Animal FarmAnimal Farm

CharactersCharacters

Mr. JonesMr. Jones Symbolizes Czar Nicholas II (Old Symbolizes Czar Nicholas II (Old

Government)Government) Depression of the 1930’s: the farm Depression of the 1930’s: the farm

has fallen on harder times.has fallen on harder times.

Old MajorOld Major

This "purebred" of pigs is the kind, This "purebred" of pigs is the kind, grand fatherly philosopher of changegrand fatherly philosopher of change— an obvious metaphor for Karl — an obvious metaphor for Karl Marx. Marx.

After his death, three days after the After his death, three days after the barn-yard speech, the socialism he barn-yard speech, the socialism he professes is drastically altered when professes is drastically altered when Napoleon and the other pigs begin to Napoleon and the other pigs begin to dominate.  dominate. 

MosesMoses

Knows about ‘Sugarcandy Mountain’Knows about ‘Sugarcandy Mountain’

Moses represents Orwell's view of the Moses represents Orwell's view of the Church.  To Orwell, the Church is just Church.  To Orwell, the Church is just used as a tool by dictatorships to used as a tool by dictatorships to keep the working class of people keep the working class of people hopeful and productive.  Orwell uses hopeful and productive.  Orwell uses Moses to criticize Marx's belief that Moses to criticize Marx's belief that the Church will just go away after the the Church will just go away after the rebellion.  He doesn’t.rebellion.  He doesn’t.

SnowballSnowball Snowball represents Trotsky, the arch-rival of Stalin Snowball represents Trotsky, the arch-rival of Stalin

in Russia. The parallels between Trotsky and in Russia. The parallels between Trotsky and Snowball are uncanny. Trotsky too, was exiled, not Snowball are uncanny. Trotsky too, was exiled, not from the farm, but to Mexico, where he spoke out from the farm, but to Mexico, where he spoke out against Stalin. Stalin was very weary of Trotsky, and against Stalin. Stalin was very weary of Trotsky, and feared that Trotsky supporters might try to feared that Trotsky supporters might try to assassinate him. The dictator of Russia tried hard to assassinate him. The dictator of Russia tried hard to kill Trotsky, for the fear of losing leadership was kill Trotsky, for the fear of losing leadership was very great in the crazy man's mind. Trotsky also very great in the crazy man's mind. Trotsky also believed in Communism, but he thought he could believed in Communism, but he thought he could run Russia better than Stalin. Trotsky was murdered run Russia better than Stalin. Trotsky was murdered in Mexico by the Russian internal police, the NKVD-in Mexico by the Russian internal police, the NKVD-the pre-organization of the KGB. Trotsky was found the pre-organization of the KGB. Trotsky was found with a pick axe in his head at his villa in Mexico. with a pick axe in his head at his villa in Mexico.

NapoleonNapoleon     Obviously a metaphor for Stalin, Comrade Obviously a metaphor for Stalin, Comrade

Napoleon represents the human frailties of any Napoleon represents the human frailties of any revolution.  Orwell believed that although revolution.  Orwell believed that although socialism is good as an ideal, it can never be socialism is good as an ideal, it can never be successfully adopted due to uncontrollable sins of successfully adopted due to uncontrollable sins of human nature.    For example, although Napoleon human nature.    For example, although Napoleon seems as first to be a good leader, he is seems as first to be a good leader, he is eventually overcome by greed and soon becomes eventually overcome by greed and soon becomes power-hungry.  Of course Stalin did too in Russia, power-hungry.  Of course Stalin did too in Russia, leaving the original equality of socialism behind, leaving the original equality of socialism behind, giving himself all the power and living in luxury giving himself all the power and living in luxury while the common peasant suffered.  while the common peasant suffered. 

Napoleon (cont’d)Napoleon (cont’d)

Clever name choice: Napoleon, the Clever name choice: Napoleon, the ruthless dictator of France. ruthless dictator of France.

•   The true side of Napoleon becomes evident after he slaughters so many animals for plotting against him.  He even hires a pig to sample his food for him to make certain that no one is trying to poison him.  Stalin, too, was a cruel dictator in Russia.

BoxerBoxer

Represents the Proletariat (working Represents the Proletariat (working class)class)

Name is cleverly chosen from the Name is cleverly chosen from the Boxer Rebellion in China in the early Boxer Rebellion in China in the early 2020thth century that signaled the century that signaled the beginning of Red China.beginning of Red China.

The proletariat is also quite good at The proletariat is also quite good at convincing each other that convincing each other that communism is a good idea.communism is a good idea.

SquealerSquealer

Squealer is an intriguing character in Squealer is an intriguing character in Orwell's Orwell's Animal FarmAnimal Farm.  He's first described .  He's first described as a manipulator and persuader.  Orwell as a manipulator and persuader.  Orwell narrates, "He could turn black into white."  narrates, "He could turn black into white."  Many critics correlate Squealer with the Many critics correlate Squealer with the Pravda, the Russian newspaper of the Pravda, the Russian newspaper of the 1930's.  Propaganda was a key to many 1930's.  Propaganda was a key to many publications, and since their was no publications, and since their was no television or radio, the newspaper was the television or radio, the newspaper was the primary source of media information.    primary source of media information.   

MollieMollie

Mollie characterizes the typical Mollie characterizes the typical middle-class skilled worker who middle-class skilled worker who suffers from this new communism suffers from this new communism concept.  No longer will she get her concept.  No longer will she get her sugar (nice salary) because she is sugar (nice salary) because she is now just as low as the other animals, now just as low as the other animals, like Boxer and Clover.  like Boxer and Clover. 

BenjaminBenjamin

Benjamin symbolizes the older Benjamin symbolizes the older generation, the critics of any new generation, the critics of any new rebellion.  Really this old donkey is rebellion.  Really this old donkey is the only animal who seems as though the only animal who seems as though he couldn't care less about Napoleon he couldn't care less about Napoleon and Animal Farm.    It's almost as if and Animal Farm.    It's almost as if he can see into the future, knowing he can see into the future, knowing that the revolt is only a temporary that the revolt is only a temporary change, and will flop in the end.    change, and will flop in the end.   

MurielMuriel

Muriel is a knowledgeable goat who Muriel is a knowledgeable goat who reads the commandments for Clover.  reads the commandments for Clover.  Muriel represents the minority of Muriel represents the minority of working class people who are educated working class people who are educated enough to decide things for themselves enough to decide things for themselves and find critical and hypocritical and find critical and hypocritical problems with their leaders.   problems with their leaders.   Unfortunately for the other animals, Unfortunately for the other animals, Muriel is not charismatic or inspired Muriel is not charismatic or inspired enough to take action and oppose enough to take action and oppose Napoleon and his pigs.   Napoleon and his pigs.  

PigsPigs

Orwell uses the pigs to surround and Orwell uses the pigs to surround and support Napoleon.  They symbolize the support Napoleon.  They symbolize the communist party loyalists and the communist party loyalists and the friends of Stalin.   The pigs, unlike other friends of Stalin.   The pigs, unlike other animals, live in luxury and enjoy the animals, live in luxury and enjoy the benefits of the society they help benefits of the society they help control.  The inequality and true control.  The inequality and true hypocrisy of communism is expressed hypocrisy of communism is expressed here by Orwell, who criticized Marx's here by Orwell, who criticized Marx's oversimplified view of a socialist, oversimplified view of a socialist, "utopian" society.  "utopian" society. 

DogsDogs

Orwell uses the dogs in his book, Orwell uses the dogs in his book, Animal FarmAnimal Farm, to represent the KGB or , to represent the KGB or perhaps more accurately, the perhaps more accurately, the bodyguards of Stalin.  The dogs are bodyguards of Stalin.  The dogs are the arch-defenders of Napoleon and the arch-defenders of Napoleon and the pigs, and although they don't the pigs, and although they don't speak, they are definitely a force the speak, they are definitely a force the other animals have to contend with.  other animals have to contend with. 

FrederickFrederick The theme of the gun and flag rituals performed by The theme of the gun and flag rituals performed by

the animals at the urging of Napoleon is strengthened the animals at the urging of Napoleon is strengthened through Orwell's description of Mr. Frederick, the through Orwell's description of Mr. Frederick, the neighbor of Animal Farm. Frederick, through the neighbor of Animal Farm. Frederick, through the course of the book, becomes an enemy and then a course of the book, becomes an enemy and then a friend and then an enemy again to Napoleon, who friend and then an enemy again to Napoleon, who makes many secret deals and treaties with him. One makes many secret deals and treaties with him. One of the major problems the two farms have is the issue of the major problems the two farms have is the issue of the timber. Napoleon sells the wood to Frederick for of the timber. Napoleon sells the wood to Frederick for bank notes, only to find that they are worthless. bank notes, only to find that they are worthless. During the world wide depression, countries were During the world wide depression, countries were forced by necessity to trade with other countries. One forced by necessity to trade with other countries. One country would have a product or natural resource country would have a product or natural resource another country would not; therefore to survive, the another country would not; therefore to survive, the country would trade. Many times the trades were country would trade. Many times the trades were unfair and fraudulent. This created many international unfair and fraudulent. This created many international problems. problems.

PilkingtonPilkington Orwell uses Pilkington, another neighbor of Orwell uses Pilkington, another neighbor of

Animal Farm, as a metaphor for the Allies of Animal Farm, as a metaphor for the Allies of World War II (excluding, of course Russia).  Like World War II (excluding, of course Russia).  Like the Soviet Union before World War II, Animal the Soviet Union before World War II, Animal Farm wasn't sure who their allies would be.  But Farm wasn't sure who their allies would be.  But after losing the relationship with Frederick after losing the relationship with Frederick (Germany), Napoleon (Stalin) decides to befriend (Germany), Napoleon (Stalin) decides to befriend Pilkington, and ally with him.   Napoleon and the Pilkington, and ally with him.   Napoleon and the other pigs even go as far as to invite him over for other pigs even go as far as to invite him over for dinner at the end of the book.  Here Mr. Pilkington dinner at the end of the book.  Here Mr. Pilkington and his men congratulate Napoleon on the and his men congratulate Napoleon on the efficiency of Animal Farm.   efficiency of Animal Farm.  

RatsRats

Orwell's rats (and the other wild Orwell's rats (and the other wild animals, like rabbits, for that matter) animals, like rabbits, for that matter) represent the opposition to the represent the opposition to the Bolsheviks.  They too, had to be Bolsheviks.  They too, had to be included in the rebellion, although for included in the rebellion, although for the longest time they sided with the the longest time they sided with the another party.  The rats and rabbits another party.  The rats and rabbits symbolize other political parties.  symbolize other political parties. 

PigeonsPigeons The pigeons symbolize Soviet propaganda, not to The pigeons symbolize Soviet propaganda, not to

Russia, but to other countries, like Germany, Russia, but to other countries, like Germany, England, France, and even the United States. England, France, and even the United States. Russia had created an iron curtain even before Russia had created an iron curtain even before WWII. The Communist government raved about its WWII. The Communist government raved about its achievements and its advanced technology, but it achievements and its advanced technology, but it never allowed experts or scientists from outside never allowed experts or scientists from outside the country to check on its validity. Orwell the country to check on its validity. Orwell mentions the fact that the other farmers became mentions the fact that the other farmers became suspicious and worried when their animals began suspicious and worried when their animals began to sing Beasts of England. Many Western to sing Beasts of England. Many Western governments have gone through a similar problem governments have gone through a similar problem with their people in this century. (i.e. Communism with their people in this century. (i.e. Communism scare in the USA)scare in the USA)

FarmhouseFarmhouse The Jones' farmhouse represents in many The Jones' farmhouse represents in many

ways the very place where greed and lust ways the very place where greed and lust dominate.  Unlike the barn, which is the dominate.  Unlike the barn, which is the fortress of the common man, the genuine fortress of the common man, the genuine concept of socialism, the farmhouse, where concept of socialism, the farmhouse, where Napoleon and the pigs take over, Napoleon and the pigs take over, symbolizes the Kremlin.  Even today the symbolizes the Kremlin.  Even today the Kremlin is an important place to Russian Kremlin is an important place to Russian leaders, who, instead of embracing leaders, who, instead of embracing Marxism, have created their own distorted Marxism, have created their own distorted view of communism and have shoved it view of communism and have shoved it down their peoples' (animals') throats.  down their peoples' (animals') throats. 

AnimalismAnimalism The vague yet often referred to concept of The vague yet often referred to concept of

animalism is used by Orwell to signify the generic animalism is used by Orwell to signify the generic view of socialism.  This view was first expounded view of socialism.  This view was first expounded by Karl Marx (old Major), who, in Orwell's opinion by Karl Marx (old Major), who, in Orwell's opinion was naive in thinking that his philosophy would was naive in thinking that his philosophy would actually work.  Orwell, although agreeing with the actually work.  Orwell, although agreeing with the overall concept of equality though socialism, was overall concept of equality though socialism, was critical of Marx because he didn't take into critical of Marx because he didn't take into account the greed and jealousy which would account the greed and jealousy which would eventually undermine the entire cause.  This idea eventually undermine the entire cause.  This idea was shown through Napoleon and the other pigs, was shown through Napoleon and the other pigs, who, through persuasion and force became the who, through persuasion and force became the dominant authority on the farm. dominant authority on the farm.

Gun/Flag (metaphor)Gun/Flag (metaphor)     The nationalism the animals' feel is The nationalism the animals' feel is

demonstrated through their daily processions and demonstrated through their daily processions and rituals where they practically worship the flag rituals where they practically worship the flag (their institution of the state and obviously not (their institution of the state and obviously not God).   These processions and parades grow more God).   These processions and parades grow more dramatic with the fall of socialism and the rise of dramatic with the fall of socialism and the rise of Napoleon's dictatorship.  In this way, Orwell Napoleon's dictatorship.  In this way, Orwell points out that unlike Marx's (old Major's) original points out that unlike Marx's (old Major's) original concept of freedom through equality, Stalin concept of freedom through equality, Stalin believes that inequality between nations is the believes that inequality between nations is the key to success.   This sounds surprisingly like key to success.   This sounds surprisingly like capitalism, the very system communism is meant capitalism, the very system communism is meant to combat. to combat.

The Battle of CowshedThe Battle of Cowshed

The Battle of Cowshed is a clear The Battle of Cowshed is a clear metaphor for the overthrow of the old metaphor for the overthrow of the old Russian government based on czars Russian government based on czars (Mr. Jones).  In Russia, this change (Mr. Jones).  In Russia, this change took the Soviet Union out of World took the Soviet Union out of World War I and eventually led to the rise of War I and eventually led to the rise of Lenin and Stalin.  The violence used Lenin and Stalin.  The violence used in the battle, however was not in the battle, however was not condoned by Marx (old Major) or condoned by Marx (old Major) or Orwell, who both believed in pacifism. Orwell, who both believed in pacifism.

WindmillWindmill The windmill is used by Orwell to symbolize The windmill is used by Orwell to symbolize

Soviet industry. If you'll notice in the book, Soviet industry. If you'll notice in the book, the windmill was destroyed several times the windmill was destroyed several times before it finally was complete. This before it finally was complete. This represents the trials the communists in represents the trials the communists in Russia went through to establish their Russia went through to establish their armament-production industry. Eventually, armament-production industry. Eventually, however, Russian industry did stabilize, however, Russian industry did stabilize, despite the lack of safety precautions and despite the lack of safety precautions and trivial concern for the people's well being. trivial concern for the people's well being. This allowed them to put the first artificial This allowed them to put the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, into space before the satellite, Sputnik I, into space before the United States. (Ironically, there is no final United States. (Ironically, there is no final collapse!)collapse!)

As Napoleon was deceiving the As Napoleon was deceiving the neighboring farmers he was also neighboring farmers he was also tricking his own animals.  The tricking his own animals.  The scapegoat was again Snowball.  scapegoat was again Snowball.  "Whenever anything went wrong it "Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to became usual to attribute it to Snowball."  In fact many of the claims Snowball."  In fact many of the claims begin to sound ridiculous to the begin to sound ridiculous to the objective mind.  Of course, Squealer's objective mind.  Of course, Squealer's mission is to keep everything subjective mission is to keep everything subjective in the minds of the animals. in the minds of the animals.

DefinitionDefinition

CommunismCommunism is an ideology that is an ideology that seeks to establish a future seeks to establish a future classlessclassless, , statelessstateless social organizationsocial organization based based upon upon common ownershipcommon ownership of the of the means of productionmeans of production and the and the absence of private property. It can absence of private property. It can be classified as a branch of the be classified as a branch of the broader broader socialist movementsocialist movement. .

SocialismSocialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a political movements that envisage a socio-economicsocio-economic system in which property and the distribution of system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control.wealth are subject to social control.[1][1] This control This control may be either direct—exercised through popular may be either direct—exercised through popular collectives such as collectives such as workers' councilsworkers' councils—or it may be —or it may be indirect—exercised on behalf of the people by the indirect—exercised on behalf of the people by the state. As an state. As an economic systemeconomic system, socialism is often , socialism is often associated with associated with statestate, community or worker , community or worker ownership of the ownership of the means of productionmeans of production..

The modern socialist movement had its origin The modern socialist movement had its origin largely in the largely in the working classworking class movement of the late- movement of the late-19th century19th century. In this period, the term "socialism" . In this period, the term "socialism" was first used in connection with European social was first used in connection with European social critics who condemned critics who condemned capitalismcapitalism and and private propertyprivate property. For . For Karl MarxKarl Marx, who helped , who helped establish and define the modern socialist establish and define the modern socialist movement, socialism implied the abolition of movement, socialism implied the abolition of moneymoney, , marketsmarkets, , capitalcapital, and , and laborlabor as a as a commoditycommodity..

CapitalismCapitalism generally refers to an generally refers to an economic systemeconomic system in which the in which the means of productionmeans of production are mostly privately or are mostly privately or corporately owned and operated for corporately owned and operated for profitprofit, , in which in which capitalcapital is is investedinvested by the private by the private sector, and in which sector, and in which distributiondistribution, , productionproduction, and , and pricingpricing of of goodsgoods and and servicesservices are are determined in a largely determined in a largely free marketfree market. Land, . Land, capital goods, consumers goods, and labor capital goods, consumers goods, and labor may all be traded in a capitalist system. may all be traded in a capitalist system.

Menshevik is derived from the Menshevik is derived from the Russian word Russian word меньшинствоменьшинство ("minority") while Bolshevik is ("minority") while Bolshevik is derived from derived from большинствобольшинство ("majority"). ("majority").

BolsheviksBolsheviks ( (RussianRussian: : Большеви́UкБольшеви́Uк IPAIPA [bəlʲʂɨˈvʲik], [bəlʲʂɨˈvʲik], derived from derived from bolshinstvobolshinstvo, "majority") were , "majority") were members of the Bolshevik faction of the members of the Bolshevik faction of the MarxistMarxist Russian Social-Democratic Russian Social-Democratic LabourLabour Party Party (RSDLP) (RSDLP) which split apart from the which split apart from the MenshevikMenshevik faction faction[1][1] at at the Second the Second Party CongressParty Congress in 1903 and ultimately in 1903 and ultimately became the became the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCommunist Party of the Soviet Union..[2][2] The Bolsheviks are best known for seizing The Bolsheviks are best known for seizing power in power in RussiaRussia during the during the October RevolutionOctober Revolution phase of the phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917Russian Revolution of 1917, and for , and for founding the founding the Soviet UnionSoviet Union, the world's first , the world's first socialistsocialist state. state.

StalinStalin Crappy childhood- was often beatenCrappy childhood- was often beaten

Stalin's first wife, Stalin's first wife, Ekaterina Ekaterina SvanidzeSvanidze, died in , died in 1907, only four years after their marriage. At her 1907, only four years after their marriage. At her funeral, Stalin allegedly said that any warm funeral, Stalin allegedly said that any warm feelings he had for people died with her, for only feelings he had for people died with her, for only she could melt his 'stony heart'. To him, her life she could melt his 'stony heart'. To him, her life was the only thing that made him happy. They was the only thing that made him happy. They had a son together, had a son together, YakovYakov DzhugashviliDzhugashvili, with , with whom Stalin did not get along in later years.whom Stalin did not get along in later years.

His son finally shot himself because of Stalin's His son finally shot himself because of Stalin's harshness toward him, but survived. After this, harshness toward him, but survived. After this, Stalin said "He can't even shoot straight".Stalin said "He can't even shoot straight".

StalinStalin

After After LeninLenin's 's deathdeath in January 1924, Stalin, in January 1924, Stalin, KamenevKamenev, and , and ZinovievZinoviev together governed together governed the party, placing themselves the party, placing themselves ideologicallyideologically between between TrotskyTrotsky (on the left wing of the (on the left wing of the party) and party) and BukharinBukharin (on the right). During (on the right). During this period, Stalin abandoned the traditional this period, Stalin abandoned the traditional Bolshevik emphasis on international Bolshevik emphasis on international revolution in favor of a policy of building "revolution in favor of a policy of building "Socialism in One CountrySocialism in One Country", in contrast to ", in contrast to Trotsky's theory of Trotsky's theory of Permanent RevolutionPermanent Revolution. .

StalinStalin

An important feature of Stalin’s rise An important feature of Stalin’s rise to power is the way that he to power is the way that he manipulated his opponents and manipulated his opponents and played them off against each other. played them off against each other. Stalin formed a "Stalin formed a "troikatroika" of himself, " of himself, Zinoviev, and Kamenev against Zinoviev, and Kamenev against Trotsky. Stalin gained popular appeal Trotsky. Stalin gained popular appeal from his presentation as a 'man of from his presentation as a 'man of the people' from the poorer classes. the people' from the poorer classes.

StalinStalin Stalin vastly increased the scope and power Stalin vastly increased the scope and power

of the state's secret police and intelligence of the state's secret police and intelligence agencies. Under his guiding hand, Soviet agencies. Under his guiding hand, Soviet intelligence forces began to set up intelligence forces began to set up intelligence networks in most of the major intelligence networks in most of the major nations of the world, including Germany nations of the world, including Germany (the famous (the famous Rote Rote KappelleKappelle spy ring), Great spy ring), Great Britain, France, Japan, and the United Britain, France, Japan, and the United States. Stalin saw no difference between States. Stalin saw no difference between espionage, communist political propaganda espionage, communist political propaganda actions, and state-sanctioned violence, and actions, and state-sanctioned violence, and he began to integrate all of these activities he began to integrate all of these activities within the within the NKVDNKVD (former KGB). (former KGB).

StalinStalin

Shortly before, during and immediately after Shortly before, during and immediately after World War IIWorld War II, Stalin conducted a series of , Stalin conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale which deportations on a huge scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union. It is estimated that between Soviet Union. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million [13][13] were were deported to deported to SiberiaSiberia and the Central Asian and the Central Asian republics. Separatism, resistance to Soviet republics. Separatism, resistance to Soviet rule and collaboration with the invading rule and collaboration with the invading Germans were cited as the official reasons for Germans were cited as the official reasons for the deportations, rightly or wrongly. the deportations, rightly or wrongly.

Josef StalinJosef Stalin

TrotskyTrotsky

Following a power struggle with Following a power struggle with Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin in the in the 1920s1920s, Trotsky was , Trotsky was expelled from the expelled from the Communist PartyCommunist Party and deported from the Soviet Union. He and deported from the Soviet Union. He was eventually assassinated in was eventually assassinated in MexicoMexico by by Ramón Ramón MercaderMercader, a Soviet agent, , a Soviet agent, with an with an ice axeice axe..[1][1] Trotsky's ideas form Trotsky's ideas form the basis of the basis of TrotskyismTrotskyism, his variation of , his variation of CommunistCommunist theory, theory,

TrotskyTrotsky

Bronstein escaped from Siberia in the Bronstein escaped from Siberia in the summer of 1902, having stolen a summer of 1902, having stolen a passport in the name of passport in the name of Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky (a former jailer in Odessa), which (a former jailer in Odessa), which became his primary revolutionary became his primary revolutionary pseudonym. pseudonym.

19171917 Trotsky was living in Trotsky was living in New York CityNew York City when when

the the February RevolutionFebruary Revolution of 1917 overthrew of 1917 overthrew Tsar Nicholas IITsar Nicholas II. He left . He left New YorkNew York on on March 27March 27, but his ship was intercepted by , but his ship was intercepted by British naval officials in Halifax, Nova Scotia British naval officials in Halifax, Nova Scotia and he spent a month detained at Amherst, and he spent a month detained at Amherst, Nova Scotia. After initial hesitation by the Nova Scotia. After initial hesitation by the Russian foreign minister Pavel Milyukov, he Russian foreign minister Pavel Milyukov, he was forced to demand that Trotsky be was forced to demand that Trotsky be released and the British government freed released and the British government freed Trotsky on April 29. He finally made his way Trotsky on April 29. He finally made his way back to Russia on May 4 of that year.back to Russia on May 4 of that year.