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Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
Radiant Energy Seminar ‐ 10/16/2013 1
Architectural Design with Radiant Systems
Scott Shell, FAIAPrincipal, EHDD
October 16, 2013
Chartwell School
• Heating only• Gypcrete topping slab with linoleum & carpet• Individual CO2 controlled fans at classroomsNet Zero Electrical
Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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Marin Country Day School
• Heating/cooling via cooling tower & TES• Radiant tubes in structural slab + carpet• Natural ventilationNet Zero Electrical
Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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M a r i n C o u n t r y D a y S c h o o l
IDeAs Z2 Office Remodel
• Ground source heat pump heating/cooling• Radiant tubes in exposed concrete topping slab• DOAS ventilationZero Energy Test Bed
Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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Occupant comfort is:
50% radiation
30% air movement / air temperature
20% evaporation
Radiant floor heating and cooling
Global Ecology Laboratory
• Heating/cooling via night sky with TES• Radiant tubes in structural slab• Exposed slab in labs, carpet in offices• Natural ventilation in offices; DOAS in labsZero Energy Test Bed
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Exploratorium at Pier 15
• Heating/cooling via bay water heat exchange• Radiant tubes in exposed concrete topping slab• DOASZero Energy Test Bed
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Design as efficient a building as possible.
Bay Water Cooling
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THE EXPLORATORIUM
bay water heating and coolingradiant floors throughouthigh performance glassdaylightingrainwater collection and roof runoff filtrationproximity to public transport
EHDD NZE Building Energy Intensity
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Occupant Satisfaction
Acoustics Airquality LightingThermal Comfort Overall
Chartwell 80 99 92 98 86
Global Ecology 77 99 61 97 98
IDeAs 30 97 95 96 88
Kavli 85 98 92 72 87
Mills A 93 82 84 90
CSUMB 65 77 42 29 66
SMPL 61 68 65 43 72
Merced 61 76 71 28 28
Radiant
CBE Survey
Acoustics Airquality LightingThermal Comfort Overall
Chartwell 80 99 92 98 86
Global Ecology 77 99 61 97 98
IDeAs 30 97 95 96 88
Kavli 85 98 92 72 87
Mills A 93 82 84 90
Packard 81 97 85 96 95
SMPL 61 68 65 43 72
Merced 61 76 71 28 59
DOAS Ventilation
Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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Benefits
• Eliminating/reducing ducts= higher ceilings= better daylighting= less suspended acoustic tile ceilings= potential to expose structure
• Improved comfort due to more precise control of mean radiant temperature
• Reduced transport energy for removing or adding heat gain from the space
Benefits
• Improved comfort due to:
– more precise control of mean radiant temperature
– Separate control for temp and ventilation (DOAS
– Works well with natural ventilation
• Minimizes mechanical noise
– (sometimes too quiet)
• Reduced fan energy
Architectural Implications of Radiant Systems Scott Shell, FAIA
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Challenges
• Capacity of a thermally active floor is limited
– Must manage heat gain
• Slow response time for in-slab radiant
• Carpet limits effectiveness of radiant cooling
• Hard surfaces requires attention to acoustics
• Changes to floor plan or zones constrained by manifolds and embedded tubes
Ideal Building Types
• Museums, concourses and other open spaces
• Hotels and multi-family housing
• Buildings with very low internal heat gains, less than 7-8 Btu/ft² (double this for ceiling panels)
• Buildings with significant solar gains on the floor that can be mitigated by embedded tubes.
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Challenging Building Types
• Multi-tenant offices or retail where tenant boundaries frequently change
• Functions that need precise acoustical environment
• Spaces with irregular schedules (lag time)
• Buildings with significant internal heat gains such as laboratories, hospitals and restaurants
Scott Shell, [email protected]