Six Geographical Regions

Study Area

DistrictArea (km2)

Elevation (m amsl)

Mid-mountains

Shiwalik Tarai

Nawalparasi 2162 91 - 1936 32235 124114 45265

Pupandehi 1360 100 - 1350 1629 19725 119996

Kapilvastu 1738 100 - 185 - 28412 147282

Total 5260 32757 172251 312543

Per cent 6.53 33.21 60.26

Geographic area and distribution

(in hectare)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Nawalparasi Pupandehi Kapilvastu

Are

a in

'000

hec

tare

Agriculture Forest Grassland Others

Agriculture Forest Grassland Others

50.4 44.7 1.2 3.6

LANDUSE

District Landuse

Agricultural land (ha)

Cultivation

Cultivated Area (ha) Non Cultivated (ha)

261,903

238,305 (91%)

23,598 (9%)Irrigated Unirrigated

60% 40%

Irrigated Area

Total Area(ha)

Totalparcel

Totaltenant

Landowners

 

Abal Doyam Seem Chahar

256468 1105027 70142 96562 43445 98716 25283 349

Wetland classification (25.8) (58.8) (15) (0.2)

Dry land classification

34382 1074 2291 734 

(89.3) (0.02) (6) (4) 

Land type

14.61

3.6

19.82

4.47

39.53

Sandy

Loamy

Silty

Clayey

Clay Loam

Soil type of agriculture land

Districts

Average ( 0C )

Days withMax ≥300

Annual rain fall

Intensity24 hours

RainydaysMax Min

Nawalparasi 30.5 18.6 216 2317 102 - 269 99

Rupendehi 30.7 18.5 226 1868 82 - 252 80

Kapilvastu 31.3 18.2 237 1950 92 - 237 81

Rainfall and Temperature

DistrictArea (Sq. km.)

HH size

Male Female Total population

Pop. density

Sex ratio

Nawalparasi

2,162 5.72 278,257 284,613 562,870 260 1:1.02

Rupandehi 1,360 6.01 360,773 347,646 708,419 521 1:0.96

Kapilvastu 1,738 6.61 247,875 234,101 481,976 277 1:0.94

Total 5,260 6.06 886,905 866,360 1,753,265 333

Area and Population

Holding size (Ha)

% hh % hh

<0.1 7.4

< 0.5 43.20.1 - <0.2 10

0.2 - <0.5 25.8

0.5 - <1 25.8

1 - <2 20.6

> 1 30.762 - <3 5.86

3 and above 4.3

Landholding

Land Only 13.3 %

Livestock Only 2.7 %

Poultry Only 0.8 %

Land & livestock 37.8 %

Land & poultry 2.0 %

Livestock & poultry 1.3 %

All three 25.3 %

None of three 16.9 %

Households having

Household with Small Scale Non-agriculture Activities

HH with economic activities

Type of activitiesManufacturing Trade Transport Services Others

21% 5.6 31.7 3.3 31.4 27.7

District

Road density(km/100 km2) Electrified

village/municipality

TelephoneConnection

CreditInstitutions Seasonal Annual

Nawalparsi 5.04 6.5 45 4200 9

Rupandehi 10.88 11.2 54 21642 12

Kapilvastu 10.82 8.51 50 2136 8

Infrastructure

Base Nawal Rupan Kapil

Per capita income USD 240 249 206

Literacy % pop 46.9 62.2 35.8

Drinking water coverage

% hh80 86.5 79.9

LSU Per hh 1.75

Poverty ranking 4 - 74 38 33 28

Other indicators

Primary production

Land Ownership

Total tenants Land owners

70142 (43%) 96562 (57%)

National average 40%

Primary production

Paddy Maize Wheat Millet Other

98 0.5 1.5

Major crop

Source of livelihood

68%

10%

11% 1%10%

Agriculture Business Service Industry Others (Labors)

Primary production

Seed used

24.3

22.6

53.2Local

Hybrid

Both

Primary production

Source of hybrid seeds

711.3

81.7CooperativeAICOther (Including India)

Primary production

Managing local seeds

25.431.7

42.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

Purchaseupon need

Store at home Both

Primary production

Fertilizer use

3.8

16.9

79.2

Compost Chemical Both

Fertilizer source

10.77.7

81.6Cooperative

AIC

Other

Primary production

Chemical fertilizer distribution

34

59

59

Urea

DAP

Potas

Primary production

Production trend46

16.6

37.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

Decreasing Increasing Same

Primary production

Food sufficiency

54.08

26.519.39

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

% o

f h

h

Not enough J ust enough More than enough

Primary production

26

13.7

35.6

24.7

05

10152025303540

Neighborhood Local Market Big market O ther(traders)

Place of selling surplus

Processing and packaging

• Raw material from local market

• No secondary product is sold by farmers

• Profit is trader based

• 128 food processing industries (rice, oil, flour mills; biscuits, noodles, pulses, dalmoth, bread etc.)

Activities

Processing and packaging

Determinants • No government regulation • Adequate roads for transportation• Technology is primitive at the village

level, but modern in the mills• Consumer demand is mostly for

unprocessed food

Distribution and Retailers

• Government policy ineffective due to falling surplus

• Trade pattern : more export

• Food Corporation distributes food

• Food For Work is also implemented

• Population distribution is fairly uniform (villages within few kilometers)

Import and export

Distribution

Family Labor Family + Labor Parma

12.3 15.8 26.4 11.3

Farm labor

Land preparation

Ox Tractor Human labor

52% 37% 9%

Labor

Arsenic exposure

% Of Arsenic Exposed Households WHO guidelines

(10 ppb)

Nepal Interim Standard

(50 ppb)

Nawalparasi 21.3 34.9

Rupandehi 6.2 4

Kapilvastu 5 6.9

Health

Major cases reported

Visitors Percent of sick people

0PD 596,000 34%

Ear 26,000 1.5%

Eye 18,000 1.1%

Bronchitis 24,000 1.4%

Gastritis 32,000 1.9%

Abdominal pain

16,000 0.9%

Skin 103,000 5.9%

Diseases Reported cases

Health

Dietary habitVegetarian Non-

vegetarianFrequency of meat consumption

8.8 91.2

2-3 times a month. 1.5 kg of goat meat at a time

Preference

Food preferenceCereal Pulses

Rice Wheat Black gram

Lintel Arhar Other

99 1 2 64.5 26.6 6.6

Daily Meals

2 times 3 timesMale Female Children Male Female Children

89 88 8 11 12 92

Preference

Greenvegetables

Preserved vegetables(Gundruk, Masuera)

Others

30.1 1.7 68.2

Vegetable consumption

Preference

Other vegetables include Potato, Onion, Beans etc.

Own farm Market Both

9.7 32.4 57.9

Source of Vegetable

Neighborhood Local Market Others

2.9 88.9 8.2

Market place

Preference

Tiffin (snacks)

YES NOPercentage of HH

78.5%

21.5%Who eats what ?

Home made

Commercial

87 13

Preference 82.6 17.4

Preference

Daily Weekly Fortnightly Sick period Festival

6.2% 30% 37.6% 11.7% 14.5%

Fruit consumption

Preference

Cereals Production

Average (Kg/hh)

Maximum (Kg)

Paddy 2,308 45,000

Wheat 567 15,000

Maize 186 1,040

Millet 500 1,040

Other 150 200

Availability

Availability

Pulses Production

Average (Kg/hh)

Maximum (Kg)

Black gram 12.6 50

Lentil 75 500

Arhar 26 200

Horse gram / peas

46 500

Availability

Vegetable ProductionAverage (Kg/hh)

Maximum (Kg)

Potato 187 1,000

Onion 59 800

Cauliflower 79 1,000

Tomato 44 700

Green vegetable 43 500

Gourds 152 10,000

Availability

Oil seeds Production

Average (Kg/hh)

Maximum (Kg)

Mustard 78 700

Sunflower 73 150

Sarso 64 500

Til 10 22

Others 17 50

Availability

Fruits ProductionAverage (Kg/hh)

Maximum (Kg)

Banana 73 500

Lichi 31 100

Mango 151 700

Pineapples 217 2500

Others 53 400

Availability

Crop wise production trend (% hh)

Paddy Wheat Maize Pulses Vegetables

Down Up Down Up Down Up Down Up Down Up

74.8 25.2 77 23 90 10 83.6 16.4 80 20

27%

54%

19%Just enough

Not enough

More than enough

Food Sufficiency

Distribution

Source Months 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12

Survey % hh 15.9 31.7 17.1 35.4

Government 22.12 43.45 15.3 18.96

Food Insufficiency Period

Surplus foodStored at home Sold in the market

21.8 % 78.4 %

Distribution

Sale Store Both

% hh 3.51 85.15 11.32

Preference to store

Distribution

CropTraditionalstorage %

Modernstorage %

Use of insecticide %

Homemade

ChemicalFrommarket

Paddy 98 2 66 34

Wheat 97 3 53 47

Maize 94 1 1 -

Millet 100 - - -

B. gram 95 5 5 -

Lentil 96 4 6.5 10

Arhar 93 8 8 4

H.gram 100 - - -

Others 100 - 7 12

Potato 99 1 3 -

Onion 98 2 2 2

Storage facility

Distribution

CropTraditional

storageModernstorage

Use of insecticide

Yes No

Paddy 97 3 37 63

Wheat 98 2 54 46

Maize 100 - - 100

Potato 89 11 7 93

Otherseeds

100 - 30 70

Storage of major seeds at home (% hh)

Distribution

Immediatesale

Payingdebt

Lack of storage

Good market price

To be on the safe side

40% 20 10 15 55

Household reporting immediate sale

Distribution

Neighborhood Local Market Big market Others

26 13.7 35.6 24.7

Productionincome

Wage labor Service Burrow Other

1.9% 52.9% 29.9% 1.3% 14%

Meeting food with wage earning Burrow Others

Withindistrict

Outsidedistrict

OutsideNepal

90,727 11,301 13,063 9,242 8,808

72.63% 9.05% 10.46% 7.4% 7.05%

Coping food deficit (Ministry)

Distribution

Survey

Limitedland

Low productivity

Poorirrigation

Limitedfertilizer

Scarceseed

Largefamily

Others

45 4.2 20.2 7.1 2.9 13 7.6

Reason for low production

60 23.3 ------6.7------ Cash crop 10.0

According to the Ag. Ministry

Holdings Area(ha)

Land made uncultivable due to flood/soilerosion

No. of holdings reporting Area (ha)

224,420 206,97819,297 4,896

8.6% 2.4%

Flood and soil erosion impact

Import Export

Total Local India Total Local India

Cereal 1833 1120713[38%]

4664 4534130 [3%]

Vegetable 1921 1151764[40%]

66 63.52.7[4%]

Fruit 311 161150.25[48%]

86 86 Nominal

Oil/ghiu 235 112122.7[52%]

17 16.55 0

Pulses, 4.5 mt exported, 49.5 mt imported

Food export and import into the villages

Exchange

Mode of Payment

Service Respondent

Cash Respondent

GoodsImmediate Credit Both Immediate Credit

Cart 10 90% 10% - 12 100% -

Tractor 137 85% 12% 3% 13 8% 92%

Exchange

Affordability

• Pricing policy : Ineffective committee, market based

• Seasonal variation : Difficult in rainy season

• Food preparation : Simple, affordable

Distribution and retailers• Transport : Bicycle, Rikshaw, Jeep,

Bus• Advertising (radio) : Some impact• Delivery to consumers : Commercial

food by retailers • Haat bazar : Main source of market• Pricing : Fixed by traders

Allocation