AncientAncientGreeceGreece

Geography of GreeceGeography of Greece• Mountains and the sea Mountains and the sea

most important most important geographical influencegeographical influence

• Caused small Caused small independent communities independent communities to developto develop

• Encouraged political Encouraged political participation within, and participation within, and war amongwar among

• Seafarers, who set up Seafarers, who set up colonies and trade colonies and trade throughout Mediterranean throughout Mediterranean

The MinoansThe Minoans

• Established in Established in Crete during the Crete during the Bronze Age around Bronze Age around 2800 B.C.2800 B.C.

• Named after King Named after King MinosMinos

• Rich trading Rich trading culture based on culture based on seafaring seafaring

MycenaeMycenae• Thrived from 1600 to Thrived from 1600 to

1100 B.C.1100 B.C.

• Alliance of powerful Alliance of powerful monarchiesmonarchies

• Warrior culture that Warrior culture that revolved around hunting revolved around hunting and fishingand fishing

• Fighting among Fighting among Mycenaean states would Mycenaean states would lead to their collapse lead to their collapse around 1100 B.C.around 1100 B.C.

The Dark AgeThe Dark Age• 1100-750 B.C.1100-750 B.C.

• Few records exist and Few records exist and population and food population and food production fellproduction fell

• During Dark Age Greeks During Dark Age Greeks immigrated to Ionia, immigrated to Ionia, Lesbos, and Lesbos, and Peloponnesus Peloponnesus

• Iron replaces bronze Iron replaces bronze improving weaponryimproving weaponry

• Phoenician Alphabet Phoenician Alphabet adaptedadapted

HomerHomer• Appeared near the end of Appeared near the end of

the Dark Agethe Dark Age• Creates epic poems the Creates epic poems the

Iliad and OdysseyIliad and Odyssey• Iliad story of the Trojan Iliad story of the Trojan

WarWar• Poems gave Greeks and Poems gave Greeks and

ideal past and set of ideal past and set of values (courage and values (courage and honor)honor)

• Taught how to be virtuous Taught how to be virtuous men and struggle for men and struggle for excellence (arete)excellence (arete)

Greek LifeGreek Life• Centered around the Centered around the

polispolis

• Polis-town, city, or village Polis-town, city, or village where people met for where people met for pol., soc., eco., and rel. pol., soc., eco., and rel. activitiesactivities

• Acropolis-main gathering Acropolis-main gathering place usually on top of a place usually on top of a hillhill

• Agora-open aired market Agora-open aired market usually found at the usually found at the bottom of the Acropolisbottom of the Acropolis

Greek City States (Polis)Greek City States (Polis)

• Varied in size from a Varied in size from a few hundred to few hundred to several thousand several thousand (Athens pop. (Athens pop. 300,000)300,000)

• Community of Community of people who shared people who shared a common identity a common identity and goalsand goals

Greek CitizensGreek Citizens• 3 Classes of Citizens3 Classes of Citizens

• Citizens with political Citizens with political rights (adult males)rights (adult males)

• Citizens without political Citizens without political rights (women and rights (women and children)children)

• Noncitizens (slaves and Noncitizens (slaves and resident aliens)resident aliens)

• Loyalty to polis made city Loyalty to polis made city state very patriotic and state very patriotic and would eventually cause would eventually cause Greece’s downfallGreece’s downfall

Greek MilitaryGreek Military

• Developed Hoplites Developed Hoplites around 700 B.C.around 700 B.C.

• Carried shield, Carried shield, sword, and a spear.sword, and a spear.

• Fought shoulder to Fought shoulder to shoulder forming shoulder forming the phalanx the phalanx formationformation

Greek ColoniesGreek Colonies• Settled distant landsSettled distant lands• Spread Greek culture Spread Greek culture

and ideasand ideas• Colonies founded in Colonies founded in

Italy, France, Spain, and Italy, France, Spain, and N. AfricaN. Africa

• Increased trade and Increased trade and industryindustry

• Helped create a new Helped create a new wealthy class of wealthy class of merchants who would merchants who would vie for political powervie for political power

TyrannyTyranny• New wealth class leads to New wealth class leads to

the rise of tyrantsthe rise of tyrants

• Tyrant-ruler who seized Tyrant-ruler who seized power by forcepower by force

• Oppressed by aristocrats so Oppressed by aristocrats so peasants supported tyrants peasants supported tyrants

• Kept power by using hired Kept power by using hired soldierssoldiers

• Tyrants will fall out of favor Tyrants will fall out of favor at the end of sixth century at the end of sixth century B.C.B.C.

Greek GovernmentsGreek Governments

• End of tyranny End of tyranny allowed new classes allowed new classes to participateto participate

• Democracy-ruled by Democracy-ruled by the many the many (eventually the (eventually the people)people)

• Oligarchy-ruled by Oligarchy-ruled by the fewthe few

SpartaSparta• Based on a military Based on a military

statestate

• Gained chunks of land Gained chunks of land through conquestthrough conquest

• Were rigidly controlled Were rigidly controlled and disciplinedand disciplined

• Men entered the Men entered the military at age 20military at age 20

• Lived and ate in Lived and ate in military barracks until military barracks until they were 30they were 30

Spartans ContinuedSpartans Continued• Could marry at 20Could marry at 20

• Vote in the assembly at 30Vote in the assembly at 30

• Stayed in army until 60Stayed in army until 60

• Women lived at home and Women lived at home and had more freedom and had more freedom and power than those in other power than those in other Greek PolisGreek Polis

• Women were to remain fit Women were to remain fit and keep producing and keep producing Spartan Warriors.Spartan Warriors.

Spartan GovernmentSpartan Government• Two Kings created the Two Kings created the

Spartan oligarchy (ML)Spartan oligarchy (ML)

• Five ephors responsible Five ephors responsible for education of the for education of the youth and conduct of youth and conduct of the citizensthe citizens

• Two Kings and 28 men Two Kings and 28 men over 60 decided issues over 60 decided issues to vote onto vote on

• Sparta closed itself to Sparta closed itself to the outside worldthe outside world

AthensAthens• Originally ruled by Originally ruled by

monarchy and moved monarchy and moved to oligarchyto oligarchy

• Athens began to Athens began to struggle economically struggle economically leading farmers to be leading farmers to be sold into slaverysold into slavery

• Aristocrat Solon takes Aristocrat Solon takes power cancels debts power cancels debts but does not give back but does not give back landland

• Leads to tyrannyLeads to tyranny

Athens ContinuedAthens Continued• Psistratus seized power Psistratus seized power

gives land back to poor gives land back to poor but still has problemsbut still has problems

• Athenians then appoint Athenians then appoint Cleisthenes leader in Cleisthenes leader in 508 B.C. 508 B.C.

• Creates council of 500 Creates council of 500 to pass laws through to pass laws through open debateopen debate

• Laid the foundation for Laid the foundation for the Athenian the Athenian Democracy Democracy

PersiaPersia• Greeks come in Greeks come in

contact with the contact with the Persian Empire to the Persian Empire to the east.east.

• Revolted Revolted unsuccessfully against unsuccessfully against Persian ruler Darius in Persian ruler Darius in 499 B.C.499 B.C.

• 490 B.C. Athenians 490 B.C. Athenians defeat the Persians at defeat the Persians at the battle of Marathonthe battle of Marathon

Xerxes Revenge (Persia)Xerxes Revenge (Persia)• Darius dies and Xerxes Darius dies and Xerxes

vows revengevows revenge

• Xerxes invades with a Xerxes invades with a massive army of about massive army of about 180,000 troops180,000 troops

• Seven thousand Greeks Seven thousand Greeks held them off for two held them off for two days at the pass of days at the pass of ThermopylaeThermopylae

• Traitor showed Persian a Traitor showed Persian a way to out flank Greeksway to out flank Greeks

• Persian defeat the Greeks Persian defeat the Greeks and destroy Athensand destroy Athens

Growth of the AtheniansGrowth of the Athenians• After defeating Persian After defeating Persian

months later a months later a defensive alliance is defensive alliance is made made

• Delian League expelled Delian League expelled all Persian from Greek all Persian from Greek city statescity states

• Helps Athens create an Helps Athens create an empireempire

Age of PericlesAge of Pericles• Pericles prime figure in Pericles prime figure in

Athenian politics (461-Athenian politics (461-429 B.C.)429 B.C.)

• Turns Athens into a Turns Athens into a direct democracydirect democracy

• Every male citizen Every male citizen could participate in could participate in assembly and vote assembly and vote (43,000)(43,000)

Age of Pericles Age of Pericles ContinuedContinued

• Assembly passed Assembly passed laws, elected laws, elected officials, decided officials, decided on war and foreign on war and foreign pol.pol.

• Paid office holdersPaid office holders

• Athenians Athenians developed developed ostracism (banned ostracism (banned for 10 years)for 10 years)

Great Peloponnesian WarGreat Peloponnesian War• Between Athens and Between Athens and

Sparta (431 B.C.)Sparta (431 B.C.)• Athens tried to stay Athens tried to stay

behind its walls behind its walls • Plaque broke out in Plaque broke out in

Athens killing 1/3 Athens killing 1/3 populationpopulation

• Fought on for about 25 Fought on for about 25 years and finally loose years and finally loose in 405 B.C.in 405 B.C.

• Weakens Greeks and Weakens Greeks and leads to there demise leads to there demise

Daily Life in AthensDaily Life in Athens• Athens has largest Athens has largest

population 185,000 population 185,000 (100,000 slaves as (100,000 slaves as well)well)

• Economy based on Economy based on farming and trade farming and trade (grapes and olives)(grapes and olives)

• Women were citizens Women were citizens but had no public life but had no public life except festivalsexcept festivals

• Marries around 14 and Marries around 14 and not educatednot educated

Greek ReligionGreek Religion• Considered religion Considered religion

necessary for the statenecessary for the state• 12 Gods12 Gods• Zeus, Athena, Apollo, Zeus, Athena, Apollo,

Aphrodite, and PoseidonAphrodite, and Poseidon• No body or doctrineNo body or doctrine• Pretty much everyone Pretty much everyone

goes to Hadesgoes to Hades• Based around rituals Based around rituals

and ceremonies and ceremonies • Oracles used to predict Oracles used to predict

futurefuture

Greek PhilosophersGreek Philosophers• Philosophers concerned Philosophers concerned

with nature and universewith nature and universe• PythagorasPythagoras-essence of -essence of

universe found in music universe found in music and numbersand numbers

• SocratesSocrates-Socratic -Socratic Method-unexamined life Method-unexamined life is not worth livingis not worth living

• PlatoPlato-preoccupied with -preoccupied with nature and how we know nature and how we know reality as well as gov. reality as well as gov. (equality for women)(equality for women)

PhilosophersPhilosophers• AristotleAristotle-analyzing -analyzing

and classifying and classifying things by things by observation and observation and investigation investigation (ethics, logic, (ethics, logic, poetry, gov. poetry, gov. astronomy, astronomy, geology, biology, & geology, biology, & physics)physics)

• HerodotusHerodotus-First -First Greek HistorianGreek Historian

Greek ArtGreek Art• Art centered Art centered

around ideal around ideal human formhuman form

• Ideal Male NudesIdeal Male Nudes

• Architecture-Architecture-Parthenon simple Parthenon simple with no with no unnecessary detailunnecessary detail

Alexander Alexander the Greatthe Great

Macedonia becomes a Macedonia becomes a threatthreat

• Macedonia lies just north of GreeceMacedonia lies just north of Greece

• Led by Phillip II Macedonia conquers Led by Phillip II Macedonia conquers Greece at battle of Chaeronea in 338 Greece at battle of Chaeronea in 338 B.C. (Greeks lose freedom, keep city-B.C. (Greeks lose freedom, keep city-states but under Macedonian control)states but under Macedonian control)

• 336 B.C. Phillip is murdered empire is 336 B.C. Phillip is murdered empire is now controlled by his 20year old son now controlled by his 20year old son AlexanderAlexander

AlexanderAlexander

• Taken by father on military Taken by father on military campaignscampaigns

• Student to AristotleStudent to Aristotle

• Alexander held a global view that Alexander held a global view that Greeks were equal to other races Greeks were equal to other races of peopleof people

• With this training Alexander begins With this training Alexander begins invasion of the Persian empireinvasion of the Persian empire

Alexander the Great

356-323 B.C.E.

Alexander the Great

356-323 B.C.E.

“I had rather excel others in the knowledge of what is excellent, than in the extent of my own power and dominion.” Alexander the Great

Alexander at WarAlexander at War• Meets Persians at Grancius River wins Meets Persians at Grancius River wins

victory, combined large Phalanx with victory, combined large Phalanx with cavalrycavalry

• Alexander wins once again at Issus, Persian Alexander wins once again at Issus, Persian King Darius III offers truce of 1/3 of empire, King Darius III offers truce of 1/3 of empire, Alexander rejects it and conquers all of Alexander rejects it and conquers all of Persia (Egyptian territory, becomes PharoahPersia (Egyptian territory, becomes Pharoah

• Battle of Gaugamela—Alexander victorious, Battle of Gaugamela—Alexander victorious, ends Persian power, pursues Darius eastends Persian power, pursues Darius east

• 327 B.C. crosses into Indus Valley for battle 327 B.C. crosses into Indus Valley for battle of Hydaspes river, wins victory continues of Hydaspes river, wins victory continues eastwardeastward

• After fighting for 11 years After fighting for 11 years Alexander returns to BabylonAlexander returns to Babylon

• Dies one year later of a fever at Dies one year later of a fever at 33 years old, empire divided 33 years old, empire divided amongst three generalsamongst three generals

• Conquered largest empire in the Conquered largest empire in the world up to this pointworld up to this point

• Alexander spread Greek culture Alexander spread Greek culture and ideas across empire, however and ideas across empire, however also incorporated eastern ideas also incorporated eastern ideas into his empire began cultural into his empire began cultural diffusion diffusion

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

Beginnings of Hellenistic Beginnings of Hellenistic EraEra• Greek language and culture Greek language and culture

spreads to other parts of the spreads to other parts of the world ( to imitate greeks)world ( to imitate greeks)

• Divided into Hellenistic kingdoms Divided into Hellenistic kingdoms (Macedonia, Egypt, Persian (Macedonia, Egypt, Persian Empire)Empire)

• Encouraged greek colonization Encouraged greek colonization throughout empires, specialists throughout empires, specialists moved throughout kingdom moved throughout kingdom (architects, actors, engineers)(architects, actors, engineers)

• Spread all aspects of Greek Spread all aspects of Greek culture throughout empireculture throughout empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

Building Greek Cities in the East

Building Greek Cities in the East

Trade in the Hellenistic World

Trade in the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic Culture

Hellenistic Culture

Alexandria becomes center of cultural accomplishments

Alexandria center for academic achievement, largest library in ancient world

Hellenistic art moves from emotion to realism

Classical vs. Hellenistic ArtClassical vs.

Hellenistic Art

Hellenism:The Arts & Sciences

Hellenism:The Arts & Sciences

$ Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus Sun center of

the universe, Earth revolves around the sun

Euclid wrote ELEMENTS about geometry.

Archimedes perfected the pulley, established pi

Eratosthenes earth was round, calculated circumference

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Epicureanism (Epicurus) Happiness was goal of life

(pleasure)

Freedom from worry and emotional turmoil, found outside of public activity (government)

STOICISM (ZENO)

Finding inner peace according to will of God leads to happiness

No need to separate from public activity, can serve both

The “Known” World – 3c B.C.E.

The “Known” World – 3c B.C.E.