lp Coi MT l mt lai hng ha c bit. u im ca cng c ti chnh trong BVMT Ngi phi tr tin theo nguyn tc ny l ngi gy nhim hiu theo ngha rng bao gm: ngi khai thc, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin; ngi c hnh vi x thi vo MT; ngi c nhng hnh vi khc gy tc ng xu ti MT theo quy nh ca php lut Mc ch ca nguyn tc nh hng hnh vi tc ng ca cc ch th vo MT theo hng khuyn khnh nhng hnh vi tc ng c li cho MT thng qua vic tc ng vo chnh li ch kinh t ca h. Bo m s cng bng trong hng dng v BVMT. To ngun kinh ph cho hat ng BVMT. Yu cu ca nguyn tc Tin phi tr cho hnh vi gy nhim phi tng xng vi tch cht v mc gy tc ng xu ti MT Tin phi tr cho hnh vi gy nhim phi sc tc ng n li ch v hnh vi ca cc ch th c lin quan. Cc hnh thc tr tin theo nguyn tc Thu ti nguyn (Php lnh Thu ti nguyn). Thu MT (iu 112 LBVMT).


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Ph bo v mi trng (iu 113 LBVMT). V d: Np ph BVMT i vi nc thi theo N 67/2003/N-CP, Np ph BVMT i vi khai thc khang sn theo N 137/2005/NCP Tin phi tr cho vic s dng dch v (dch v thu gom rc, dch v qun l cht thi nguy hi) Tin phi tr cho vic s dng c s h tng ( tin thu kt cu h tng trong khu cng nghip bao gm c tin thu h thng x l cht thi tp trung) Chi ph phc hi MT trong khai thc ti nguyn (iu 114, LBVMT) 3.5. Nguyn tc mi trng l mt th thng nht S thng nht ca MT c th hin 2 kha cnh: S thng nht v khng gian: MT khng b chia ct bi bin gii quc gia, a gii hnh chnh. S thng nht ni ti gia cc yu t cu thnh MT: Gia cc yu t cu thnh MT lun c quan h tng tc vi nhau, yu t ny thay i dn n s thay i ca yu t khc. V d: s thay i ca rng trn cc lu vc sng dn n s thay i v s lng v cht lng ca nc trong lu vc. Yu cu Vic BVMT khng b chia ct bi bin gii quc gia, a gii hnh chnh. iu ny c ngha l trn phm vi ton cu cc quc gia cn phi c s hp tc bo v mi trng chung. Trong phm vi quc gia, vic khai thc, BVMT phi t di s qun l thng nht ca TW theo hng hnh thnh c ch mang tnh lin vng, bo m s hp tc cht ch gia cc a phng. Cn phi bo m c mi quan h tng tc gia cc ngnh, cc vn bn quy phm php lut trong vic qun l, iu chnh cc hot ng khai thc v BVMT ph hp vi bn cht ca i tng khai thc, bo v. C th: Cc vn bn quy phm php lut v MT nh Lut bo v MT, Lut bo v v pht trin rng, Lut ti nguyn nc phi t trong mt chnh th thng nhthttp://www.ebook.edu.vn 5

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Trong phn cng trch nhim qun l nh nc gia cc ngnh, lnh vc phi m bo ph hp vi tnh thng nht ca MT theo hng quy hot ng qun l v mi trng v mt u mi di s qun l thng nht ca Chnh ph. 4. Chnh sch mi trng Khuyn khch, to iu kin thun li mi t chc, cng ng dn c, h gia nh, c nhn tham gia hot ng bo v mi trng. y mnh tuyn truyn, gio dc, vn ng, kt hp p dng cc bin php hnh chnh, kinh t v cc bin php khc xy dng thc t gic, k cng trong hot ng bo v mi trng. S dng hp l, tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin, pht trin nng lng sch, nng lng ti to; y mnh ti ch, ti s dng v gim thiu cht thi. u tin gii quyt cc vn mi trng bc xc; tp trung x l cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng; phc hi mi trng cc khu vc b nhim, suy thoi; ch trng bo v mi trng th, khu dn c. u t bo v mi trng l u t pht trin; a dng ha cc ngun vn u t cho bo v mi trng v b tr khon chi ring cho s nghip mi trng trong ngn sch nh nc hng nm. u i v t ai, thu, h tr ti chnh cho cc hot ng bo v mi trng v cc sn phm thn thin vi mi trng; kt hp hi ho gia bo v v s dng c hiu qu cc thnh phn mi trng cho pht trin. Tng cng o to ngun nhn lc, khuyn khch nghin cu, p dng v chuyn giao cc thnh tu khoa hc v cng ngh v bo v mi trng; hnh thnh v pht trin ngnh cng nghip mi trng. M rng v nng cao hiu qu hp tc quc t; thc hin y cc cam kt quc t v bo v mi trng; khuyn khch t chc, c nhn tham gia thc hin hp tc quc t v bo v mi trng. Pht trin kt cu h tng bo v mi trng; tng cng, nng cao nng lc quc gia v bo v mi trng theo hng chnh quy, hin i.


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

5. Ngun ca lut mi trng Ngun ca LMT gm cc vn bn php lut c cha ng cc quy phm php lut MT, c th: Cc iu c quc t v MT. Cc vn bn quy phm php lut ca Vit nam v MT. Cc vn bn trn s c gii thiu trong tng ni dung c th cc chng sau. Cc website c th s dng ly ti liu tham kho v vn bn php lut MT: + www.luatvietnam.com.vn + www.unep.org + www.imo.org + http://www.monre.gov.vn + http://www.noccop.org.vn + http://www.nea.gov.vn + http://www.epa.gov


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

CHNG 2 PHP LUT VIT NAM V MI TRNG BI 1 PHP LUT V NH GI HIN TRNG MI TRNG V NH GI NH HNG N MI TRNG 1. Tiu chun v Quy chun MT. 1.1. Khi nim. nh ngha. Theo Lut BVMT (Khon 5, iu 3 ca LBVMT). Theo Lut Tiu chun v quy chun k thut (Khon 1, khon 2, iu 3 ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut). Lu mu thun trong Lut BVMT v Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut v vic p dng chng) Phn loi. Cn c vo ni dung, mc ch v i tng p dng, TCMT v QCMT c chia thnh: Tiu chun v quy chun cht lng MT. Tiu chun v quy chun thi. Cn c vo ch th cng b v ban hnh TCMT, QCMT: Tiu chun quc gia (TCVN). Tiu chun c s (TCCS) Tiu chun quc t (TCQT). Quy chun quc gia (QCVN). Quy chun a phng (QCP) 1.2. Xy dng, cng b v p dng tiu chun v quy chun MT ( t iu 10 n iu 25 ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut). Xy dng, cng b v p dng tiu chun MT. Xy dng v cng b. i vi TCQG. i vi TCCS. i vi TCQT. p dng. Nguyn tc:http://www.ebook.edu.vn 8

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

o Tiu chun c p dng trn nguyn tc t nguyn. o Ton b hoc mt phn tiu chun c th tr thnh bt buc p dng khi c vin dn trong vn bn quy phm php lut, quy chun k thut. o Tiu chun c s c p dng trong phm vi qun l ca t chc cng b tiu chun. o i vi tiu chun quc t: y l tiu chun do cc t chc quc t ban hnh hoc do cc quc gia tha thun xy dng. Cc tiu chun ny ch mang tnh tham kho, khuyn khch p dng tr trng hp c nhng tha thun ca cc quc gia thnh vin v vic p dng trc tip nhng tiu chun . Lu l khi mt quc gia s dng tiu chun quc t xy dng h thng tiu chun quc gia th tiu chun c p dng di danh ngha l tiu chun ca quc gia ( c s chuyn ha tiu chun quc t thnh tiu chun quc gia). Phng thc p dng tiu chun: o Tiu chun c p dng trc tip hoc c vin dn trong vn bn khc. o Tiu chun c s dng lm c s cho hot ng nh gi s ph hp. Xy dng, cng b v p dng Quy chun MT( t iu 26 n iu 39 ca Lut tiu chun v Quy chun k thut). Xy dng v cng b QCMT. i vi QCVN. i vi QCP. p dng QCMT o Quy chun k thut c p dng bt buc trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh v cc hot ng kinh t - x hi khc. o Quy chun k thut c s dng lm c s cho hot ng nh gi s ph hp.


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

o Quy chun k thut quc gia c hiu lc thi hnh trong phm vi c nc; quy chun k thut a phng c hiu lc thi hnh trong phm vi qun l ca U ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng ban hnh quy chun k thut . 2. Quan trc v MT (T iu 94 n iu 97 ca LBVMT). 2.1. H thng quan trc. 2.2. Chng trnh quan trc 2.3. Trch nhim quan trc 3. Bo co hin trng MT cp tnh (iu 99 ca Lut BVMT). 3.1. Khi nim. L bo co do UBND cp tnh lp nh k 5 nm mt ln theo k pht trin kinh t-x hi ca a phng phn nh hin trng MT theo khng gian tnh, thnh ph trc thuc TW. 3.2. Ni dung (khon 1 iu 99 ca Lut BVMT).. 3.3. Trch nhim lp v cng khai bo co (khon 2, iu 99, iu 104 ca Lut BVMT). 4. Bo co tnh hnh tc ng MT ca ngnh, lnh vc (iu 100 ca Lut BVMT). 4.1. Khi nim L bo co do B, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph lp nh k 5 nm mt ln phn nh tnh hnh tc ng mi trng ca ngnh, lnh vc m mnh c phn cng qun l trn phm vi c nc. 4.2. Ni dung (khon 1 iu 100 ca Lut BVMT). 4.3.Trch nhim lp v cng khai bo co (khon 2, iu 100, iu 104 ca Lut BVMT). 5. Bo co MT quc gia (iu 101 ca Lut BVMT). 5.1. Khi nim. L bo co do Bti nguyn v mi trng lp nh k 5 nm mt ln theo k pht trin KT - XH quc gia phn nh din bin MT v tnh hnh tc ng MT ca cc ngnh, lnh vc trn phm vi c nc 5.2. Ni dung (khon 1 iu 101 ca Lut BVMT). 5.3. Trch nhim lp v cng khai bo co ( khon 2, iu 101, iu 104 ca Lut BVMT). 6. nh gi MT chin lc 6.1. Khi nimhttp://www.ebook.edu.vn 10

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

L hot ng nhm lng trc ri ro m nhng i tng phi nh gi mi trng chin lc c th gy ra cho MT trn c s a ra nhng gii php loi tr v gim thiu ri ro. 6.2. i tng phi nh gi MT chin lc ( iu 14 ca Lut BVMT) 6.3. Lp bo co nh gi MT chin lc - Trch nhim lp bp co (iu 15 ca Lut BVMT) - Ni dung ca bo co (iu 16 ca Lut BVMT) 6.4. Thm nh bo co nh gi MT chin lc (iu 17 ca Lut BVMT, N 80/2006/N-CP, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT) 6.5. Ph duyt bo co nh gi MT chin lc (iu 17 ca Lut BVMT, N 80/2006/N-CP, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT) 6.6. Thc hin bo co nh gi MT chin lc (iu 17 ca Lut BVMT, N 80/2006/N-CP, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT) 7. nh gi tc ng MT 7.1. Khi nim: L hot ng nhm lng trc ri ro m nhng i tng phi nh gi tc ng mi trng c th gy ra cho MT trn c s a ra nhng gii php loi tr v gim thiu ri ro. 7.2. i tng phi TM ( iu 18 ca Lut BVMT, Ph lc I ca N 80/2006/N-CP) 7.3. Lp bo co TM (iu 19 ca Lut BVMT, N 80/2004/N-CP, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT) 7.4. Ni dung bo co TM (iu 20 ca Lut BVMT, N 80/2004/N-CP, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT) 7.5. Thm nh bo co TM (iu 21 ca Lut BVMT, N 80/2004/N-CP, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT) 7.6. Ph duyt bo co TM (iu 22 ca Lut BVMT, N 80/2004/N-CP, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT) 7.7. Thc hin bo co TM (iu 23 ca Lut BVMT, N 80/2004/N-CP, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT) 8. Cam kt BVMT 8.1. Khi nim


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

L hot ng nhm lng trc ri ro m nhng i tng phi cam kt bo v mi trng c th gy ra cho MT trn c s a ra nhng gii php loi tr v gim thiu ri ro. 8.2.i tng phi cam kt BVMT (iu 24 ca Lut BVMT) 8.3. Ni dung bn cam kt (iu 24 ca Lut BVMT) 8.4. nng k bn cam kt BVMT (iu 26 ca Lut BVMT, N 80/2004/NCP, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT)

8.3. Trch nhim thc hin v kim tra vic thc hin cam kt bo v mi trng (iu 27 ca Lut BVMT, TT 08/2006-TT-BTNMT) 9. Cng khai thng tin d liu v MT, thc hin dn ch c s v MT. 9.1. Cng khai thng tin, d liu v MT (iu 103, 104 ca Lut BVMT, iu 23 ca N 80/2006/N-CP) Mc ch, ngha Cc thng tin phi cng khai Hnh thc cng khai 9.2. Thc hin dn ch c s v MT ( iu 105 ca Lut BVMT) Ni dung Hnh thc thc hin


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

BI 2 PHP LUT V QUN L CHT THI; PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MT; KHC PHC NHIM V PHC HI MT 1. Qun l cht thi 1.1. Khi nim Khi nim cht thi (khon 10, iu 3 ca LBVMT). nh ngha Phn loi: Cn c vo dng tn ti ca cht thi: o Cht thi rn. o Cht thi lng. o Cht thi kh. Cn c vo ngun sn sinh cht thi: o Cht thi sinh hat. o Cht thi cng nghip. o Cht thi nng nghip. o Cht thi ca cc hat ng khc. Cn c vo tnh cht nguy hi ca cht thi: o Cht thi nguy hi (khon 11, iu 3 ca LBVMT v danh mc cht thi nguy hi ban hnh km theo Q 23/2006/Q-BTNMT). o Cht thi thng thng. Khi nim qun l cht thi (Khon 12, iu 3 ca LBVMT). nh ngha. c im. 1.2. Ni dung Qun l cht thi nguy hi (T iu 70 n iu 76 ca LBVMT, Q 23/2006/Q-BTNMT, TT 12/2006/TT-BTNMT). Danh mc cht thi nguy hi. Trch nhim qun l cht thi nguy hi v vn chuyn giao trch nhim qun l cht thi nguy hi.


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Lp h s, ng k, cp php v m s hot ng qun l cht thi nguy hi. Phn loi, thu gom, lu gi tm thi cht thi nguy hi: Vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi. X l cht thi nguy hi. Khu chn lp cht thi nguy hi: Quy hoch v thu gom, x l, chn lp cht thi nguy hi. Qun l cht thi rn thng thng (t iu 77 n iu 80 ca LBVMT, N 59/2007/N-CP). Phn loi cht thi rn thng thng. Thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn thng thng. C s ti ch, tiu hy, khu chn lp cht thi rn thng thng. Quy hoch v thu gom, ti ch, tiu hu, chn lp cht thi rn thng thng. Qun l cht thi lng thng thng (iu 81, 82 ca LBVMT, N 88/2007/N-CP). Thu gom, x l nc thi. H thng x l nc thi. Qun l v kim sot bi, kh thi, ting n, rung, nh sng, bc x (t iu 83 n iu 85 ca LBVMT). Qun l v kim sot bi, kh thi. Kim sot ting n, rung. Qun l cht thi trong lnh vc xut- nhp khu Nguyn tc: cm xut-nhp khu cht thi Nhng bin php ngn chn vic xut-nhp khu cht thi: Trong vic xut-nhp khu, qu cnh hng ha (iu 42 ca LBVMT).


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Trong vic xut-nhp khu ph liu (iu 43 ca LBVMT, iu 19 ca N 80/2006/N-CP). o iu kin t ra i vi ph liu c xut nhp khu. o iu kin t ra i vi c s xut - nhp khu ph liu. o Th tc xut - nhp khu ph liu. Vn thu hi sn phm ht hn s dng hoc thi b (iu 67 ca LBVMT, iu 21 ca N 80/2006/N-CP) 2. Phng nga, ng ph s c MT, khc phc nhim v phc hi MT 2.1. Phng nga, ng ph s c MT Khi nim s c MT (khon 8, iu 3 ca LBVMT). Phng nga s c MT (t iu 86 n iu 89 ca LBVMT). Trch nhim. Ni dung. ng ph s c MT (iu 90, iu 91 ca LBVMT) . Trch nhim ng ph s c. Xy dng phng n, chun b lc lng ng ph s c. Cn lu l nhng quy nh trn v phng nga, ng ph s c MT ch l nhng quy nh mang tnh nguyn tc, nhng quy nh c th v phng nga, ng ph s c MT trong tng lnh vc c th chng ta phi xem trong cc vn bn php lut khc nh: Lut ti nguyn nc, Php lnh phng chng bo lt, Php lnh an tan v kim sot bc x. Php lnh ging cy trng, Php lnh ging vt nui, Php lnh th y, Php lnh bo v v kim dch thc vt v nhng vn bn quy nh ch tit, hng dn thi hnh Lut BVMT v cc vn bn trn. 2.2. Khc phc nhim v phc hi MT (iu 49, iu 92 ca LBVMT) Cn c xc c s gy nhim v khu vc b nhim (Cn c xc nh c s gy nhim chnh l s tc ng ca n ti MT xung quanh. Mt c s gy nhim khng hn l c s vi phm php lut MT). Bin php khc phc.


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

BI 3 PHP LUT V V SINH MI TRNG

1. PHP LUT V V SINH NI CNG CNG Ni cng cng l ni din ra hot ng ca nhiu ngi v c nh hng n li ch chung ca cng ng. V sinh ni cng cng l nhng iu kin v bin php m bo cho ni cng cng c trong lnh, sch p. Vic gi gn v sinh ni cng cng gp phn to ra np sng vn minh, li ch kinh t cho x hi, Php lut v v sinh ni cng cng c quy nh ch yu trong Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 ( t iu 50 n iu 53), Lut Bo v sc khe nhn dn 1989 v iu l V sinh ban hnh km theo Ngh nh 23 HBT ngy 24 thng 01 nm 1991 ca Hi ng B Trng. 1.1 V sinh trn ng ph (iu 34 iu l V sinh) Khng c rc, vt rc, vt xc sc vt v phng u ba bi trn ng ph, h ph, bi c, gc cy, h ao v nhng ni cng cng khc. Khi vn chuyn rc, than, vi, ct, gch v cc cht thi khc, khng c lm ri vi trn ng i. Khng c t tin o ng, h ph. Nu c php o th lm xong phi dn ngay v sa li nh c, khng c t v vt liu xy dng lm tc cng rnh. H thng cng rnh phi kn v thng xuyn c khai thng. Khng c quyt ng ph vo nhng gi c ng ngi i li. 1.2 V sinh nhng ni cng cng khc (iu 11 Lut Bo v sc khe nhn dn, iu 35 iu l V sinh) Nhng ni cng cng nh bn xe, bn tu, sn bay, cng vin, ch, cc ca hng ln, cc rp ht, rp chiu phim, cu lc b, cc c quan x nghip, trng hc, nh tr, mu gio, cc khu tp th phi c nc sch, h x hp v sinh, c thng rc y kn.


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Nhng khu vc ng dn c, cht chi, nhng ng ph ln ng ngi cn xy dng nh v sinh cng cng sch p, c th thu tin bo qun v phc v. Khng c tm, git cc vi nc cng cng. Khng c ht thuc l trong nh tr bnh vin, phng hc, trong cc rp chiu bng, rp ht, trn xe t, my bay v nhng ni tp trung ng ngi trong khng gian hn ch. Ti nhng c s ny phi qui nh nhng ni ht thuc ring. 1.3 V sinh trong chn nui gia sc,gia cm (iu 11 Lut Bo v sc khe nhn dn, iu 36 iu l V sinh) Vic nui gia sc, gia cm phi m bo v sinh, khng gy nhim mi trng sinh hot v nh hng xu n sc kho ca con ngi. Khng c th rng gia sc trn ng ph, khi la n gia sc qua thnh ph, th x phi i vo ban m v i theo ng quy nh ring; nu c phn gia sc ri vi trn ng ph phi dn ngay. Khng c cho tru b tm cc sng ngi, h ao, ni nhn dn s dng lm ngun nc dng trong sinh hot, n ung. 1.4 V sinh trong vic s dng phn bc (iu 37 iu l V sinh)

2. PHP LUT V V SINH AN TON THC PHM 2.1 Khi nim v v sinh an ton thc phm Khi nim thc phm: Thc phm l nhng sn phm m con ngi n, ung dng ti, sng hoc qua ch bin, bo qun (khon 1 iu 3 Php lnh V sinh an ton thc phm). Lu : Hin nay c nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v thc phm v cn phn bit thc phm vi nhng sn phm khc nh dc phm Khi nim v sinh an ton thc phm: V sinh an ton thc phm l cc iu kin v bin php cn thit bo m thc phm khng gy hi cho sc


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khe, tnh mng ca con ngi (khon 2 iu 3 Php lnh V sinh an ton thc phm). Lu : VSAT thc phm c t ra trong tt c cc khu ca qu trnh sn xut, ch bin thc phm (t nng tri n bn n) v cho n khu cui cng l x l hu qu ng c thc phm.

2.2 Phn cng trch nhim qun l nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm (iu 42, 43 Php lnh V sinh an ton thc phm, iu 21 29 Ngh nh 163/2004/N-CP) Cc c quan qun l nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm hin nay nc ta bao gm: C quan c thm quyn chung: Chnh ph v y ban nhn dn cc cp. Chnh ph thng nht qun l nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm trong phm vi c nc. y ban nhn dn cc cp trong phm vi nhim v, quyn hn ca mnh thc hin qun l nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm ti a phng. C quan c thm quyn ring: Bao gm rt nhiu B, ngnh khc nhau (B Y t, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, B Cng Thng, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh,). Trong , B Y t l c quan qun l nh nc chu trch nhim trc Chnh ph thc hin qun l nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm. Cc B, ngnh trong phm vi nhim v, quyn hn ca mnh c trch nhim phi hp vi B Y t thc hin qun l nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm trong lnh vc c phn cng ph trch theo cc nguyn tc: + Vic qun l nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm trong qu trnh sn xut do cc b, ngnh qun l chuyn ngnh ch tr phi hp vi B Y t, cc b, ngnh c lin quan thc hin; + Vic qun l nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm trong qu trnh lu thng do B Y t ch tr phi hp vi cc b, ngnh c lin quan thc hin. Vic phn nh thm quyn ca cc c quan qun l nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm hin nay nc ta cha hiu qu, dn n n y trch nhim gia cc B, ngnh vi nhau. Xu hng hin nay l thnh lp c quanhttp://www.ebook.edu.vn 18

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

chuyn trch qun l cc khu ca v v sinh an ton thc phm hoc giao cho cc B, ngnh khc nhau ty thuc vo cc cng on s dng sn phm, c phn nh rch ri thm quyn. 2.3 Nhng iu kin v bin php bo m v sinh an ton thc phm Yu cu v v sinh an ton thc phm i vi c s thc phm (Chng II Php lnh V sinh an ton thc phm). o Khi nim v c s thc phm. o C s sn xut kinh doanh thc phm c nguy c cao. o i vi c s sn xut kinh doanh thc phm ti sng. o i vi c s ch bin thc phm. o i vi c s dnh v n ung. Yu cu v v sinh an ton thc phm i vi nguyn liu, nc, ph gia dng trong ch bin, bo qun thc phm (iu 14, 15 Php lnh V sinh an ton thc phm). Yu cu v ghi nhn hng ha i vi sn phm thc phm (iu 35 Php lnh V sinh an ton thc phm). Cng b tiu chun sn phm thc phm (iu 31, 32, 33 Php lnh V sinh an ton thc phm, t iu 17 n 20 Ngh nh 163/2004/N-CP). i vi thc phm nhp khu. i vi thc phm chc nng, thc phm c nguy c cao, thc phm c gen b bin i v thc n dnh cho tr di 24 thng tui. 2.4 Thanh tra, kim tra nh nc v v sinh an ton thc phm ( t iu 44 n 49 Php lnh V sinh an ton thc phm, iu 37 42 Ngh nh 163/2004/N-CP) 3. PHP LUT V V SINH TRONG VIC QUN, P, DI CHUYN, CHN, HA TNG THI HI, HI CT (iu 16 Lut Bo v sc khe nhn dn; iu 27, 28, 29 iu l V sinh). - V sinh trong vic qun p thi hi


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

o Quy nh v vic khm nim i vi ngi cht v bnh truyn nhim. o Thi gian qun thi hi. - V sinh trong di chuyn thi hi, hi ct. o Phng tin di chuyn. o Thi gian di chuyn. o Nhng trng hp khng c di chuyn - V sinh trong vic chn, ha tng. o a im lp ngha trang ngha a v c s ha tang. o Yu cu v v sinh i vi vic chn ngi cht v bnh truyn nhim hoc chin tranh vi trng. o Yu cu v k thut i vi c s ha tng. - V sinh trong vic bc m. - V sinh trong vic di chuyn thi hi, hi ct qua bin gii nc CHXHCN Vit nam.


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

BI 4 PHP LUT V TI NGUYN THIN NHIN I. PHP LUT V TI NGUYN RNG 1.1. Khi nim ti nguyn rng - nh ngha: Rng l mt h sinh thi bao gm qun th thc vt rng, ng vt rng, vi sinh vt rng, t rng v cc yu t mi trng khc, trong cy g, tre, na hoc h thc vt c trng l thnh phn chnh c che ph ca tn rng t 0,1 tr ln. Rng gm rng trng v rng t nhin trn t rng sn xut, t rng phng h, t rng c dng (khon 1, iu 3, Lut Bo v v pht trin rng). Nh vy, c xem l rng th trc ht phi l mt h sinh thi (th hin mi quan h gia cc yu t hu sinh v yu t v sinh) v phi tn ti trn vng t lm nghip (t rng c dng, t rng phng h, t rng sn xut). - Phn loi: Cn c vo mc ch s dng ch yu, rng c phn thnh 3 loi sau : + Rng phng h (khon 1 iu 4 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng), bao gm: Rng phng h u ngun; rng phng h chn gi, chn ct bay; rng phng h chn sng, ln bin; rng phng h bo v mi trng. + Rng c dng (khon 2 iu 4 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng), bao gm: Vn quc gia; khu bo tn thin nhin; khu bo v cnh quan; khu rng nghin cu, thc nghim khoa hc. + Rng sn xut (khon 3 iu 4 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng), bao gm: Rng sn xut l rng t nhin; rng sn xut l rng trng; rng ging. 1.2. Ch s hu i vi ti nguyn rng - V nguyn tc, ti nguyn rng thuc s hu ton dn do nh nc thng nht qun l. Nh nc thng nht qun l v nh ot i vi rng t nhin v rng c pht trin bng vn ca nh nc, rng do nh nc nhn chuyn quyn s hu rng sn xut l rng trng t cc ch rng; ng vt rng sng t nhin, hoang d ; vi sinh vt rng ; cnh quan, mi trng rng (khon 1 iu 6 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng).


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Nh nc s hu i cc loi rng t nhin, rng trng bng vn nh nc v rng do nh nc nhn chuyn quyn s hu t cc ch th khc. Nh nc s hu i vi tt c cc yu t cu thnh rng s hu mang tnh tuyt i. - Tuy nhin, Lut Bo v v pht trin rng quy nh ch rng (t chc, h gia nh, c nhn) cng c quyn s hu i vi rng sn xut l rng trng. C th, ch rng c chim hu, s dng, nh ot i vi cy trng, vt nui, ti sn gn lin vi sn xut l rng trng do ch rng t u t trong thi hn c giao, c thu trng rng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v v pht trin rng v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan (khon 5 iu 3 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng). Quyn s hu ca ch rng i vi rng sn xut l rng trng ch mang tnh tng i (ch rng khng s hu i t rng, ng vt rng hoang d,...) 1.3. Ch qun l nh nc i vi rng 1.3.1. H thng c quan qun l i vi rng Cc c quan qun l nh nc i vi rng bao gm cc c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn chung v c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn ring (iu 8 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): - Chnh ph thng nht qun l nh nc v bo v v pht trin rng. - B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn chu trch nhim trc Chnh ph thc hin qun l nh nc v bo v v pht trin rng trong phm vi c nc. - B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, B Cng an, B Quc phng v cc b, c quan ngang b trong phm vi nhim v, quyn hn ca mnh c trch nhim phi hp vi B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn thc hin qun l nh nc v bo v v pht trin rng. - U ban nhn dn cc cp c trch nhim thc hin qun l nh nc v bo v v pht trin rng ti a phng theo thm quyn. Chnh ph quy nh t chc, nhim v, quyn hn ca c quan chuyn ngnh v lm nghip t trung ng n cp huyn v cn b lm nghip nhng x, phng, th trn c rng. 1.3.2. Ni dung qun l nh nc i vi rng c quy nh ti iu 7, Lut Bo v v pht trin rng. Cn ch mt s ni dung sau:


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

- Quy hoch, k hoch bo v v pht trin rng (Mc 1, Chng II Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): da vo quy nh v ni dung quy hoch, k hoch bo v v pht trin rng xc nh. Quy hoch bo v v pht trin rng bao gm nhiu ni dung, trong quan trng nht l xc nh mc ch s dng cho tng loi rng trn tng din tch c th. K hoch bo v v pht trin rng l phng thc t chc thc hin quy hoch bo v v pht trin rng. - Giao rng, cho thu rng, thu hi rng, chuyn mc ch s dng rng (Mc 1, Chng II Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): tng t nh nhng quy nh trong Lut t ai. + Giao rng (iu 24 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): bao gm giao rng khng thu tin s dng rng v giao rng c thu tin s dng rng. + Cho thu rng (iu 25 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): bao gm thu rng tr tin thu rng hng nm v thu rng tr tin thu rng mt ln. + Thu hi rng (iu 26 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng). + Chuyn mc ch s dng rng (iu 27 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng). + Thm quyn cho php giao rng, cho thu rng, thu hi rng, chuyn mc ch s dng rng (iu 28 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng). 1.4. Quyn v ngha v ca ch rng (Chng V Lut Bo v v pht trin rng) 1.4.1. Ch rng Ch rng l t chc, h gia nh, c nhn c Nh nc giao rng, cho thu rng, giao t trng rng, cho thu t trng rng, cng nhn quyn s dng rng, cng nhn quyn s hu rng sn xut l rng trng; nhn chuyn nhng rng t ch rng khc (khon 4 iu 3; iu 5 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng). 1.4.2. Ni dung quyn v ngha v ca ch rng - Quyn v ngha v chung ca ch rng (iu 59, 60 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): Ch rng c nhng quyn v ngha v chung nh: quyn c khai thc, s dng rng theo quy nh ca php lut; quyn chuyn quyn s dng rng (i vi mt s ch th nht nh), np thu ti nguyn,... - Quyn v ngha v c th ca ch rng (iu 61 n iu 78 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): ph thuc vo vic ch rng c quyn s hu hay quyn s dng i vi rng; i vi cc ch th c quyn s s dng rng th quyn vhttp://www.ebook.edu.vn 23

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

ngha v cng s khc nhau gia ch th c giao rng hay cho thu rng. Quyn v ngha v ny cng khc nhau gia cc ch rng l c nhn, h gia nh, t chc. 1.5. Ch php l i vi rng phng h (iu 45 n iu 48 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng) - Giao, cho thu rng phng h (iu 46 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): Nhng khu rng phng h u ngun tp trung c din tch t nm nghn hecta tr ln hoc c din tch di nm nghn hecta nhng c tm quan trng v chc nng phng h hoc rng phng h ven bin quan trng phi c Ban qun l. Ban qun l khu rng phng h l t chc s nghip do c quan nh nc c thm quyn thnh lp theo quy ch qun l rng. Nhng khu rng phng h khng thuc quy nh ti khon 1 iu 46 th nh nc giao, cho thu cho cc t chc kinh t, n v v trang nhn dn, h gia nh, c nhn ti ch qun l, bo v v s dng. - Khai thc lm sn lm sn trong rng phng h (iu 47 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): Phi m bo nguyn tc mang tnh kt hp trong khun kh khng lm nh hng n chc nng phng h ca rng. C th: + Trong rng phng h l rng t nhin c php khai thc cy cht, cy su bnh, cy ng ni mt ln hn mt quy nh theo quy ch qun l rng, tr cc loi thc vt rng nguy cp, qu, him b cm khai thc theo quy nh ca Chnh ph v Ch qun l, bo v nhng loi thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him v Danh mc nhng loi thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him. c php khai thc cc loi mng, tre na trong rng phng h khi t yu cu phng h theo quy ch qun l rng; c php khai thc cc loi lm sn khc ngoi g m khng lm nh hng n kh nng phng h ca rng, tr cc loi thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him b cm khai thc theo quy nh ca Chnh ph v Ch qun l, bo v nhng loi thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him v Danh mc nhng loi thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him. + Trong rng phng h l rng trng c php khai thc cy ph tr, cht ta tha khi rng trng c mt ln hn mt quy nh theo quy ch qun l rng; khai thc cy trng chnh khi t tiu chun khai thc theo phng thc khai thc chn hoc cht trng theo bng, theo m rng. Sau khi khai thc, ch rng phi thc hin vic ti sinh hoc trng li rng ngay trong v trng rng k tip v tip tc qun l, bo v.


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

1.6. Ch php l i vi rng c dng (iu 49 n iu 54 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng) - Giao, cho thu rng c dng (iu 50 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): Ban qun l l nhng ch th c nh nc giao rng i vi nhng khu rng c dng phi thnh lp Ban qun l (vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin, khu rng bo v cnh quan nhng cn thit thnh lp Ban qun l). i vi nhng khu rng c dng l khu rng nghin cu, thc nghim khoa hc th giao cho t chc nghin cu khoa hc v pht trin cng ngh, o to, dy ngh v lm nghip trc tip qun l. Trng hp khng thnh lp Ban qun l th cho t chc kinh t thu rng kinh doanh cnh quan, ngh dng, du lch sinh thi - mi trng di tn rng. - Khai thc lm sn trong rng c dng (iu 51 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): ch c thc hin trong khu bo v cnh quan v phn khu dch v hnh chnh ca vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin. - Hot ng nghin cu khoa hc, ging dy, thc tp, kt hp kinh doanh cnh quan, ngh dng, du lch sinh thi - mi trng trong rng c dng (iu 52, 53 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng) - n nh i sng dn c sng trong cc khu rng c dng v vng m ca cc khu rng c dng (iu 54 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng) 1.7. Ch php l i vi rng sn xut (iu 55 n iu 58 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng) - Giao, cho thu rng sn xut (iu 56, 57 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): i vi nhng khu rng sn xut l rng t nhin tp trung c nh nc giao, cho thu cho cc t chc kinh t sn xut, kinh doanh; nhng khu rng sn xut l rng t nhin phn tn khng thuc i tng quy nh phi giao, cho thu cho cc t chc kinh t th c Nh nc giao, cho thu cho t chc, h gia nh, c nhn bo v, pht trin, sn xut, kinh doanh. Vic giao v cho thu c hiu l giao, cho thu chm sc, bo v v khai thc. - Vic khai thc g v lm sn ngoi g trong rng sn xut l rng t nhin: i vi khai thc g: Khi rng iu kin khai thc (t tr lng g bnh qun/1 hecta; nui dng thi gian ca mt lun k khai thc; ph hp vi ch tiu khai thc g v lm sn ca a phng) th ch rng c khai thc theo trnh t, th tc bao gm cc bc sau:


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

+ Lp thit k khai thc (cng khai thc, phng thc khai thc, cp knh khai thc ti thiu) v ng du ba bi cy; + Thit k khai thc c gi n S Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn xt duyt v trnh y ban nhn dn tnh ph duyt tng hp; + Thit k khai thc c gi n B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn thm nh v ra quyt nh m rng; + S Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn cp giy php khai thc; + Ch rng t chc khai thc (t khai thc hoc bn li giy php khai thc); + C quan kim lm kim tra v ng du ba kim lm xc nhn tnh trng khai thc g hp php; + Nghim thu khai thc; + ng ca rng, rng c chm sc nui dng lun k khai thc. i vi khai thc lm sn ngoi g: (xem thm trong Lut Bo v v pht trin rng). - Vic khai thc g v lm sn ngoi g trong rng sn xut l rng trng: V rng ny l rng c trng trn din tch t c nh nc giao, cho thu nn khi khai thc, ch rng khng phi lm th tc xin php khai thc. Ch rng phi bo vi c quan kim lm trong trng hp g khai thc trong rng trng cng c trong rng t nhin c quan kim lm xc nhn tnh trng g 1.7. Php lut v bo v ng vt rng, thc vt rng nguy cp, qu, him 1.7.1. Khi nim v ng vt rng, thc vt rng nguy cp, qu, him: - nh ngha (khon 14 iu 3 Lut Bo v v pht trin rng): Loi thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him l loi thc vt, ng vt c gi tr c bit v kinh t, khoa hc v mi trng, s lng cn t trong t nhin hoc c nguy c b tuyt chng thuc Danh mc cc loi thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him do Chnh ph quy nh ch qun l, bo v. - Phn loi: Thc vt rng, ng vt rng qu, him c sp xp thnh hai nhm theo tnh cht v mc qu, him ca chng:http://www.ebook.edu.vn 26

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Nhm I: gm nhng loi thc vt rng (IA), ng vt rng (IB) c gi tr c bit v khoa hc, mi trng hoc c gi tr cao v kinh t, s lng qun th cn rt t trong t nhin hoc c nguy c tuyt chng cao. i vi nhm I th nghim cm khai thc, s dng v mc ch thng mi, Nhm II: gm nhng loi thc vt rng (IIA), ng vt rng (IIB) c gi tr v khoa hc, mi trng hoc c gi tr cao v kinh t, s lng qun th cn t trong t nhin hoc c nguy c tuyt chng. i vi nhm I th hn ch khai thc, s dng v mc ch thng mi. 1.7.2. Ch qun l, bo v i vi thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him Sinh vin c thm Ngh nh 32/2006/N-CP ngy 30 thng 3 nm 2006 v qun l thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him. Lu mt s ni dung: bo v thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him (iu 5); khai thc thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him (iu 6); vn chuyn, ct gi thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him t t nhin v sn phm ca chng (iu 7); ch bin, kinh doanh thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him v sn phm ca chng (iu 9); x l vi phm (iu 10, iu 11). II. PHP LUT V NGUN LI THY SN 2.1. Khi nim ngun li thy sn v hot ng thy sn - nh ngha v ngun li thy sn: Ngun li thy sn l ti nguyn sinh vt trong vng nc t nhin, c gi tr kinh t, khoa hc pht trin ngh khai thc thy sn, bo tn v pht trin ngun li thy sn (khon 1 iu 2 Lut thy sn). Ti nguyn thy sn l ti nguyn sinh vt (ng vt, thc vt hay vi sinh vt) sng cc vng nc t nhin (vng nc ni a v vng bin thuc ch quyn v quyn ti phn ca Vit Nam). - nh ngha v hot ng thy sn: Hot ng thy sn l vic tin hnh khai thc, nui trng, vn chuyn thy sn khai thc; bo qun, ch bin, mua bn, xut khu, nhp khu thy sn; dch v trong hot ng thy sn; iu tra, bo v v pht trin ngun li thy sn (khon 2, iu 2, Lut thy sn). Hot ng thy sn l mt hot ng rt rng, bao gm nhiu khu khc nhau v c thc hin thng qua vai tr ca B qun l chuyn ngnh l B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn.


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2.2. Ch s hu i vi ngun li thy sn + S hu nh nc: Nh nc s hu i vi ngun li thy sn sng cc vng nc t nhin v ngun li thy sn c nui trng bng vn ca Nh nc. + S hu ca h gia nh, c nhn, t chc: i vi ngun li thy sn do h gia nh, c nhn, t chc b vn nui trng trn vng t c mt nc hoc vng bin c nh nc giao hoc cho thu. - Cch thc thc hin quyn s hu nh nc i vi ngun li thy sn: Nh nc thc hin quyn s hu thng qua vic iu tra, nh gi tr lng thy sn; thc hin quyn chim hu, quyn s dng bng cch cho php t chc, c nhn khai thc ngun li thy sn cc vng nc t nhin (cp giy php khai thc). 2.3. Ch qun l nh nc i vi ngun li thy sn 2.3.1. H thng c quan qun l nh nc i vi ngun li thy sn (iu 52 Lut Thy sn) Bao gm cc c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn chung v c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn ring. - C quan c thm quyn chung: Chnh Ph v y ban nhn dn cc cp Chnh ph thng nht qun l nh nc v thu sn trong phm vi c nc. y ban nhn dn cc cp chu trch nhim qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn thy sn trong phm vi a phng. - C quan c thm quyn ring: + C quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn chuyn mn i vi ti nguyn thy sn: B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn. + C quan qun l nh nc thuc cc ngnh, lnh vc khc c lin quan: c trch nhim phi hp vi B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v thy sn trong phm vi ngnh, lnh vc mnh ph trch 2.3.2. Ni dung qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn (ngun li) thy sn (iu 51 Lut Thy sn). 1. Xy dng v t chc thc hin chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch v cc chnh sch pht trin ngnh thu sn.http://www.ebook.edu.vn 28

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

2. Ban hnh, tuyn truyn, ph bin, gio dc v t chc thc hin cc vn bn php lut v thu sn. 3. T chc iu tra, nh gi v qun l, bo v s pht trin bn vng ngun li thu sn; nghin cu khoa hc, ng dng cng ngh mi trong hot ng thu sn; quy hoch v qun l cc khu bo tn vng nc ni a, khu bo tn bin; thc hin thng k, thng tin v hot ng thu sn. 4. Xc nh v phn cp qun l vng bin ven b trong hot ng thu sn; qun l v phn cp qun l vng bin khai thc; phn tuyn khai thc; cng b ng trng khai thc; qun l vic giao, cho thu, thu hi t nui trng thu sn, mt nc bin nui trng thu sn. 5. Qun l vic cp, thu hi cc loi giy php, giy chng nhn trong lnh vc thu sn theo quy nh ca php lut; o to, st hch, cp bng thuyn trng, my trng tu c; cp, thu hi giy php hot ng thu sn cho tu c nc ngoi. 6. Qun l vic thm nh v cng nhn ging thu sn mi, thuc th y thu sn, thc n nui trng thu sn; kim tra v t chc phng, tr dch bnh thu sn; qun l vic bo v mi trng trong hot ng thu sn. 7. Qun l v phn cp qun l tu c, cng c, ch thu sn u mi. 8. Thc hin hp tc quc t v hot ng thu sn. 9. Qun l t chc b my, o to ngun nhn lc cho ngnh thu sn; hng dn chuyn mn, nghip v chuyn ngnh cho cc hi ngh nghip thu sn. 10. Kim tra, thanh tra vic thc hin php lut v thu sn, x l cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v thu sn; gii quyt tranh chp, khiu ni, t co trng hot ng thu sn theo quy nh ca php lut. 2.4. Ch bo v, pht trin v khai thc ti nguyn (ngun li) thy sn 2.4.1. Ch bo v v pht trin ti nguyn ngun li thy sn (Chng 2 ca Lut Thy sn) - Bo v mi trng sng ca thy sn (iu 7 ca Lut thy sn): + T chc, c nhn tin hnh hot ng thy sn hoc c cc hot ng khc nh hng trc tip n mi trng sng, di c, sinh sn ca cc loi thy


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sn phi tun theo quy nh ca Lut Thy sn, php lut v bo v mi trng, php lut v ti nguyn nc v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan. + T chc, c nhn khi xy dng mi, thay i hoc ph b cc cng trnh c lin quan n mi trng sng, di c, sinh sn ca cc loi thy sn phi thc hin vic nh gi tc ng mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng. + T chc, c nhn khai thc thy sn bng t ng, y hoc bng phng php ngn, chn khc cc sng, h, m, ph phi dnh hnh lang cho cc loi thy sn di chuyn theo quy nh ca U ban nhn dn a phng. - Bo v thy sn trong hot ng khai thc, vn chuyn: 2.4.2. Khai thc ti nguyn (ngun li) thy sn (Chng 3 Lut Thy sn) - Nguyn tc khai thc thy sn (iu 11 Lut Thy sn): Khai thc thy sn vng bin, sng, h, m, ph v cc vng nc t nhin khc phi bo m khng lm cn kit ngun li thy sn; phi tun theo quy nh v ma v khai thc, thi hn khai thc, vng khai thc, chng loi v kch c thy sn c khai thc, sn lng cho php khai thc hng nm v phi tun theo quy nh ca Lut ny v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan; s dng cc loi ng c, phng tin khai thc thy sn c kch c ph hp vi cc loi thy sn c php khai thc. Nguyn tc khai thc thy sn phi m bo s pht trin bn vng v ti nguyn thy sn l ti nguyn c th phc hi nn ch c th khai thc trong gii hn s phc hi. - Khai thc thy sn xa b (iu 12 Lut Thy sn): y l hnh thc khai thc m bo s pht trin bn vng nn c khuyn khch. - Khai thc thy sn ven b (iu 13 Lut Thy sn): Hn ch hnh thc ny thng qua vic t chc li sn xut, chuyn i c cu ngh nghip. - Cp giy php khai thc thy sn (iu 16, 17, 18 Lut Thy sn): + T chc, c nhn khai thc thy sn phi c Giy php khai thc thy sn, tr trng hp c nhn khai thc thy sn bng tu c c trng ti di 0,5 tn hoc khng s dng tu c. + T chc, c nhn khai thc thy sn c cp Giy php khai thc thy sn phi c cc iu kin: c ng k kinh doanh khai thc thy sn; c tu c


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ng k, ng kim; c ng c, phng tin khai thc ph hp; thuyn trng, my trng trn tu c phi c vn bng, chng ch ph hp theo quy nh ca php lut. + T chc, c nhn khai thc thy sn c th b thu hi giy php khai thc thy sn trong mt s trng hp nht nh. - Quyn v ngha v ca ch th khai thc thy sn (iu 20, 21 Lut Thy sn). - Nhng hnh vi b cm trong hot ng khai thc thy sn (khon 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 iu 20, 21 Lut Thy sn). 2.5 Nui trng thy sn - Nh nc c chnh sch giao t, cho thu t c mt nc nui trng thy sn (tun theo cc quy nh ca Lut t ai); giao, cho thu vng bin nui trng th sn pht trin ngun li thy sn (tun theo cc quy nh ca Lut Thy sn); - Vic nui trng thy sn gn vi vic bo v mi trng, m bo hiu qu kinh t ca ton x hi v theo quy hoch, k hoch ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn nhm mc ch pht trin bn vng. III. PHP LUT V CY TRNG, VT NUI Sinh vin c trong cc vn bn sau : - Php lnh v bo v v kim dch thc vt 2001. - Php lnh ging cy trng 2004; - Php lnh v ging vt nui 2004; - Php lnh v th y 2004; IV. PHP LUT V TI NGUYN NC 5.1. Khi nim ti nguyn nc - Theo ngha rng: Ti nguyn nc bao gm mi dng tn ti ca nc (rn, lng, kh). Tt c cc dng ny lun chuyn vi nhau to thnh chu trnh nc.


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- Theo Lut Ti nguyn nc: Ti nguyn nc bao gm cc ngun nc ma, nc mt, nc di t, nc bin thuc lnh th nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam (iu 2 Lut Ti nguyn nc). Lut Ti nguyn nc c s gii hn v cch hiu v ti nguyn nc. nh ngha theo Lut Ti nguyn nc cn c vo c im c th phn chia c (th lng), cn c vo dng tn ti (nc mt, nc ma, nc di t, nc bin) v cn c vo khng gian tn ti ca nc (phm vi lnh th nc Vit Nam) xc nh ti nguyn nc theo cch hiu ca Lut. Theo ti nguyn nc l nhng dng tn ti c th ca nc mt khu no trong chu trnh nc m thi (dng lng). Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c nc tn ti th lng u l ti nguyn nc (v d: nc nng, nc khong thin nhin do Lut Khong sn quy nh, nc qua khai thc, s dng cng khng phi l ti nguyn nc theo quy nh ca Lut Ti nguyn nc). 5.2. Ch s hu i vi ti nguyn nc Theo quy nh ca Lut Ti nguyn nc th Ti nguyn nc thuc s hu ton dn do Nh nc thng nht qun l (khon 1 iu 1 Lut Ti nguyn nc). Quyn s hu i vi ti nguyn nc ch gn vi mt khong thi gian v khng gian nht nh. Nh nc thc hin quyn s hu i vi ti nguyn nc thng qua vic chim hu (nm bt nhng thng tin v ti nguyn nc nh thng k, nh gi, o c,), s dng (nh nc trc tip s dng hoc thng qua ch th s dng - h gia nh, c nhn, t chc - ch th s dng phi tr tin thng qua nhng ngha v php l). 5.3. Ch qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc 5.3.1. H thng cc c quan qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc Bao gm cc c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn chung v c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn ring. - C quan c thm quyn chung: Chnh Ph v y ban nhn dn cc cp Chnh Ph thng nht qun l Nh nc v ti nguyn nc trn phm vi c nc. Chnh ph thnh lp Hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc t vn cho Chnh ph trong nhng quyt nh quan trng v ti nguyn nc thuc nhim v, quyn hn ca Chnh ph (iu 63 Lut Ti nguyn nc, iu 16 Ngh nh 179). U ban nhn dn cc cp chu trch nhim qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc trong phm vi a phng. - C quan c thm quyn ring:


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+ Thm quyn chuyn mn i vi ti nguyn nc (c quan qun l chuyn ngnh): Theo Lut Ti nguyn nc th thm quyn qun l chuyn ngnh i vi ti nguyn nc l B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn. Tuy nhin, hin nay, ti nguyn nc do B Ti nguyn v Mi trng qun l (Ngh nh 25/2008/N-CP ngy 04 thng 03 nm 2008 quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng). + C quan qun l nh nc thuc cc ngnh v cc lnh vc c lin quan c trch nhim phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng thc hin chc nng qun l Nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc trong phm vi ngnh, lnh vc m mnh ph trch. Vic qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc l kt hp qun l theo ngnh, theo i phng v qun l theo lu vc m bo tnh thng nht. 5.3.2. Ni dung qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc Qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc bao gm vic qun l vic khai thc, s dng v bo v ngun nc, qun l cc cng trnh tiu thot nc; qun l cc lu vuc sng, qun l ngun nc cc vng c bit, nhm mc ch ngn nga tn tht, phng chng nhim; gim thiu cc tc hi do nc gy nn. Theo quy nh ti iu 57 Lut Ti nguyn nc th ni dung qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc bao gm 8 vn . Cn ch : - Qun l Nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc phi d trn c s chin lc, chnh sch, php lut v qun l ti nguyn nc v quy hoch, k hoch khai thc, s dng, bo v ngun nc, trong c bit coi trng quy hoch lu vc sng. - Vic xy dng quy hoch, k hoch cho vic khai thc v s dng ngun nc phi m bo tnh h thng ca lu vc, ca cc cng trnh thy li, khng chia ct theo n v hnh chnh song vn phi m bo li ch hi ha gia cc vng, ngnh, t chc, c nhn khai thc, s dng nc. Vic xy dng chnh sch, ch , th l qun l ti nguyn nc phi thng nht vi chnh sch, php lut bo v cc thnh phn mi trng khc, bo v an ninh quc phng v nht thit phi bo m s phi hp cht ch gia cc cp, cc ngnh trong vic xy dng v t chc thc hin. 5.4. Ch bo v, khai thc, s dng 5.4.1. Vn bo v ti nguyn nc (Chng II Lut Ti nguyn nc)


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

- Bo v ti nguyn nc l bin php phng, chng suy thoi, cn kit ngun nc, bo m an ton ngun nc v bo v kh nng pht trin ti nguyn nc. - Ni dung bo v ti nguyn nc: Lut Ti nguyn nc quy nh bo v ti nguyn nc trong tng lnh vc, i vi tng loi nc, tu chung th hin di hai gc : + Chng suy thoi, cn kit ngun nc: bo v rng, bo v h cha nc, bo v tng cha nc di t, bo v cc dng sng, s dng nc tit kim, hp l, trnh tnh trng lng ph ti nguyn nc. + Chng nhim ngun nc: Ngun nc c th b nhim bi nhiu tc nhn (cc cht hu c, v c, cc cht c hi khc). Cc ngun gy nhim ny pht sinh t t nhin ( nhim do thy triu, ma bn, ni la,) nhng c bit l nhim do con ngi, tc l cc cht thi t cc hot ng ca con ngi. V th , phi kim sot vic pht thi vo ngun nc. Lut Ti nguyn nc quy nh t chc, c nhn s dng nc trong sn xut, kinh doanh, nghin cu khoa hc, bnh vin, th, khu dn c tp trung v cc hot ng khc nu x thi vo ngun nc th phi c php ca c quan Nh nc c thm quyn. 5.4.2. Khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc (Chng III Lut Ti nguyn nc) - Khai thc ngun nc l hot ng nhm mang li li ch t ngun nc; s dng tng hp ngun nc l s dng hp l, pht trin tim nng ca mt ngun nc v hn ch tc hi do nc gy ra phc v tng hp cho nhu mc ch. - Nguyn tc khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc + Khai thc, s dng tng hp ti nguyn nc + m bo s dng cng bng ngun nc + u tin s dng ti nguyn nc cho nhng nhu cu thit yu - Ch th s dng ti nguyn nc (h gia nh, c nhn, t chc) khi khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc phi c giy php, tr cc trng hp khng phi xin cp giy php (iu 24 Lut Ti nguyn nc) - Quyn, ngha v ca ch th khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc:


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

+ i vi ch th u t vo cc cng trnh khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc c quyn s hu i vi cng trnh u t; c quyn chuyn nhng, tha k i vi cng trnh h u t khai thc, s dng. Bn thn ngi c cp giy php khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc c quyn chuyn nhng quyn khai thc, s dng; + C quyn bn sn phm m h u t, khai thc (i vi t chc, c nhn u t xy dng cng trnh thy li th c quyn thu thy li ph tr cho vic s dng cng trnh m t chc, c nhn u t ch p dng cho nc s dng vo mc ch nng nghip); + C ngha v np thu ti nguyn; ngha v bo v mi trng, phng chng bo lt, 5.5. Phng chng l lt v cc tc hi khc do nc gy ra - Vic quy hoch b tr dn c, b tr sn xut v xy dng c s h tng trong vng ngp l (Khon 1 iu 38 Lut Ti nguyn nc). - Vn phn l, chm l (iu 40 Lut Ti nguyn nc). - Huy ng lc lng, phng tin cho vic phng, chng v khc phc hu qu do l, lt (iu 41 Lut Ti nguyn nc). V. PHP LUT V TI NGUYN KHONG SN 5.1. Khi nim v ti nguyn khong sn v hot ng khong sn - Khi nim khong sn: khong sn l ti nguyn trong lng t, trn mt t di dng nhng tch t t nhin khang vt, khang cht c ch th rn, th lng, th kh, hin ti hoc sau ny c th c khai thc. Khang vt, khang cht bi thi ca m m sau ny c th c khai thc li, cng l khong sn (khon 1 iu 3 Lut Khong sn). Khi nim v ti nguyn khong sn cn c vo khng gian tn ti (trn mt t -khong sn l thin, trong lng t); dng tn ti (tch t t nhin th rn than st, than ; th lng - nc khang, nc nng thin nhin, du; th kh kh t) . - Khi nim hot ng khong sn (khon 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 iu 3 Lut Khong sn): Hat ng khong sn l hat ng bao gm rt nhiu nhng hat ng c th, hat ng trc l tin cho hat ng sau nhm mc ch pht hin, khai thc, a khong sn vo s dng. Hot ng khong sn bao gm nhng hot ng sau:


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

+ Hot ng iu tra c bn a cht: l hot ng nghin cu, iu tra v cu trc, thnh phn vt cht, lch s pht sinh, pht trin v tri t v cc iu kin, quy lut sinh khang lin quan. + Hot ng iu tra c bn a cht v ti nguyn khong sn: l vic nh gi tng quan tim nng ti nguyn khong sn trn c s iu tra c bn a cht, lm cn c khoa hc cho vic nh hng cc hot ng kho st, thm d khong sn. + Hot ng kho st khong sn: y l hat ng nghin cu t liu a cht v ti nguyn khong sn, kho st thc a nhm khoanh nh khu vc c trin vng thm d khong sn. + Hot ng thm d khong sn: l hot ng nhm tm kim, pht hin, xc nh tr lng, cht lng khong sn, iu kin k thut khai thc, k c vic ly, th nghim mu cng ngh v nghin cu kh thi v khai thc khong sn. + Hot ng khai thc khong sn: l hat ng xy dng c bn m, khai o, sn xut v cc hot ng c lin quan trc tip nhm thu khong sn. + Hot ng ch bin khong sn: l hot ng phn lai, lm giu khong sn, hot ng khc nhm lm tng gi tr khong sn khai thc. 5.2. Ch s hu i vi ti nguyn Cng nh cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin khc, ti nguyn khong sn thuc s hu ton dn do nh nc thng nht qun l. iu 1, Lut Khong sn quy nh: Ti nguyn khong sn trong phm vi t lin, hi o, ni thy, lnh hi, vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc a ca nc Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam u thuc s hu ton dn, do nh nc thng nht qun l. Nh nc thc hin quyn ca ch s hu thng qua hat ng iu tra, kho st, cp giy php hot ng khong sn. Tuy nhin, php lut cng nhn quyn chuyn nhng v tha k quyn hot ng khong sn. Khi tin hnh cc hat ng khong sn, cc ch u t c s u t vn nht nh cho hot ng ca mnh. Trong trng hp khng th tip tc tin hnh hot ng trn, cc ch th c quyn chuyn nhng hoc li tha k quyn tip tc hot ng khong sn. Lu , y ch l quyn hot ng khong sn. 5.3. Ch qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn khong snhttp://www.ebook.edu.vn 36

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

5.3.1. H thng c quan qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn khong sn - C quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn chung: bao gm Chnh ph v y ban nhn dn cc cp. + Chnh Ph thng nht qun l nh nc v khong sn trong phm vi c nc (Hi ng nh gi tr lng khong sn l c quan gip Chnh ph trong vic thm nh, xt duyt tr lng khong sn); + y ban nhn dn cc cp thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v khong sn ti a phng theo quy nh ca Lut Khong sn v theo phn cp ca Chnh Ph (iu 55 Lut Khong sn). - C quan c thm quyn chuyn mn: B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (theo quy nh Lut sa i Lut Khong sn v Ngh nh 25/2008/N-CP ngy 04 thng 03 nm 2008 quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng). Lu : i vi du kh do Th Tng Chnh ph trc tip qun l, thng qua Vn phng Th Tng Chnh ph v Tng Cng ty du kh Vit Nam (Lut Du kh). 5.3.2 Ni dung qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn khong sn - Qun l nh nc v ti nguyn khong sn l ton b hot ng ca cc c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn thc hin chc nng qun l, bo v ngun ti nguyn khong sn, qun l hot ng khong sn. Ni dung qun l nh nc v khong sn c quy nh ti iu 54 Lut Khong sn, bao gm: + Hoch nh chin lc, quy hoch v chnh sch v bo v, s dng hp l, tit kim v c hiu qu ti nguyn khong sn v pht trin cng nghip khai thc, ch bin khong sn; + Ban hnh v t chc thc hin cc vn bn php lut v khong sn; + Cp, gia hn, thu hi giy php hot ng khong sn; cho php chuyn nhng, tha k quyn hot ng khong sn, cho php tr li giy php hot ng khong sn; ng k cc hot ng iu tra c bn a cht v ti nguyn khong sn v hot ng khong sn; + Thm nh, ph duyt, nh gi cc n, bo co, thit k m trong hot ng khong sn;


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+ Kim tra, thanh tra cc hot ng iu tra c bn a cht v ti nguyn khong sn, hot ng khong sn; + Thc hin cc chnh sch i vi nhn dn a phng ni c khong sn c khai thc, ch bin v ni c khong sn c hi; + Thc hin cc bin php bo v ti nguyn khong sn; + T chc lu tr, bo v ti liu v b mt nh nc v ti nguyn khong sn; + o to cn b khoa hc, cn b qun l v khong sn; tuyn truyn, ph bin v hng dn thi hnh php lut v khong sn; + Hp tc quc t trong lnh vc iu tra c bn a cht v ti nguyn khong sn v hot ng khong sn; + Gii quyt cc tranh chp, khiu ni, t co v hot ng khong sn v x l theo thm quyn cc vi phm php lut v khong sn. - Cc ni dung qun l nh nc v khong sn bao gm hai ni dung: qun l ngun ti nguyn khong sn v qun l cc hot ng tc ng n ngun ti nguyn khong sn. ni dung th nht, nh nc qun l tr lng ti nguyn khong sn thng qua mt b phn cc c quan chuyn mn. Cc c quan ny chu trch nhim nh gi tng quan tim nng ti nguyn khong sn, tr lng khong sn hin c v tim nng ca ngun ti nguyn ny, t nh nc c c s qun l. ni dung th hai, nh nc s qun l mi hot ng tc ng n ngun ti nguyn khong sn (hot ng khong sn), bao gm: hot ng kho st, thm d, khai thc, ch bin khong sn. Tt c cc hot ng ny phi t di s qun l ca nh nc, cc ch th ch c tin hnh cc hot bhng trn khi c php ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn. Qun l nh nc v ti nguyn khong sn phi da trn c s chin lc, chnh sch, php lut v quy hoch v bo v, s dng hp l, tit kim, c hiu qu ti nguyn khong sn v pht trin cng nghip khai thc, ch bin khong sn, trong c bit coi trng cc khong sn qu him, khong sn c gi tr xut khu cao v khong sn c tnh nguy hi ti mi trng. Chin lc, chnh sch, php lut v quy hoch v bo v, s dng ti nguyn khong sn phi c t trong chin lc tng th v pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng ca t nc, ng thi phi c mi quan h mt thit vi chin lc, chnh sch v php lut bo v cc ngun ti nguyn khc (t ai, nc, khng kh, h sinh vt,) 5.4. Quyn v ngha v ca ch th hot ng khong snhttp://www.ebook.edu.vn 38

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Ch th hot ng khong sn bao gm nhiu loi ch th khc nhau v quyn, ngha v c th ca cc ch th ny cng khc nhau (iu 22, 23, 26, 27, 32, 33, 45, 46, 51, 52 Lut Khong sn). i vi hot ng iu tra c bn a cht v ti nguyn khong sn v kho st khong sn c thc hin ch yu bng vn nh nc nn quyn v ngha v ca cc ch th ny rt hn ch. Bt u t hot ng thm d khong sn th c thc hin thng qua hot ng ca cc doanh nghip nn quyn v ngha v ny cng c m rng. Cn ch mt s quyn v ngha v chnh sau: - C c quyn khai thc; c quyn chuyn nhng, tha k thng tin t hot ng thm d; ngha v np tin t cc khi c cp giy php thm d; tr tin cho vic s dng nhng s liu, thng tin phc v cho hot ng thm d (i vi ch th thc hin hot ng thm d khong sn). - Quyn c s dng, tiu th khong sn khai thc; quyn chuyn nhng quyn hot ng khai thc m; s hu cng trnh u t vo mc ch khai thc khong sn; np thu ti nguyn; tr tin cho vic s dng thng tin ca nh nc (i vi ch th thc hin hot ng khai thc khong sn). 5.5. Bo v mi trng trong hot ng khong sn Hat ng khong sn l mt trong nhng hat ng gy tc hi rt ln n mi trng. Chnh v th nhng quy nh v bo v mi trng trong hat ng khong sn cng nhm mc ch hn ch n mc thp nht nhng tc hi do hot ng ny c th gy ra. Khi c php hot ng khong sn nhng khu vc cho php hot ng khong sn, cc t chc, c nhn phi tun th cc quy nh v bo v ti nguyn khong sn v bo v mi trng nh sau: - Quy nh v khu vc c khong sn c hi (khu vc c cha kim loi nng, cht phng x): i vi khu vc c khong sn c hi th c quan qun l nh nc v khong sn c trch nhim khoanh nh khu vc c khong sn c hi, thng bo cho chnh quyn a phng, cc c quan lao ng, y t c thm quyn c bin php bo v sc khe ca nhn dn v hn ch tc hi i vi mi trng, mi sinh a phng (iu 15 Lut Khong sn). - Quy nh v khu vc cm hoc hn ch hot ng khong sn: y l nhng khu vc c kt cu h tng quan trng, khu vc nhy cm v mi trng (khu vc c cc di tch c xp hng, ng k; vn quc gia, rng phng h, khu vc bo tn a cht; khu vc dnh ring cho cc mc ch quc phng, an ninh hoc nh hng n nhim v quc phng, an ninh; khu vc thuc phm vi bo v , k, b sng, cc cng trnh giao thng quan trng; khu vc dnh ring cho tn gio;...). i vi khu vc ny th cm hoc hn ch hot ng khong sn thng qua cc hnh thc nh: dnh ring cho mt hoc mt s t chc nht nh ca nh nc c quyn hot ng khong sn; hn ch sn lng khai thc; hn ch xut khu sn phm khai thc.http://www.ebook.edu.vn 39

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

- Quy nh v ngha v bo v mi trng ca cc ch th hot ng khong sn: nh gi tc ng mi trng; phc hi mi trng; np ph bo v mi trng; mua bo him i vi cc phng tin, cng trnh phc v hot ng khong sn, bo him mi trng, bo him x hi v cc loi bo him khc.


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

BI 5 PHP LUT VIT NAM V DI SN VN HO Vn bn php lut: Lut di sn vn ha. N 92/2002/N-CP quy ngy 11/11/02 quy nh chi tit vic thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Di sn vn ha. N 86/2005/N-CP ngy 08/07/05 v qun l v bo v di sn vn ha di nc. 1. Khi nim 1.1. nh ngha: Di sn vn ha (iu 1 ca Lut DSVH) o Di sn vn ha phi vt th (Khon 1, iu 4 ca lut DSVH) o Di sn vn ha vt th (Khon 2, iu 4 ca Lut DSVH) Di vt l hin vt c lu truyn li, c gi tr lch s, vn ho, khoa hc. (khon 5, iu 4 ca Lut DSVH) C vt l hin vt c lu truyn li, c gi tr tiu biu v lch s, vn ho, khoa hc, c t mt trm nm tui tr ln. (Khon 6, iu 4 ca Lut DSVH) Bo vt quc gia l hin vt c lu truyn li, c gi tr c bit qu him tiu biu ca t nc v lch s, vn ho, khoa hc. (Khon 7, iu 4 ca Lut DSVH) Di tch lch s vn ha l cng trnh xy dng, a im v cc di vt, c vt, bo vt quc gia thuc cng trnh, a im c gi tr lch s, vn ho, khoa hc. (Khon 3, iu 4 ca Lut DSVH) Danh lam thng cnh l cnh quan thin nhin hoc a im c s kt hp gia cnh quan thin nhin vi cng trnh kin trc c gi tr lch s, thm m, khoa hc. (Khon 4, iu 4 ca Lut DSVH) 1.2. Phn lai di tch


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Cn c vo gi tr v thm quyn xp hng, di tch c phn thnh: - Di tch cp tnh - Di tch cp quc gia - Di tch cp quc gia c bit Lu : phn bit di tch theo quy nh ca php lut Vit nam vi di sn th gii theo Cng c HERITAGE s c nghin cu trong chng 3. 2. Xp hng di tch lch s vn ha v danh lam thng cnh 2.1. Cn c xp hng: - Tiu ch cng nhn (iu 28 Lut DSVH 2001) - C k hoch qun l, bo v, s dng i vi cng trnh c ngh xp hng 2.2. Thm quyn xp hng (iu 30 Lut DSVH 2001) - Ch tch UBND cp tnh - B trng B VHTT - Th tng Chnh ph 2.3. Xa tn di tch - C cn c xc nh l di tch c xp hng khng tiu chun - Di tch b hy hoi hon ton khng c kh nng phc hi 3. Ch s hu (iu 6, 7, 9, 14 LDSVH 2001). -Cc hnh thc s hu i vi di sn vn ha. - Hnh thc s hu Nh nc - Cc hnh thc s hu khc i vi di tch 4. Bo v v s dng di tch. 4.1. Bo v di tch. - Khu vc bo v (iu 32 LDSVH 2001) - Khu vc bo v I: gm di tch v vng c xc nh l yu t gc cu thnh di tch, phi c bo v nguyn trng. - Khu vc bo v II: vng bao quanh khu vc bo v I ca di tch, c th xy dng nhng cng trnh phc v cho vic pht huy gi tr di tch nhng khng lm nh hng ti kin trc, cnh quan thin nhin v mi trng sinh thi ca di tch. - Nghim cm cc hnh vi sau y: - Chim ot, lm sai lch cc di tch; - Hy hoi hoc gy nguy c hy hoi di sn vn ha; - o bi tri php a im kho c, xy dng tri php, ln chim t ai thuc di tch; - Mua bn, trao i v vn chuyn tri php di vt, c vt - Trch nhim trong bo v di tch ( iu 33 LDSVH 2001)http://www.ebook.edu.vn 42

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

- Bo qun, tu b v phc hi di tch. - Ch tin hnh cng tc bo qun, tu b v phc hi di tch trong trng hp ti cn thit - Phi bo m tnh nguyn gc, tnh chnh xc, tnh ton vn v tng cng s bn vng ca di tch - Vic thay th k thut hoc cht liu c bng cht liu mi phi th nghim nhiu ln m bo kt qu hon thnh trc khi p dng v tnh chnh xc - Ch thay th mt b phn c bng b phn mi ca di tch khi c chng c khoa hc chun xc v phi c phn bit r rng gia bin php mi v bin php gc. 4.2. S dng di tch. - Pht huy di tch - S dng di tch vo mc ch gio dc, nghin cu khoa hc, tham quan du lch.


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BI 5 THANH TRA, KIM TRA, X L VI PHM V GII QUYT TRANH CHP TRONG LNH VC MI TRNG I. THANH TRA, KIM TRA NH NC TRONG LNH VC MI TRNG Thanh tra, kim tra nh nc trong lnh vc mi trng l mt hot ng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic kp thi pht hin nhng hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng c hng x l ph hp (iu 125, 126 Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005). 1.1. Kim tra nh nc trong lnh vc mi trng 1.1.1. Khi nim kim tra nh nc v mi trng Kim tra nh nc trong lnh vc mi trng c hiu l mt hnh thc hot ng mang tnh t chc quyn lc nh nc nhm xem xt vic chp hnh cc quy nh php lut v mi trng. Kim tra nh nc trong lnh vc mi trng bao gm kim tra bt buc (kim tra i vi nhng i tng nhm mc ch xc nhn nhng iu kin c th cp giy php) v kim tra thng xuyn (trn c s n t khiu ni, t co hoc kim tra theo k hoch ca c quan nh nc). 1.1.2. c im ca kim tra nh nc v mi trng - Kim tra nh nc v mi trng do cc c quan nh nc tin hnh v mang tnh quyn lc nh nc. iu ny th hin cc gc sau: + y l hot ng c thc hin theo ch n phng ca bn kim tra trn c s cc quy nh php lut mi trng m khng cn s ng ca bn b kim tra (k c kim tra nh k v kim tra t xut); + Bn kim tra c quyn yu cu bn b kim tra cung cp h s, ti liu v cc chng c lin quan ti cc vn v ni dung cn kim tra v bn b kim tra khng c t chi hay cn tr vic thc hin cc yu cu . + Bn kim tra c quyn ban hnh vn bn v phng hng, bin php nng cao tinh thn trch nhim v hiu qu qun l mi trng hay khc phc sai st i vi bn b kim tra v bn b kim tra phi chp hnh nghim chnh, y , thng nht vn bn . - Hot ng kim tra nh nc v mi trng lun c i tng, phm vi, mc ch r rng, c th. - Kim tra nh nc trong lnh vc mi trng lun c tin hnh theo trnh t, th tc do php lut quy nh.http://www.ebook.edu.vn 44

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

1.1.3. Ch th tin hnh hot ng kim tra nh nc mi trng Ty thuc vo ni dung v i tng kim tra th ch th tin hnh hot ng kim tra nh nc v (trong lnh vc) mi trng s khc nhau: - Kim tra vic chp hnh cc quy nh php lut v bo v mi trng, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn t, ti nguyn khong sn: Do c quan thuc B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, S Ti nguyn v Mi trng kim tra. - Kim tra vic chp hnh cc quy nh php lut v ti nguyn rng: Do c quan Kim lm thuc B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn kim tra. - Kim tra vic chp hnh cc quy nh php lut v ti nguyn thy sn: Do c quan thuc B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn v c quan qun l Nh nc v thy sn a phng thc hin - Kim tra vic chp hnh cc quy nh php lut v bo v v s dng di tch lch s vn ha v danh lam thng cnh: Do c quan thuc B Vn ha, Th thao v Du lch, S Vn ha, Th thao v Du lch thc hin. 1.2. Thanh tra nh nc v mi trng 1.2.1.Khi nim thanh tra nh nc v mi trng: Thanh tra nh nc v (trong lnh vc) mi trng l vic xem xt, nh gi, x l ca cc c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng i vi vic thc hin cc quy nh php lut v mi trng. Lu : Phn bit thanh tra nh nc v mi trng v kim tra nh nc v mi trng. Hot ng thanh tra bao hm kim tra, nhng khc vi kim tra, khi thanh tra th on thanh tra v thanh tra vin cng c quyn x l trong thm quyn ca mnh nu pht hin sai phm trong khi c quan kim tra th khng. i vi c quan kim tra, nu pht hin sai phm ch bo vi c quan c thm quyn c hng x l. 1.2.3. H thng c quan thanh tra chuyn ngnh v mi trng Vic thanh tra nh nc v mi trng c tin hnh bi nhiu c quan ty thuc vo i tng thanh tra thuc thm quyn qun l ca tng c quan chuyn ngnh v mi trng. - Thanh tra B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, thanh tra S Ti nguyn v Mi trng: thanh tra v vn bo v mi trng, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn t, ti nguyn khong sn. - Thanh tra B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn, thanh tra S Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn: thanh tra vic chp hnh cc quy nh php lut v ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn thy sn.


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- Thanh tra B Vn ha, Th thao v Du lch, thanh tra S Vn, Th thao v Du lch: thanh tra vic chp hnh cc quy nh php lut v di tch lch s vn ha v danh lam thng cnh. 1.2.4. Thm quyn ca on thanh tra v thanh tra vin: Theo quy nh ca Lut Thanh tra v cc lut chuyn ngnh 2. X L VI PHM PHP LUT MI TRNG Ngi vi phm php lut mi trng th ty tnh cht, mc vi phm m b x l k lut, x pht vi phm hnh chnh hoc b truy cu trch nhim hnh s (iu 127 Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005). 2.1. Trch nhim k lut Trch nhim k lut p dng i vi ngi ng u t chc, cn b, cng chc c hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng. Trch nhim k lut c quy nh trong Php lnh cn b, cng chc v cc vn bn php lut chuyn ngnh. 2.2. Trch nhim hnh chnh Trch nhim hnh chnh p dng i vi ngi c hnh vi vi phm php lut nhng cha n mc truy cu trch nhim hnh s. Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005 khng quy nh ch ti c th m vn ny c quy nh trong cc vn bn sau y: - Ngh nh 81/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/06 quy nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. - Ngh nh 139/2004/N-CP ngy 25/06/04 v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc qun l rng, bo v rng v qun l lm sn. - Ngh nh 150/2004/N-CP ngy 29/07/04 quy nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc khong sn. - Ngh nh 34/2005/N-CP ngy 17/03/05 quy nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc. - Ngh nh 128/2005/N-CP ngy 11/10/05 quy nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc thy sn. - Ngh nh 51/2006/N-CP ngy 19/05/06 quy nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc an ton v kim sot bc x. 2.3. Trch nhim hnh s


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Trch nhim hnh s c quy nh trong Chng XVII, B lut Hnh s 1999, bao gm cc loi ti phm sau: - Ti gy nhim khng kh (iu 182); - Ti gy nhim ngun nc (iu 183); - Ti gy nhim t (iu 184); - Ti nhp khu cng ngh, my mc, thit b, ph thi hoc cc cht khng m bo tiu chun bo v mi trng (iu 185); - Ti lm ly lan dch bnh nguy him cho ngi (iu 186); - Ti lm ly lan dch bnh nguy him cho ng vt, thc vt (iu 187); - Ti hy hoi ngun li thy sn (iu 188); - Ti hy hoi rng (iu 189); - Ti vi phm cc quy nh v bo v ng vt hoang d qu him (iu 190); - Ti vi phm ch bo v c bit i vi khu bo tn thin nhin (iu 191). 3. Gii quyt tranh chp mi trng. 3.1. Khi nim tranh chp mi trng (iu 129, Lut Bo v mi trng). Tranh chp mi trng l tranh chp v quyn v ngha v gia cc ch th trong khai thc, hng dng v bo v mi trng. Cc dng tranh chp mi trng : - Tranh chp v quyn v ngha v trong bo v, khai thc, s hu v s dng cc thnh phn mi trng; - Tranh chp v bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng gy ra. 3.2. c im ca tranh chp mi trng - Tranh chp mi trng c phm vi ch th rt rng vi nhiu loi ch th khc nhau. Cc ch th thng khng c xc nh mt cch c th, chnh xc vo thi im ny sinh tranh chp. - i tng ca tranh chp mi trng thng l cc quyn v li ch hp php v mt mi trng ca cc ch th b xm hi hoc b e da xm hi nh: quyn c sng trong mi trng trong lnh; quyn c khai thc, s dnghttp://www.ebook.edu.vn 47

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

cc thnh phn mi trng vo mi mc ch theo quy nh ca php lut; quyn c bo v tnh mng, sc khe, ti sn khi c hnh vi lm nhim, suy thoi, gy s c mi trng; quyn c tc ng ln mi trng trong gii hn php lut cho php. - Thi im ny sinh tranh chp t rt sm, khng ch xy ra khi quyn v li ch hp php ca cc ng s b xm hi trn thc t m ngay c khi quyn v li ch hp php ca cc bn mi ang trong tnh trng b e da xm hi. - Gi tr thit hi trong tranh chp mi trng thng rt ln, cc li ch b xm hi thng rt kh xc nh. Chng c th l ti sn, tnh mng, sc khe ca con ngi, c th l cc gi tr mang tnh nhn vn nh: cnh quan thin nhin b ph v, di tch lch s b hy hoi do b nhim bn, u, hoc cc yu t khc ca mi trng nh rng t nhin b tn ph, ngun nc cn kit, a dng sinh hc suy gim, 3.2. Gii quyt tranh chp MT i vi tranh chp pht sinh t nhng quyt nh hnh chnh, hnh vi hnh chnh s c gii quyt thng qua th tc t tng hnh chnh. i vi v quyn s dng, s hu cc yu t MT, tranh chp v BTTH do nhim MT gy ra s gii quyt theo quy nh ca Lut t tng dn s v cc quy nh khc c lin quan. Gii quyt tranh chp v quyn s hu, quyn s dng cc thnh phn mi trng. Gii quyt tranh chp v nhng vn c lin quan n quyn c sng trong m trng trong lnh. Gii quyt tranh chp v bi thng thit hi do nhim MT, suy thoi MT gy ra. Vn p dng lut quc t trong lnh vc gii quyt tranh chp MT Vit nam


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

CHNG 3 LUT QUC T V MT 1. Khi nim. 1.1. nh ngha Lut QT v MT gm tng hp cc nguyn tc, quy phm php l quc t, iu chnh mi quan h gia cc quc gia v cc ch th khc ca Lut quc t nhm ngn chn, khc phc, loi tr nhng tc ng xu xy ra cho MT ca mi quc gia v nhng yu t MT nm ngoi phm vi ca quyn ti phn quc gia. 1.2 .Qu trnh pht trin Trc 1972. T 1972 n nay. 1.3. Ngun ca lut QT v MT Tp qun quc t. Phn quyt ca cc c quan ti phn quc t. iu c quc t. 2. Trch nhim v ngha v quc gia theo lut quc t v mi trng. 2.1. Ngha v Ngha v khng gy hi. Ngha v hp tc. Ngha v thng tin. 2.2. Trch nhim Trch nhim bi thng thit hi do hnh vi m lut quc t khng cm gy ra. Trch nhim bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm lut php quc t gy ra. 3. Ni dung. 3.1. Lut quc t v bo v bu kh quyn Lut quc t v chng nhim khng kh xuyn bin gii. Lut quc t v bo v tng ozon. Khi nim v tng ozon v cc cht lm suy gim tng ozon Khi nim tng ozon Tm quan trong ca tng ozon Thc trng tng ozon Nguyn nhn suy gim tng ozon Cc cht ODS v c ch ph hy tng ozon ca chng


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Hng tc ng bo v tng ozon Ni dung ca lut quc t v bo v tng ozon (Cng c VIENNA 1985 v Ngh nh th MONTREAL 1987 v cc cht lm suy gim tng ozon). Ngha v ct gim v i n loi b hon ton vic sn xut v tiu th cc cht ODS Khi nim Cn c ct gim v loi b hon ton vic sn xut v tiu th cc cht ODS o H s ph hy tng Ozone o Nhu cu s dng v kh nng thay th o Trnh pht trin v mc tiu th ca cc quc gia thnh vin C ch bo m thc hin V mt ti chnh V mt cng ngh Lut quc t v chng li xu hng kh hu bin i Xu hng khi hu bin i v hu qu ca n. Biu hin ca xu hng kh hu bin i v d bo din bin ca xu hng ny trong tng lai Hu qu ca xu hng kh hu bin i Nguyn nhn ca xu hng kh hu bin i. Khi nim v hiu ng nh knh Cc cht kh nh knh Hng tc ng chng li xu hng kh hu bin i Tng kh nng hp th kh nh knh ca tri t Ct gim lng kh nh knh pht thi vo bu kh quyn Qu trnh pht trin ca lut quc t v chng li xu hng kh hu bin i Nhng cnh bo v khoa hc Ngh quyt 45/53 ca i hi ng Lin hp quc nm 1988 Hi ngh LAHAYE 1989 Cng c khung v kh hu bin i 1992 Ngh nh th KYOTO 1997 v ct gim kh nh knhhttp://www.ebook.edu.vn 50

CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Vic M rt khi Ngh nh th KYOTO v vn tip tc thc hin Ngh nh th KYOTO m khng c s tham gia ca M Vn ct gim kh nh knh sau nm 2012 Ni dung ca lut quc t v kh hu bin i (Cng c khung 1992 v khi hu bin i v Ngh nh th KYOTO v ct gim kh nh knh). Cc loi kh nh knh phi ct gim v vn quy i chng (Ph lc A ca NT KYOTO) Hn nghch pht thi kh nh knh ca cc quc gia cng nghip (Ph lc B ca NT KYOTO) Phng thc thc hin vic ct gim kh nh knh S dng kh nh knh do rng v vic thay i phng thc s dng t hp th c cng vo ch tiu pht thi. Ct gim thc t Mua bn hn nghch pht thi C ch pht trin sch v s tham gia ca cc quc gia ang pht trin 3.2. Lut quc t v bo v mi trng bin Lut quc t v chng nhim bin Kim sot nhim t t lin. Kim sot nhim bin t khng kh Kim sot nhim bin t tu thuyn Kim sot nhim bin t s nhn chm Kim sot nhim bin t nhng hot ng c lin quan n y bin Lut quc t v bo v ti nguyn bin. Ti nguyn sinh hc. Ti nguyn phi sinh hc. 3.3. Lut quc t v a dng sinh hc Cng c Washington DC 1992 v a dng sinh hc Cng c CITES v kim sot bun bn cc ging loi hoang d nguy cp. Cng c BONN v cc loi di c hoang d


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CNG MN LUT MI TRNG

Cng c RAMSAR v vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t c bit nh l i vi cc loi chim nc Cc iu c quc t khc c lin quan. 3.4. Lut quc t v di sn Khi nim di sn th gii Di sn th gii vt th theo cng c Heritage Di sn t nhin th gii Di sn vn ha th gii Tiu chun a mt ti sn vo danh sch di sn th gii Trnh t th tc a mt ti sn vo danh sch di sn th gii Ngha v bo v di sn th gii 3.5. Lut quc t v kim sot hot ng ht nhn v cc cht nguy hi Lut quc t v kim sot hot ng ht nhn Kim sot vic s dng nng lng ht nhn vo mc ch qun s. Kim sot vic s dng nng lng ht nhn vo mc ch ho bnh. Lut quc t v kim sot cc ph thi c hi v cc cht c hi khc. Kim sot vic vn chuyn cc ph thi c hi v cc cht c hi khc qua bin gii. Kim sot cc hu c nguy hi.


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bai giang luat moi truong

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