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Anglophone Globalisation Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Historical Perspective Terranglia Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Global Garble English Translation Industries Translation Industries European Union European Union Varieties Varieties FTSK 2010-11

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Page 1: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Anglophone GlobalisationAnglophone Globalisation

Karl-Heinz Stoll

Historical PerspectiveHistorical PerspectiveTerranglia Terranglia

Linguistic Human Rights Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Global Garble English Translation Industries Translation Industries

European Union European Union VarietiesVarieties

FTSK 2010-11

Page 2: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Prehistorical TradeFrozen Fritz, Ötzi (3300 BC)

Flintstone / arrowheads, amber

AntiquityPhoenicia (e.g. weekdays – Astarte, Aphrodite, Venus, Freia)

Greece (Koiné)

Rome: silver, gold, animals, corn, slaves, silk.

(Vulgar / Pig Latin > Romance languages / Christianity / Bible translation: Hebrew / Aramaic / Greek > Latin; Hieronymus)

Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

Page 3: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Early Middle Ages6th cent. Sutton Hoo Ship Burial / Beowulf (silver spoons from Byzantium),Vikings,Christianity enriches vocabulary.Catholic church.

Middle Ages Silk Road, Pepper (Nuremberg sausage), Byzantium, Arabs, Northern Italy.

Page 4: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Modern AgeRenaissanceFall of Constantinople to Turks in 1453, rediscovery of Greek and Roman textsSpain: 1492 Columbus Portugal: 1415 Ceuta, 1498 Vasco da Gama in India, 1500 Brazil, 1510 Malacca

ReformationBible translations: Luther 1522, Tyndale 1526

Page 5: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

HabsburgsKings of Germany (several centuries to 1806), mostly also as Holy Roman Emperors and rulers of Austria (Dukes, Archdukes, Emperors). Kings of Hungary (1437-1918), Kings of Croatia (1437-1918), Kings of Spain (1516-1700) with Central and South American colonies, Kings of Bohemia, Kings of Galizia, etc.

(All languages could be used in Vienna Parliament)

Page 6: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European
Page 7: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Holland,

Britain: European settlers, slave trade (15 mio., triangular trade, Pidgins / Creoles), after 1834 millions of Indians to Caribbean and Africa). Sugar

British Empire in 1897

Page 8: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

French colonial empire

Page 9: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

German colonies

Page 10: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Is Globalization here to stay?H.G. Wells, The Time Machine; George Orwell, 1984. In 19th and early 20th centuries globalisation seemed inevitable: Empire ruled over ¼ of mankind, other European powers acquired colonies all over the world.

V.S. Naipaul, Nobel laureate in 2002: catastrophic consequences of the falling apart of the Empire for today’s economic structures and for human beings.

1950: share of international trade smaller than in 1870.1950-1994: world trade increased 14fold, worldwide production only 5,5 times.

Page 11: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Every product sold abroad, every investment in foreign countries is accompanied by an abundance of negotiations, contracts, papers, instructions for use, handbooks – and that involves translation and interpretation.

Present-day globalisation differs from colonial empires. It - transcends political frontiers and spheres of influence; - comprises ever more complex areas of economy; - spreads benefits in many details of professional and private activities; - is based less on disregard of strivings for political independence and on racist arrogance; - is more generally accepted.

Page 12: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

TerrangliaTerranglia

Page 13: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

1220

740

CHEN

HindiSP

BengaliAR

PTFR

RUJA

GE

World languages: Chinese and English (million speakers) in 2008

© KH Stoll 2009, numbers: 2008 Britannica Book of the Year

Page 14: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

English and Chinese

1220

1490

ENCH

HindiSP

BengaliAR

PTFR

RUJA

GE

© KH Stoll 2009, numbers: 2008 Britannica Book of the Year

Page 15: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

... and the rest in 2008

© KH Stoll 2009, numbers: 2008 Britannica Book of the Year

1220

307

703

399

242 195 147 12615290

1490

ENCH

HindiSP

BengaliAR

PTFR

RUJA

GE0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Page 16: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Foreign trade in 2008 (billion US $), languages

© KH Stoll 2009, numbers: CIA World Factbook 2009

6257

34813902

1348

18241924

10501285

15711219

618918

ENZH

DESP

FRAR

JANL

RUIT

KOPO

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

USA

Page 17: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Gross national income in 2008 (billion US $)

© KH Stoll 2009, numbers: 2008 Britannica Book of the Year

16850

4520

3221 28482256 1843

3165

1230 9571190 883887

6 AnglophonesJapan

D+A3 Chinese

SpanishF

IP+BR

ArabicRUS

INDKorean

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

15000

USA

Page 18: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Foreign trade in 2008 (billion US $), individual countries

© KH Stoll 2009, numbers: CIA World Factbook 2009

718

485

375

2190

646

437

567

460

1546

371308

696

1202

445

306302

USAPRC

DFJ

GBI

NLKorea

ECDN

BHongk.Singap.Mexico

RUS

630

1377

469462

566537

373

777

458

294293

15301827

349

476

330

PRCD

USAJFI

NLRUS

GBCND

KoreaB

Singap.Saudi Ar.

MexicoE

Exports Imports

Page 19: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

953

562

3296

484

460

1613

205

287

571

1801

282

981

582

214

582

EN

ZH

GE

SP

FR

RU

AR

JA

NL

IT

KO

HI

PT

PL

TR

Exports Imports

871

2961

566

723

777

458

943

1868

2101

185

190

989

637

389

EN

ZH

GE

AR

SP

FR

JA

NL

RU

IT

KO

PT

SV

PL

Languages and foreign trade in 2008 (billion US $)

© KH Stoll 2009, numbers: CIA World Factbook 2009

Page 20: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

54,6

58

29,2

39,9

33,239,7

55,4

18,1

29,128,1

24,9

22,8

1714,1

19,3

24,9

NLPRC

FUSA

IGB

BA

CHCZ

RUSPL

EJNH

81,9

36,5

31,3

51

54,1

48,2

42,2

35,3

31,6

22,6

15,9

13,3

11,9

53,8

53,2

20,5

F

A

E

H

Exports Imports

GBI

NL

B

PLCH

RUS

S

CZ

USA

PRC

DK

Germany’s foreign trade in 2009 (billion €)

© KH Stoll 2010, numbers: Statistisches Bundesamt

Page 21: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

© KH Stoll 2009, numbers: Statistisches Bundesamt

Germany’s foreign trade in 2008 (billion €)

66,772,1

39,8

46

44,346

59,4

23,1

33,131,2

28,326,2

22,3

17,821,6

35,9

NLF

VRCUSA

IGB

BRUS

ACHCSPL

JNEH

96,971,5

66,8

6465,6

51,643,7

53,8

40,139

27,820,6

17,616,1

34,132,3

F

A

VRC

DA

Exports Imports

USAGB

I

NL

BE

PLCH

RUS

H

SCZ

Page 22: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Germany’s foreign trade in 1998 (billion €)Exports Imports

© KH Stoll 1999, numbers: Statistisches Bundesamt

46,1

34,4

28,7

33,5

16,4

8,8

32,4

23,5

20,8

16,6

14,5

11,7

F

USA

NL

I

GB

B/L

J

CH

A

E

VRC

CZ

54

45,6

41,8

36

33,3

12,3

11,1

27,6

25,6

21,8

19,3

F

USA

GB

I

NL

B/L

A

CH

E

PL

S

Page 23: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

81,9

36,5

31,3

51

54,1

48,2

42,2

35,3

31,6

22,6

15,9

13,3

11,9

53,8

53,2

20,5

F

A

E

H

Germany’s exports (billion €)in 2008 in 2009

© KH Stoll 2010, numbers: Statistisches Bundesamt

USA

GB

I

NL

B

E

CH

PL

RUS

CZ

S

H

NL

USA

GB

I

B

PRC

CH

PL

CZ

RUS

S

DK

96,971,5

66,8

6465,6

51,643,7

53,8

40,139

27,820,6

17,616,1

34,132,3

F

A

PRC

DA

Page 24: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Germany’s imports (billion €)in 2008 in 2009

© KH Stoll 2010, numbers: Statistisches Bundesamt

54,6

58

29,2

39,9

33,239,7

55,4

18,1

29,128,1

24,9

22,8

1714,1

19,3

24,9

NLPRC

FUSA

IGB

BA

CHCZ

RUSPL

EJNH

66,772,1

39,8

46

44,346

59,4

23,1

33,131,2

28,326,2

22,3

17,821,6

35,9

NLF

PRCUSA

IGB

BRUS

ACHCSPL

JNEH

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54

45,6

41,8

36

33,3

12,3

11,1

27,6

25,6

21,8

19,3

F

USA

GB

I

NL

B/L

A

CH

E

PL

S

Germany’s exports (billion €)in 1998 in 2009

81,9

36,5

31,3

51

54,1

48,2

42,2

35,3

31,6

22,6

15,9

13,3

11,9

53,8

53,2

20,5

F

A

E

H

NL

USA

GB

I

B

PRC

CH

PL

CZ

RUS

S

DK

Page 26: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Germany’s imports (billion €)in 1998 in 2009

46,1

34,4

28,7

33,5

16,4

8,8

32,4

23,5

20,8

16,6

14,5

11,7

F

USA

NL

I

GB

B/L

J

CH

A

E

VRC

CZ

54,6

58

29,2

39,9

33,239,7

55,4

18,1

29,128,1

24,9

22,8

1714,1

19,3

24,9

NLPRC

FUSA

IGB

BA

CHCZ

RUSPL

EJNH

© KH Stoll 2010, numbers: Statistisches Bundesamt

PP

Page 27: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

CH28

13,311,8

5,1 4,7 4,5 4,4 42,4 1,6

5,8

EN CH GE FR SP JA RU PT KO IT NL SV Others0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Book production worldwide (in %)

7,76,7

Page 28: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Source languages of book translations into German

4914

635

222 185 87 51 46143 90 42

EN FR IT NL SP RU SV LAT PO JA0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Number above colum = total number of books Brighter colour top = all non-belletristic books Darker colour bottom = belletristic books

Page 29: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Nobel laureates

Sciences:1901 – WW I: Germany alone (without Austria and Switzerland) as many laureates as GB, the USA and F together. 1905 and 1925 all laureates from Germany.

German laureates in literature:1901-18: 4 Germans among 16Since 1919: Thomas Mann 1929

Nelly Sachs 1966 Heinrich Böll 1972

Günter Grass 1999 Herta Müller 2009

All laureates:1901-30 ´71-2008

ENEN 37 290 37 290DEDE 4848 50 50 FRFR 38 38 20 20

Page 30: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

SA J.M. Coetzee 2003Nadine Gordimer 1991

Nigeria Wole Soyinka 1986Caribbean V.S. Naipaul 2001

Derek Walcott 1992AUS Patrick White 1973IR Seamus Heaney 1995

Samuel Beckett 1969

US: Toni Morrison 1993Joseph Brodsky 1987 (Russian)Isaac Bashevis Singer 1978 (Yiddish)Saul Bellow 1976

GB: Doris Lessing 2007Harold Pinter 2005 William Golding 1983

Nobel price laureates from Anglophone countries since 1969

Page 31: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Nadine Gordimer 1991

J.M. Coetzee 2003Derek Walcott 1992 V.S. Naipaul 2001

Patrick White 1973 Wole Soyinka 1986

Page 32: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

1880 1890 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 19960

20

40

60

80

100

Languages of scientific publications

The The global villageglobal village is in Terranglia. is in Terranglia.

EnglishEnglish

GermanGerman

FrenchFrench

Page 33: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Linguistic Human RightsLinguistic Human Rights

The Globalization Trap, McDonaldization, Tittytainment.Globalization vs. fragmentation. linguistic imperialism: linguicide, glottophagia, linguistic cannibalism. 1,200 of 6,500 existing languages standardized, Bible in 2,500 languages. EN for communication - mother tongue for identification.

Pluralism is in itself a major global value. Inside the houses of the global village many languages are spoken. Inside the houses of the global village many languages are spoken.

The cyber-neighbours have to find ways of communicating. The cyber-neighbours have to find ways of communicating.

Page 34: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

“Dem say you give me juju to chop.” Old EN: synthetic language with a dozen of different classes of declination and conjugation, 8 forms of the plural. These forms as well as 85% of the lexemes lost in middle EN (1066 - ca. 1500). “Basic English” has only 850 words including 18 verbs.

66. Flexibility of EN. Flexibility of EN - morphological simplification - semantic extension - lexical borrowings

Reasons for the spread of EN:Reasons for the spread of EN:1.1. British colonialismBritish colonialism2.2. CocacolonisationCocacolonisation3.3. Ethnic NeutralityEthnic Neutrality4.4. Social prestigeSocial prestige5.5. Terminological gaps Terminological gaps in native languagesin native languages

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Page 36: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

litter/ letter/ mailDenglish: relaxen, hangover, brainstormen, chatten, Dokusoap, Job-Center, Service-Point, Call a Bike Standort (German Rail), Quick-Vermittlung (Federal Employment Agency), All-Age-Produkt, Brain up, Exzellenzcluster (Federal Research Ministry), Handy. “Auf in die Champignons-League!” “BahnCard Teen” for “Teens” between 12 and 17, Customer Detention Center, Senior Officials.“Dresses for street walking”, “Please leave your values at the front desk.”

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Page 50: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Translation & Interpretation in the European UnionTranslation & Interpretation in the European Union

Page 51: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

European Union:European Union: 27 States, 500 mio. people, 23 official languages. CommissionCommission:: Directorate-General for Translation 1,750 linguists + 600 support staff + freelance translators for 20% of output. DG for Interpretation 500 permanent staff interpreters + 2,700 accredited freelancers; 11,000 meetings per year. ParliamentParliament spends over 1/3 of its budget on transl. & interpretation. Overall costOverall cost of multilingualism in EU: € 1,1 billion = 1% of annual general budget, or € 2.28 per citizen per year. EU system requires over 2000 translators and 80 interpreters per day.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Tower of BabelPieter Bruegel the Elder, Tower of Babel EU Parliament StrasbourgEU Parliament Strasbourg

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Page 53: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

European Council (heads of state or govern-ment of the Union).Commission: President José Barroso. 27 members of the Commission, one from each state of the EU. Administrative body of 23,000 European civil servants.

Commission Headquarters, Brussels

European Council, Brussels

Page 54: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

EU Parliament, Strasbourg

Council of Europe, StrasbourgEurop. Central Bank, Frankfurt

EU Parliament, Brussels

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Luxembourg: European Court of Justice, EU buildings

European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg

Page 57: Anglophone Globalisation Karl-Heinz Stoll Historical Perspective Terranglia Linguistic Human Rights Global Garble English Translation Industries European

Year History of European Union membership No

1957    Belgium    France     West Germany     Italy         Luxemburg    Netherlands 6

1973    Denmark     Ireland    United Kingdom 91981    Greece 101986    Portugal     Spain 121995    Austria    Finland    Sweden 15

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Year History of European Union membership No

1957    Belgium    France     West Germany     Italy         Luxemburg    Netherlands 6

1973    Denmark     Ireland    United Kingdom 91981    Greece 101986    Portugal     Spain 121995    Austria    Finland    Sweden 152004    Cyprus    Czech Republic    Estonia

   Hungary    Latvia    Lithuania    Malta    Poland    Slovakia    Slovenia

25

2007    Bulgaria    Romania 27

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1957

1995

1973 1981/86

20072004

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New EU members in ’04:Country Population (in Mio)Estonia 1.37Latvia 2.37Lithuania 3.7 Malta 0.4 Poland 38.65Slowakia 5.4 Slowenia 2Czech Rep. 10.3Hungary 10Cyprus 0.73

F

D

NL

B L

EP

IRLGB

DK

I

SFIN

ESTLV

LT

PL

CZSKH

SLO

GRM

CY

ANew EU members in ’07:Bulgaria 8.1Rumania 22.4Total new pop. 105.42

Membership candidate: Turkey 67.80

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’57-’73: 4 official languages = 12 pairs, 11 languages = 110 pairs, 20 languages = 380 pairs,23 languages = 506 pairs.If every interpreter has 4 working languages, minimum ofinterpreters per meeting: 169.

RO

BG

TR

Council of Europe, ’92: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: 40 languages in EUR.UNESCO, ’96: (Barcelona) Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights. Indian Board of Scientific Terminology ’50: 350,000 terms to translate.

bi-active system: 1 or 2 “pilot” or “relay” languages; relay like hub of a wheel, 23 languages, the spikes.

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93

61 59 58

39 39

8

21

11 10,3 10 10 8 5,4 5 5 3,7

22

2,4

DE EN FR IT SP PL RO NL GR CZ PT HU BU SV SK DA FI LT LV0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

EU mother tongues (million speakers)

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49

54

34

39

31 30

18 1814 15

EN DE FR IT SP0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Mother tongues plus foreign languages (in %) in 1999 and 2005

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594

393

5123 18 17 12 8 7 6 5 2

EN FR DE IT SP NL GR PT DA SV FI Andere0

100

200

300

400

500

600

EU Commission: source languages of translations 1999

© KH Stoll 2000

1970: 60% FR, 40% GE1970: 60% FR, 40% GE1999: 35% FR, 52% EN2005: 16% FR, 68% EN2005: 16% FR, 68% EN

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Resistance to dominance of English

France, 1994: »Loi Toubon«internet - entre-réseau, talk show - causerie, walkman - baladeur, fast food - formule rapide.Similar laws in Malaysia and India. Polish Senate, 1999,sex shop in Polish?Mallorca: fines for no Spanish or Catalan translations on menus, labels and in ads. Verein Dt. Sprache e.V.: Denglisch, Engleutsch.

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– 500 staff interpreters – 300 - 400 freelance interpreters per day – 2.700 accredited freelance interpreters– 50 - 60 meetings per day– 10.000 – 11.000 meeting days per year – ±135.000 interpreter days per year – 40 major Commission conferences organised

per year– Total operating cost 2005: € 100,000,000– Cost: 0.21 €/European citizen/year

Key Figures of interpretation for the Commission

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The EuropeanEuropean ParliamentParliament’’s Directorate-General for InterpretationInterpretation and Conferences employs 430 staff interpreters and has a reserve of some 2500 freelance interpreters (auxiliary conference interpreters).

Interpreting is needed mainly for:• plenary sittings; • meetings of EP committees, parliamentary delegations, joint parliamentary assemblies; • meetings of political groups; • press conferences; • meetings of Parliament's governing bodies (Bureau, Conference of Presidents, etc.).800 - 1000 interpreters for plenary sittings of Parliament. For other meetings, interpretation is provided as required.

Since 2005 The EuropeanEuropean ParliamentParliament’’s Directorate-General for Translation Translation has translated over a million pagestranslated over a million pages a year. There are more than 1,000 translators and back-up staff, carrying out 60% of Parlia-ment’s translation work in-house and organising external translations.

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The image:The image: Translators in the days of yore ...

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... and today Cultural studies: literature presents national, collective, recurrent values, myths, world views, opinions, social developments:

“Without a doubt literature actually provides the liveliest, most imagina-tive and most complex connection between language and reality. Ap-pealing and stimulating in its palpa-bility, a literary text offers a per-sonal, psychologically profound and thereby a livelier approach to a for-eign world than an expository text.”

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The global village is situated in Terranglia. The global village is situated in Terranglia. Inside the houses many languages are spoken. Inside the houses many languages are spoken.

Communication problems of the cyber-neighbours Communication problems of the cyber-neighbours are solved by translation and interpreting. are solved by translation and interpreting.

Culture studies help people to find their way around the village Culture studies help people to find their way around the village and not become global village idiots.and not become global village idiots.

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Town destroy, everybody live. When dey live, many dead.

to table/ to lay on the table: BrE “submit for discussion”, AmE “postpone indefinitely”.rubber: BrE „Radiergummi“, AmE „Kondom“.Randy: AmE Vorname, BrE „scharf, geil“ (am. horny).

napkin: AmE „Papier-serviette“, BrE „Windel“.

BrE This is your guard speaking entspricht phonetisch AmE God.

Weltverkehrssprache EnglischWeltverkehrssprache Englisch

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60,7

281,1

21

73,6

101,7

Europa Amerika Australien Afrika Asien0

50

100

150

200

250

300

MutterspracheKreol/Pidgin

Offiz. Zweitspr.

Englisch-Sprecher (in Mio.)

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A telephone exchange between a hotel guest and room-service, at a hotel in Asia recorded and published in the Far East Economic Review.

Room Service (RS): "Morny. Ruin sorbees." Guest (G): "Sorry, I thought I dialed room-service"RS: "Rye...Ruin sorbees... morny! Djewish to odor sunteen??" G: "Uh... yes... I'd like some bacon and eggs"RS: "Ow July den?" G: "What??"RS: "Ow July den? ... pry, boy, pooch?" G : "Oh, the eggs! How do I like them? Sorry, scrambled please."RS: "Ow July dee bayhcem... crease?" G: "Crisp will be fine."RS : "Hokay. An San tos?" G: "What?"RS:"San tos. July San tos?" G: "I don't think so"RS: "No? Judo one toes??" 

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G: "I feel really bad about this, but I don't know what 'judo one toes' means."RS: "Toes! toes! ... Why djew Don Juan toes? Ow bow inglish mopping we bother?" G: "English muffin!! I've got it! You were saying 'Toast.' Fine. Yes, an English muffin will be fine."RS: "We bother?" G: "No... just put the bother on the side."RS: "Wad?" G: "I mean butter... just put it on the side."RS: "Copy?" G: "Sorry?"RS: "Copy... tea... mill?" G: "Yes. Coffee please, and that's all."RS: "One Minnie. Ass ruin torino fee, strangle ache, crease baychem, tossy singlish mopping we bother honey sigh, and copy... rye??" G: "Whatever you say"RS: "Tendjewberrymud" G : "You're welcome"

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Translation IndustriesTranslation Industries Both Anglophone globalization and resistance against dominance of EN increase need for translation and interpretation. Over 30 million pages of translations p.a. in Germany, 100 million in EU, worldwide 200 million. Specialization and differentiation in translation:pre and post editing of machine translations, express jobs (“Quick and dirty is better than perfect and too late.”), patent specifications read and discussed in a team of 4-5,stereotyped business letters, creative advertising, complex scholarly papers, subtitling and dubbing of films, technical writing, knowledge management, simultaneous translation (Mercedes Benz S in 2005: 45.000 pages into 12 languages).

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In interpreting: assistance in a foreign hotel, public service interpreting (Kommunal- / Fachdolmetschen) in hospitals or courts, business meetings, political conferences,congresses in pioneering areas of research. More conferences and meetings in EN, but overall number increasing to such an extent that demand of interpreting is still growing. Remote interpreting.Notebooks with terminological data banks, even in simultaneous interpreting, also for short-term preparation. Freelancers, E-lancers, teletranslators.6.000 translation offices in Germany, 100.000 translators in Europe, 82.000 freelancers or agency associates.Multinational translation agencies: Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., Bowne Global Solutions, WorldPoint.

Communication problems of theCommunication problems of the cyber-neighbours cyber-neighbours are solved by an expanding translation and interpreting industry.are solved by an expanding translation and interpreting industry.

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Schreibung AE -ction BE -xionconnection

conexion, deflection

deflexion -dg- -dge-judgment

judgement -e -ae,-oe anemia anaemia, fetus foetus, maneuver

manoeuvre -er -retheater theatre -or -our honor honour

Aussprachefast, chaff, bath, demand, example, can´t, dancetop, clock, gotassume, duty, new students, pollution, resume, revolutionstate nationbird, part, horse, near, hear, bear, boardSecondary Stress:dictionary, laboratory, secretaryEinzelwörter:anti, clerk, courage, Derby, fertile, hostile, hurry, leisure, lever, missile, mobile, rather, schedule, tomato

VarietätenVarietätenUSAUSA

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WortschatzPullman, tornado, store Autos: AE trunk – BE boot, top – hood, hood – bonnet, parking lot – car park, generator – dynamo, gas – petrol, sedan – saloon-car, truck – lorry, delivery truck – van, windshield – windscreen, rodster – two-seater Wortliste

AE – BE aluminum aluminiumapartment flatash-can dustbinautomobile carbaby carriage perambulator,

pramStroller push-chairbaggage luggage “ car “ van “ room cloak-room “ tag luggage label

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barber hairdresserbill (bank-) noteboloney nonsensebuck dollarbum(mer) idler, loaferbureau (of information) (inquiry) officecab(-driver) taxi(-driver)can(-opener) tin(-opener)candy sweetsrailroad car railway carriagecasket coffinclerk shop assistantclipping (newspaper) cuttingclub truncheoncorn maize, Indian corncreek brook, tributary (river)(cross-) tie sleeper, railway sleepercustom-made made to measuredruggist chemistdrugstore chemist´s shopelevator lift

facutly staff fall autumnfirst (2nd) floor ground (1st)floor fresh cheeky, forwardgarbage can dustbinguy, buddy boy, man, fellowhardware dealer ironmongerintern assistant surgeonline queueto mail to post (a letter)Mortician, funeral home undertakerone-way ticket single ticketpants trousersprivate school public schoolpublic school council schoolrare (meat) underdonerooster cocksidewalk pavement

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Lehngut im AEIndianischOrtsnamen: Chicago, Chappaquidick, Delaware, Ohio, ConnecticutFauna, Flora, Lebensweise: chipmunk, coon/racoon, hickory, Manito(u), mocassin, moose, opossum/possum, pecan, skunk, squaw, tepee, totem, wapiti

Span.-mexikan.Ortsnamen: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Los Alamos, Albuquerque Fauna, Flora, Geographie, Lebensweise: barbecue, bonanza, buckaroo, chicano, cafeteria, canyon, coyote, El Dorado, gringo, hacienda, key, lasso, mesa, mescal, mustang, patio, publo, ranchero, rodeo, sombrero

DeutschOrtsnamen: Hanover, Charlotte, New Glarus, HoschtLebensweise: beer-garden, bock (beer), delicatessen, gesangverein, hamburger, kuchen, lager, liverwurst (braunschweiger), noodle, pretzel, rathskeller, (sauer-) kraut, schnitzel, smearcase, stein, turnverein, wienerwurst/weenie/wienie

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Holländ.bakery, boss, coleslaw, cookie, dope, Santa Claus

Französ.Ortsnamen: New Orleans, Dubuque, Prairie du Chien, Saint Quentin. bayou, chute, prairie

Yiddishborsht, bubelah, dreck, ferstinkener, flaysh, gefilte fish, gelt, handel, kibbutz, kinder, klop, klutz, kop, kosher, lange laben, leck, lock in kop, macher, matzo, mensch, meshugge, nosh, rabbi/rebbe, shalom, shiksa, shlemiel, shlep, shmaltz, shnorrer, shul, shyster, Yid, zei gezundt

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Theorien

- Polygenese - Mängel - Keine afrikanischen Spuren (H.L. Mencken The American

Language)

- Monogenese - Substrattheorie - Afrikanische Einflüsse

- Chomsky: “universal principles” - Bickerton: “language bioprogram hypothesis (LBH)”- Mufwene: “The Universalist and Substrate Hypotheses Complement One Another” - “creativist”, “nativist” Aspekte

Black EnglishBlack English

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GeschichteKoiné, Vulgärlatein, Lingua Franca, Sabir (Schuchardt, 1842- 1927). Portugiesisches Pidgin (mercador im Mandingo, port. Nachnamen in Nigeria, 1435 Afrikaner in Portugal, Crioulu v. Kap Verde u. São Tomé): pickaninny / pickin / pickni, savvy / no savvy, palaver, mas que / maskie / maskee Englisch in Afrika: 1554-1557 erste Afrikaner zur Ausbildung in England, 1618 Errichtung des ersten englischen Forts, ca. 1700 Handelssprache an der Goldküste. Sklavenhandel: Jamestown, Virginia, 1607, 12 Jahre später (ein Jahr vor Ankunft der Pilgerväter) 20 Afrikaner nach Jamestown. In Neuengland und New York seit mindestens 1635 Schwarze. Engländer auf den Kleinen Antillen 1625, 1655 Jamaika.

10-15 Mio. Sklaven in die Neue Welt, davon nur etwa 4,5 %, d.h. weniger als 1/2 Mio., auf nordam. Kontinent.

“Atlantic Creole English”, Plantagenkreol.

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Kwa-Sprachen (u.a. Yoruba, Ewe, Ashanti, Fanti, Twi und Igbo), Mande-Sprachen (Mandingo, Malinke) nyam, fufu Whinnom, Boretzky

Pidgin: das äußerst vereinfachte sprachliche Medium, das aus Kontakten von Sprechern verschiedener Sprachen, insbes. im Bereich des Handels, resultiert, Kreol: ein Pidgin, das sich entwickelt hat zur 1. Sprache einer Sprachgemeinschaft, zu einer Muttersprache.

Wortschatz erweitert und präzisiert sich, Grammatik wird komplexer, Aussprache stabilisiert sich. Durch:- Entlehnungen aus der Superstratsprache- aus der Substratsprache- Neuschöpfungen aus dem eigenen Vorrat

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AfrikaEngl. Pidgins u. Kreols in Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Westkamerun. West African Standard, Krio, Hyperkreolisierung

Thomas Dekker, “Slip Gud”Slip gud o, bebi-gial! Sleep well, my darling,Opin yai lilibit Open your eyes a littleEn luk me wan minit And look atme for a minuteBifo yu slip. Before you sleep.

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Afrikan. Lexeme: Flora, Fauna, tradit. Bräuche u. rel. Vorstellungen. Gerichte foofoo/fufu, gari, Baum und Holz iroko, Nuss (und mit Bedeutungsübertragung „Bestechung") kola, Bekleidungsstücke lappa, agbada, Herrschertitel oba, bale, persönlicher Gott chi sowie die zahlreichen Götternamen etwa des Yoruba-Pantheons bei Wole Soyinka, z.B. Ogun, Obatala, Eshu.

Neologismen aus en. Elementen: been-to, beentress, „a person who has been to Europe or America", head-tie, Auflage für eine head-load, chew(ing) stick, Hölzchen zum Zähneputzen, mammy wagon, mit einheimischen Aufbauten versehenes Auto, to grease s.o.´s palm, j. bestechen

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Karibik Breites Spektrum von archaischen Kreols über verschiedene Stadien von Dekreolisierung bis zu West Indian Standard.

Maroons auf Jamaica: Twi-Asante Sprache Koromanti bis Anf. 20. Jh.

archaischstes Kreol: Saramakka im Inneren Surinam

Ananse, obeah, zombie, shango, voodoo

Edgar Mittelholzer, Corentyne Thunder

Beena: “Me preffer stay home. An’ me na want na money from Geoffry. Geoffry is bakra boy.” Kattree: “Geoffry gimme five-dollar note when ’e come on Easter Holiday. ’E say me an’ Beena mus’ buy nice dress, but Beena get vex, an’ say she na want none o’ de money, so me buy cloth an’ mek four dress fo’ meself – an’ me buy dis pair o’ shoes, too.”

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Samuel Selvon, The Lonely Londoners; Rasta-Englisch (< Rastafarian nach Ras, „Fürst“, Tafari, später Kaiser Hailie Selassie von Äthiopien

Neologismen auf en. Basis: niggergram, Surinette, Trinrazor blades, TrinAmbassadors, TrinParliament, Trinbeaches. Rasta-Englisch, Dread Talk: Babylon, shitstem (“system”), dreadlocks, to downpress (statt “oppress”)

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USA

William A. Stewart, Beryl Bailey, J. L. Dillard: Plantation Creole, Lorenzo Dow Turner: Gullah (South Carolina, Georgia), basket names, William Labov: Black English Vernacular

Langston Hughes/Arna Bontemps, eds., Book of Negro Folklore

One time dere was a han’ what died on de old McPherson fawm by de name of Ken Parker. De membuhship of de Salem Baptis’ Chu’ch think Ken’s a good man, ’caze he hab a fine big family an’ he ’ten’ chu’ch regluh as de Sundays come. De pastuh think he a Good Christun, too. So when he git up to preach Ken’s funeral, he tell ’bout what a good man Brothuh Ken was, ’bout how true he was to his wife, an’ what a good providuh he done been for his family an’ all dat. He keep on an’ keep on in dis wise, but Ken’s wife Sadie know de pastuh done errored; so she turn on de ol’es’ boy, Jim, an’ say, “Jim, go up dere an’ look in dat coffin an’ see if’n dat’s yo’ pappy in dere.”

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Parallelen a) Substituierung des stimmh. bzw. stimml. th-Lauts durch d bzw. t.b) R-lessness auch z.B. beim r zwischen Vokalen: inte´ested oder Ca

´ol. Paris und pass sowie terrace und test Homonyme. a) Konsonantengruppen vereinfacht; insbes. Verschlußlaute am

Wortende weggelassen. meant, mend und men oder told und toe Homonyme. Besonders häufig Vereinfachung vor -s in Schlussstellung: asks, axe und ass zu Homonymen und Plural von wasp und test als wases und teses ausgesprochen.

b) Monophthongisierung: [ei] (name), [au] (house) als [a:], [oi] (noise) als [o:].

Übernahmen in Slang oder allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch: cool, busted („kaputt"), swing, square, oke doke, uptight, strung-out, to cop („kriegen"), kill ´em („zeig´s ihnen, viel Glück").

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Tense-mood-aspect-system:Dat man he be readin: Marker für iterative oder habituelle Aktionsart. be ersetzte kreol. de oder da. Im Gullah de erhalten, im Krio dè/dì, im liberian. Merico de oder ´e. Im Jamaikan. verweisen a oder da auf den imperfektiven Aspekt: Mi da nyam mi dina: “I am eating my dinner”.

Zero copula: I sure. He old. Dey runnin´. He with us. Why he here?Zero possessive: the/de man frien´, the/de lady hat. Undifferentiated pronoun: Him know we / us. He a nice little girl.Pluralisierung durch nachgestelltes Demonstrativpronomens im Plural: him tiit dem oder im fut-dem. Syntax:Standard English We were eating - and drinking, too.weißer US Südstaatendialekt We was eatin´ - an´ drinkin´, too.US Black English We was eatin´ - an´ we drinkin´, too.Gullah We bin duh nyam - en´ we duh drink, too.Jamaikanisch We ben a nyam - an´ we a drink, too.Sranan We ben de nyang - en´ we de dringie, too.Westafrikanisches Pidgin We bin de eat - an´ we de dring, too.

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Afr. Lehnwörter im AE• boogie, „ein Tanz“ < Hausa buga, Mandingo buge, „schlagen, trommeln“; in Sierra Leone bogi, „tanzen”.• buckra, „Weißer“, insbes. „armer Weißer“, in den US heute selten, im Gullah u. in Karibik sehr verbreitet, < Efik u. Ibo mbakara, „Weißer“• juke, „Bordell, Kneipe“ (in juke box) < Wolof dzug „lasterhaft leben“, Bambara dzugu „schlecht“, Fulani jukka „stechen, betrügen“.• tote (in totebag) < Congo “to pick up, carry”.

• Okay, Initialen e. scherzhaft falschen Schreibung des Englischen all correct als orl oder oll korrect, Boston 1838, 1. Belegt März 1839; Wahlkampf 1840: Abkürzung von Old Kinderhook (Van Buren). Aber: In westafr. Sprachen kay zur Bestätigung weit verbreitet, insbes. nach Wörtern mit der Bedeutung „ja“, z.B. Wolof waw kay oder Mandingo o-ke, „ja, ganz bestimmt, in Ordnung“. 1. Beleg für oh ki im schwarzen Jamaikanisch 1818 als Ausdruck überraschter Bestätigung ist 20 Jahre älter als der erste Beleg aus New England.

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Afr. Lehnwörter im AE• boogie, „ein Tanz“ < Hausa buga, Mandingo buge, „schlagen, trommeln“; in Sierra Leone bogi, „tanzen”.• buckra, „Weißer“, insbes. „armer Weißer“, in den US heute selten, im Gullah u. in Karibik sehr verbreitet, < Efik u. Ibo mbakara, „Weißer“• juke, „Bordell, Kneipe“ (in juke box) < Wolof dzug „lasterhaft leben“, Bambara dzugu „schlecht“, Fulani jukka „stechen, betrügen“.• tote (in totebag) < Congo “to pick up, carry”.

• Okay, Initialen e. scherzhaft falschen Schreibung des Englischen all correct als orl oder oll korrect, Boston 1838, 1. Belegt März 1839; Wahlkampf 1840: Abkürzung von Old Kinderhook (Van Buren). Aber: In westafr. Sprachen kay zur Bestätigung weit verbreitet, insbes. nach Wörtern mit der Bedeutung „ja“, z.B. Wolof waw kay oder Mandingo o-ke, „ja, ganz bestimmt, in Ordnung“. 1. Beleg für oh ki im schwarzen Jamaikanisch 1818 als Ausdruck überraschter Bestätigung ist 20 Jahre älter als der erste Beleg aus New England.

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Konvergenzen • Bug, „Fan, Anhänger“, cat, „Mensch“, jitter, „zittern“ und hep, hipi, „informiert, auf dem laufenden“, auch in den Komposita jitterbug, „ein Tanz, Nervenbündel“ und hep-cat, „j., der auf dem laufenden ist“: < Mandingo ji-te, „ängstlich, feige“, baga, „Mensch“, Wolof hepi, hipi, „die Augen aufhalten“, kat, „Person“. Bug und cat konvergierten mit englischen Entsprechungen, hep und jitter sind afrikanische Lehnwörter.• Dig, „verstehen, schätzen, mögen“ < Wolof deg, „verstehen, schätzen“, konvergierte mit englisch dig, „(aus-)graben“.• Dirt im Sinne von „Erde, (unbefestigter) Boden“ (wie in den Amerikanismen dirt road oder dirt track) < Akan dote oder Twi dote, „Erde, Boden“, in westafr. und westind. Pidgins und Kreols als doti, dutty oder dirty, „Erde“.

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Lehnübersetzungen Day-clean, „Morgendämmerung“, Krio do klein < Mandingo, Wolof Tagesanbruch “the day is clean” oder “the country has become clean”. Im kreolischen Französisch der Karibik ju netye (“day cleaned”). bad-eye, „drohender, haßerfüllter Blick“; bad-mouth, „beleidigende, unanständige Sprache / fluchen, beleidigen, tratschen“; sweet-mouth, „schmeicheln / Schmeichelei“ (im Krio als swit mot); big eye, „gierig“.

7. Schluss7. Schluss1997, School Board von Oakland, California: Teil des Unterrichts in “Ebonics ” (Kontraktion aus “ebony” und “phonics”) George Lamming, Egejuru, Chinua Achebe (“Igboised English”), Wole Soyinka (Yoruba), The Road, Ngugi wa Thiong'o (Gikuyu), Devil on the Cross, Matigari

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Lesotho

Swasiland

Südliches AfrikaSüdliches Afrika

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Republic of South Africa

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Republic of South Africa: 43 Mio. Einw. Hauptstädte Pretoria (Regierungssitz), Kaptsadt (Sitz des Parlaments) u. Bloemfontein (Oberster Gerichtshof). Staatsgründung 1910, Ausrufung der Republik 1961. 76% der Bev. schwarz, 13% weiß, 8,5% Coloured, 3% AsiatenEntdeckung: Diaz 1488 an der Südspitze des Kontinents, Vasco da Gama umschiffte sie als erster, Natal 1497 an Weihnachten.1652 gründete Jan van Riebeek Kapstadt.Buren (= „Bauern“, Afrikaander), heute 56% der Weißen Afrikaans-Sprecher1816-28 schuf Xhosa Heerführer Chaka in Natal die Nation der Zulu. Seine Kriegszüge verursachten große Bev.-bewegungen. Im Bergland des heutigen Lesotho sammelten sich um 1820 Flüchtlinge, die vor den Zulu auswichen, und gründeten das Königreich Lesotho.

Briten: 1795 brit. Truppen am Kap der Guten Hoffnung, 1806 Besitznahme. In den 1820ern, 4-5.000. en-spr. Siedler in östl. Kap-Region, wo heute Grahamstown u. Port Elizabeth liegen.

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Spannungen Engländer - Buren: Aufhebung der Sklaverei im brit. Weltreich 1834, ca. 5.000 Buren aus Protest dagegen 1835-41 im Großen Trek aus brit. Herrschaftsbereich weg nach Norden, ins Landesinnere, begründeten die Burenrepubliken Natal (1839), Oranje-Freistaat (1842) und Transvaal (1852). Briten annektierten 1845 Natal und 1848 vorübergehend den Oranje-Freistaat, anerkannten jedoch 1852 bzw. 1854 deren Unabhängigkeit. 1868 erhielt das Gebiet des heut. Lesotho brit. Schutz gegen die Angriffe der Buren. Burenkrieg 1899-1902: Burenstaaten brit., die Buren behielten aber Recht, in der Schule und vor Gericht weiterhin NL zu verwenden. 1910 “Union of South Africa” als Dominion. 1925 Afrikaans statt NL neben EN 2. Landessprache.

1848-62 in Natal, Pietermaritzburg: verarmte Adlige, ehem. Offiziere von Army u. Navy, viele aus Yorkshire u. Lancashire.

Black SA EN seit 1870ern in den florierenden Missionsschulen. 1875 gab es dort über 22.000 Schüler, incl. zahlr. weiße Kinder.

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Coloureds: meist Afrikaans bzw. Afrikaans-EN bilingual.

In SA kein in s. allg. Verbreitung den WA Pidgins vergleichbares Phänomen; allerdings ein Pidgin unter den Bergarbeitern: Fanakalo.

Inder seit 1860 als Kontraktarbeiter (Indentured labourers) auf Zuckerfarmen in Natal. Noch heute zu 80% in Natal. Gandhi: 1894 Gründung des “Natal Indian Congress“; 1906-13 Kampagne für Anerkennung der bürgerl. Rechte s. Landsleute in Transvaal.Heute EN in Gesellschaft außerhalb, in Familien noch ind. Sprachen.

Seit 1870ern Gold- u. Diamantenbergbau am Witwatersrand; 1875-1904: 400.000 neue Immigranten aus Eur., mehr als doppelt so viele, wie ges. weiße Bev. von 1875. Anglophone mining plutocracy.Heute SA Rang 1 der Weltproduktion: Gold [34%], Platin [49%], Vanadium [51%], Chrom [34%] (ferner: Uran, Titan, Eisen, Blei, Zink, Silber, Kupfer, Steinkohle); ½ der Exporterlöse aus Bergbau, davon 33% mit Gold; 80% des Energiebedarfs: Steinkohle (Kohleverflüssigung). Seit 1980 Ausfuhr von Obst, Gemüse, Blumen. Haupthandelspartner: D, Japan, GB, USA.

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Status des Afrikaans-EN: 1870-1940 sehr gering. Afrikaaner-Nationalismus > Afrikaans. Nach 2. WK Zunahme des EN bei Buren-Elite: 2-sprachig; en. Muttersprachler gegen Afrikaans eher gleichgültig.Bantu-Spr., v.a. Sesotho, Zula u. Xhosa, heute auch in TV, Radio, Geschäftsleben, Reklame. Auf dem Arbeitsplatz, v.a. aber in den Schulen, lernen viele Schwarze EN. In den townships dominiert EN, für viele Sprache der Straße, nicht der Familie. Gebrauch und Abweichungen vom Standard nehmen zu. Fast 90% der Schwarzen für Schulbildung ihrer Kinder auf EN.Heute 11 Amtssprachen: EN, Afrikaans, Ndebele, Nord- u. Südsotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Zulu, Xhosa. Apartheid: 1948-94 ausschließl. afrikaansspr. Regierungen, völlige Gleichstellung beider Amtsspr. > de facto Bevorzugung der Afrikaaner. Jeder e. „Rasse“ zugeordnet: schwarz, weiß, coloured, asiatisch; Identitätskarte mit Rassenvermerk, getrennte Wohngebiete, 10 homelands/ bantustans, Sexualverkehr zw. versch. Rassen strafbar, Rassentrennung in Schulen, Kirchen, öffentl. Verkehrsmitteln, Tribalisierung gegen Kommunikation.

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Konsequenzen der Apartheid: 1961 Republik SA, Austritt aus Commonwealth. 1964 Mandela zu lebenslanger Haftstrafe verurteilt. 1974 aus der UN-Generalversammlung ausgeschlossen. 1989 de Klerk leitet radikale Wende in Innenpolitik ein. Org. wie ANC wieder zugelassen. 1991 die letzten Rassentrennungsgesetze aufgehoben. Mandela 1990 frei, 1994-99 Regierungschef, seither Thabo Mbeki. Seit 1997 neue Verfassung.

EN heute: Conservative SA EN :Kaum Abweichungen vom Standard in Aussprache und Grammatik Respectable SA EN :auf der Basis des Natal EN im Gebiet um Johannesburg entwickeltExtreme SA EN: geht auf Cape EN zurück, sehr starke Einflüsse des Afrikaans

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VokabularDie Hälfte der Lehnwörter im SA EN aus Afrikaans, der Rest aus port. Pidgin u. afr. Spr. Viele Teil des International EN, auch im OED Umgebung (Topographie, Fauna, Flora, Lebensweise)aardvark anteateramandla (< Bantu) powerblesbok highland antelopebobotie (< Malai.) dish of curried mincemeat and egg baked to a crustdonga (< Bantu) dry water course, ravine caused by erosionimpi (< Bantu) group of Bantu warriorsindaba (< Bantu) conference between/with members of native tribesinduna (< Bantu) tribal headman, Afr. foreman, person in authoritykloof ravine, valleykoppie small hilllekker pleasing, enjoyableloerie/ lory (< Malai.) a kind of parrotphutu (< Bantu) thick porridgesjambok (< Malai.) heavy whip of rhinoceros or hippopotamus hide

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Apartheid-Politik und Idelogieapartheid policy of racial separationbaaskap domination, esp. of non-Whites by Whitescitizenship certificate document certifying voting rights for residents of a

homeland classify to assign an individual to a particular racial groupexit permit a permit to leave the country without right to returnhomeland area set aside for an African people under the policy

of separate developmentImmorality Act law providing for the prosecution of black and white

who attempt to marry or who cohabitjob reservation restriction of employment to a particular racial groupprotected labour protected menial work for poor whitesreference book identity document carried by all Africans separate development the policy of developing homelands where Africans

are allowed some measure of self-ruletownship planned urban settlement of Blacks or Colouredsverkrampte (person) conservative/ reactionary, esp. as regards

apartheid

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OstafrikaOstafrika

OstafrikaOstafrika

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Kenia

Uganda

Tansania

Kenia Berliner Konferenz 1884. Tanganjika (seit 1964 Tansania) dt. Protektorat (Dt.-Ostafrika), Kenia Kern des Brit. East Afr. Protectorate, welches brit. Regierung 1895 proklamierte mit Verwaltungssitz in Mombasa. “Crown Land Ordinance” 1902.1920 Kenia brit. Kronkolonie. Missionare zunächst nur in Küstenregion, 1898 Thomas Watson im Gikuyu-Land, gründete Missionsstation, 2 Jahre später von Church of Scotland übernommen.

Suaheli in Tansania über 90%, Kenia 75%, Uganda 25%, in Tansania seit 1967 einzige off. Sprache, in Kenia seit 1974, hat s. aber trotz staatl. Förderung noch nicht in gleichem Maße gegen EN durchsetzen können. De jure EN in Ostafr. als offiz. Komm.-mittel zurückgedrängt, de facto nach wie vor dominierende Stellung, v.a. in Bildungswesen, oberen Ebenen der staatl. Verw., Massen-, insbes. Printmedien, Handel. EN-Sprecher in Kenia u. Uganda ca. 15-20%, in Tansania 5%.

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1901 Eisenbahn Mombasa – Viktoriasee: mehr Missionen, Nairobi 1899 Sitz Eisenbahnverw., 1907 Hauptstadt v. Brit. East Africa.Nach 1. WK erhielt GB vom Völkerbund Mandat für Tanganjika, nach dem 2. von UNO verlängert.

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Mau-Mau 1922 Demonstration für Gründers der “Young Kikuyu Association”, Harry Thuku, zahlreiche Demonstranten erschossen. “Kikuyu Central Association” 1924, ab 1928 Generalsekretär Jomo Kenyatta. KCA 1940 verboten. 30.000 Europäer (weniger als 1% der Bev.), 3.000 von diesen 20% des Bodens, “White Highlands”. Nur 10-20% dieses Besitzes landwirtsch. genutzt. Seit 1915 kein Landbesitz für Afrikaner, seit 1936 durften sie in White Highlands keine Rinder halten. 1948-52 ca. 250 000 Gikuyu-Eide, 20.10.1952 Ausnahmezustand, u.a. Kenyatta verhaftet und verurteilt: mythischer Status als Prophet, Heiliger und Märtyrer.Erbitterter Guerrillakrieg 1952-56: 100.000 „Sympathisanten“ in Lagern Tote: 32 europ. Zivilisten, 63 Soldaten, 26 asiatische Zivilisten, 12 Soldaten, und - nach offizieller Zählung - 11.500 Mau-Mau Kämpfer. Insges. 150.000 Afrikaner getötet, 250.000 schwer verwundet, 400.000 heimatlos.

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Uhuru 1963, Kenyatta Premierminister, 1964 Staatsoberhaupt, Regierungschef, oberster Befehlshabers der Streitkräfte. 1978 Daniel arap Moi.„Mungi ki“ („einfache Leute“) 300.000 Mitglieder.

Aussprache ostafr. EN: starke Reduzierung von Phonemoppositionen im Bereich der Vokale:seat-sit, let-late, hat-heart-hurt-hut, not-nought-note, fool-full Homonyme.Oft /th/-Laute durch /s, z/ oder /t, d/ ersetzt;/r/ u. /l/ verwechselt: lorry als [´rori, ´loli, ´roli].LexikEntlehnungen aus einheim. Sprachen:bwana master, sirduka store, shopkangara maize beermatatu collective taxipanga machete

pombe traditional beersafarishamba cultivated plot of landugali cornmeal pasteuhuru freedom, independence

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1770 Captain Cook. 1788-1847 Sträflingstransporte. 1830: 58.000 Sträflinge, 1/3 Iren. 1840 Bevölkerung von 190.000.Goldrausch ab 1851: in 2 Jahren 150.000 neue Immigranten 1901 Commonwealth of Australia: 4 Mio. Einwohner, vor WW II 7 Mio.1. Aussprache R.P. /ei/ (mate) im Australischen /ai/.R.P. /ou/ (go) /au/.R.P. / i/ (my) /oi/.

2. Vokabulara) Neue Vokabeln aus Eingeborenensprachen: kangaroo, koala. aus dem Griech. O. Lat.: platypus, eucalyptus.b) Neue Vokabeln aus engl. Wortstämmen: no-hoper, gum-tree, Outback.c) Im Englischen bekannter Ausdruck mit neuem Bezug: bush.

AustralienAustralien

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MalysiaMalysia

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1511 Portugiesen in Malakka, 1641 Holländer, 1795 Briten1895 Federated Malay States1948 Federation of Malay1957 Unabhängigkeit 20 Mio. Einwohner: 58% Malaien, 27% Chinesen, 8% Inder, 7% Eurasier und EuropäerLandessprache: Bahasa Malaysia

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Standard Australian Vocabulary Pflanzen, Tiere: koala, wombat, gumtree, paddock, wattle, magpie, Kultur: grazier Spitznamen: abo, blackfellow, Chow John (Johnny Darby, gendarme + darbies), Paddy Pommy (P.O.M.E. - Prisoner of Mother England, pom-pom + Tommy, Pomerian/ Pommer, jimmy – immigrant + Tommy, immigrant/ jimmy-grant + pomegranate)Tyke (Reim auf Mike, Michael: Mick, tyke `Landsmann´, ´Schurke`?)no-hoper, reffo (refugee), bottle-o (bottle collector)Gegenstände, Eigenschaften: kero (kerosene statt paraffin oil)metho (methylated spirits) shivoo (chez vous, sheevo/ shevo “disturbance, row, shindy”)trots (horse-trotting races), beaut (beautiful)dinkum (real, genuine, honest, fair), pinko, shickered (< Hebräisch shikkur) Redewendungen: Don´t do your block! Bugger me dead. mad as a cut snake

Australien