anatomy and physiology chapter 3

8/11/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 3

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Anatomy and Physiology Chapter

#3


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3.1 Introduction Cells vary considerable in size, shape,

and function.

The shape of cells in the body varybased on their function.


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3.2 Composite Cell Because cells vary so greatly in size,

shape, content, and function, describing

a typical cell is impossible.All of the structures described in the

composite cell can NOTbe found inevery cell regardless of function.

The organelles are found in thecytoplasm of the cell.


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Cell Organelles1. Cell Membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)

4. Ribosomes

5. Golgi Apparatus

6. Mitochondria7. Lysosomes

8. Peroxisomes

9. Microfilaments andMircotubules

10.

Centrosomes11. Cilia and flagella

12. Vesicles

13. Nucleus

14. Nuclear envelope15. Nucleolus

16. Chromatin


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Cell Membrane Extremely thin and semipermeable. The cell membrane contains many kinds of proteins,

each with a special function.

Function: The membrane allows some substances toenter and leave the cell but not others, participates insignal transduction, and helps cells adhere to othercells. The membrane forms a boundary around thecellular contents,, and the basic structure of the cell

membrane is a lipid-protein bilayer. Structure: The basic framework of the cell membrane

consists of a (bilayer) double layer of phospholipid,with fatty acid tails turned in.


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Cell Memebrane The Phosphate Head is HYDROPHILIC

meaning "WATER

LOVING". Because of its hydrophilicnature, the head of a Phospholipid willorient itself so that it is as close aspossible to water molecules.

The Lipid Tails are HYDROPHOBICmeaning "WATER-FEARING", theHydrophobic tails will tend to orientthemselves away from water.


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Cytoplasm The cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid

called cytosol, a supportive

cytoskeleton, and networks ofmembranes and organelles.

Cell activities occur mainly in the

cytoplasm, where nutrients arereceived, processed, and used.


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Endoplasmic Reticulum ER is made up of membrane-bounded flatten

sacs and elongated canals. ER provides atubular transport system inside the cell.

Rough ER: Has ribosomes on its outer layerWhat does it function in the synthesis andtransport of? PROTEIN

Smooth ER: No ribosomes. What does it

function in the transport of? LIPIDS Vesicles that have a role in secretion are

formed by the ER.


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Ribosomes They are found in the cytoplasm and ER

They composed of Protein and RNAmolecules.

Function is protein synthesis.


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Popeye is active because he eats spinach.

However, for Popeye's cellsto be active, hisribosomes help create proteins.


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Golgi Apparatus They are composed of about 6 flattened,

membranous sacs.

Function is to refine, package, and deliverproteins synthesized on ribosomes, and itpackages the cells products.

Vesicles that have a role in secretion are

formed by the golgi apparatus (and ER). Plays a central role in the transport of new

molecules from inside to outside the cell.


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Mitochondria

Is the POWERHOUSEof the cell andcontain enzymes that catalyze reactions

that release energy from nutrientsneeded for aerobic respiration.

Enzyme is a protein that catalyzes a

specific biochemical reaction.Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) energy.


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Lysosomes

The "garbage disposals of the cell

They contain powerful enzymes to

break up old cell components andbacteria. Example white blood cells canengulf bacteria to fight bacterial

infections.


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Peroxisomes

Membranous sacs are abundant in liverand kidney cells.

They contain enzymes that function inthe synthesis of bile acids, breakdownof lipids, degradation of rare

biochemicals, and detoxification ofalcohol.


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Microfilaments andmicrotubules

Thin, threadlike processes within thecytoplasm that function in various kinds of

cell movement and that serve as thecytoskeleton of the cell.

Microfilaments, made of the protein actin,cause various cellular movements.

Mictotubules, made of the globular proteintubulin. Form 9+2 pattern.


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Centrosome

is a structure made up of two hollowcylinders called centrioles.

Function in cell reproduction.


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Cilia and flagella

They are motile extensions from thecell.

Cilia is short and move to-and-fro. Cilia function is to move fluids.

Flagella are longer and move in an

undulating wavelike motion. What is the only flagellated cell in the

body? SPERM


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Vesicles

Or vacuolesare formed by part of thecell membrane.

They contain some liquid or solidmaterial formerly outside the cell.

Golgi and ER also form vesicles.


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Nucleus, nuclear envelope

Is bounded by a double-layered nuclearmembrane (nuclear envelope)

containing relatively large nuclear poresthat allow the passage of certainsubstances.


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Nucleolus

Is a small, dense body composedmainly of RNA.

Has no surrounding membrane.

Ribosomesform in the nucleolus.


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Chromatin

Consist of loosely coiled fibers of DNAand protein called chromosomes.


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3.3 Movements through cellmembranes

Passivemechanisms do not

require energy.1. Diffusion

2. Facilitated diffusion

3.

Osmosis4. Filtration

Active mechanismsrequire cell energy.

1. Active transport

2. Endocytosis

3. Exocytosis


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Passive

Diffusion is the process by whichmolecules or ions scatter or spread

spontaneously from high concentrationto low concentration.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse

readily through the cell membrane. Equilibrium is reached.


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Passive

Substances that are not able to passthrough the lipid bilayer need the help

of membrane proteins to get across,this is called facilitated diffusion.

Carrier moleculesrevolving doorsare

used to carry large molecules (glucose)across the membrane.


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Passive

Osmosis is the diffusion of water.

Solutions with a higher osmotic

pressure than body fluids are calledhypertonic.

Solutions with a osmotic pressure equal

to body fluids are called isotonic. Solutions with a lower osmotic pressure

than body fluids are called hypotonic.


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Passive

When fluid is forced through amembrane by hydrostatic or blood

pressure, the mechanism is calledfiltration.

Edemaexcess tissue fluid.


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Active

Active transport is a process that movesparticles through membranes from a

region of low concentration to highconcentration.

Equilibrium is never reached.


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Active

In endocytosismolecules that are too large to betransported by other means are engulfed by portionof the cell membrane and carried intothe cell

surrounded by a vesicle.

1. Pinocytosisis a form in which cells engulf liquids.

2. Phagocytosisis a form in which the cell takes in

larger particles, such as a white blood cell engulfinga bacterium.

3. Receptor-mediated is a form in which receptorsbind specific particles, and they are drawn into thecell.


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The reverse to endocytosis isexocytosis.


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3.4 The Cell Cycle

The series of changes a cell undergoes fromthe time it is formed until it reproduces iscalled the cell cycle.

The cell cycle is highly regulated. Most cellsdo not divide continually. Cells have amaximum number of times they candivide because of built-in clocks calledtelomeres on the tips of chromosomes.

Mitosiscell division to form new cells (bodycells).

Meiosiscell division that forms sex cells(gametes).


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Mitosis (IPMAT)

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase


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Mitosis

Interphase is a period of great metabolicactivity in which the cell grows and

synthesizes new molecules and organelles.During the S phase of interphase, the DNA ofthe cell is replicated in preparation for celldivision.

Prophasechromosomes and centriolesbecome visible and the nuclear envelope andthe nucleolus disappear.


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Metaphasethe chromosomes line up in themiddle of the cell. Spindle fibers are

connected to the centromeres of eachchromosome.

Anaphasecentromeres are pulled apart andchromosomes move in opposite directions.

Telophasechromosomes change back intochromatin. Nuclear envelope and nucleolusre-form. Cell membrane pinches.


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Cytokinesisis the division of cytoplasm.


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Cell Death

Apoptosisis a form of cell death that isactually a normal part of development,

sculpting organs from overgrown tissues. In the fetus, apoptosis carves away webbing

between developing fingers and toes.

Apoptosis follows a sunburn it peels away

cells so damaged that they might otherwiseturn cancerous.


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Cancer

Cancer cells spread to distant areas(metastasize), display excessive

growth (hyperplasia), and exhibitproperties found in earlier stages(de-differentiation).


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Work Cited

Golgi apparatus image.www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/cell.html Mitochondria man image.

www.mitochondria.us/pages/rebep_main.html Mitochondria image.

www.mitochondria.us/pages/rebep_main.html Cell image.

www.merck.com/media/mmhe2/figures/fg001_2.gif

ER image. www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG Ribosome image.

//anthro.palomar.edu/biobasis/bio_5.htm
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/cell.htmlhttp://www.mitochondria.us/pages/rebep_main.htmlhttp://www.mitochondria.us/pages/rebep_main.htmlhttp://www.mitochondria.us/pages/rebep_main.htmlhttp://www.mitochondria.us/pages/rebep_main.htmlhttp://www.merck.com/media/mmhe2/figures/fg001_2.gifhttp://www.merck.com/media/mmhe2/figures/fg001_2.gifhttp://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPGhttp://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPGhttp://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPGhttp://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPGhttp://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPGhttp://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPGhttp://www.merck.com/media/mmhe2/figures/fg001_2.gifhttp://www.mitochondria.us/pages/rebep_main.htmlhttp://www.mitochondria.us/pages/rebep_main.htmlhttp://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/cell.html


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Cell membrane image.www.bioeng.auckland.ac.nz/images/

Popeye cartoon.

www.//vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/ribo.html Lysosome image.

www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

Cytoskeleton image.

www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4f.asp Animated sheep. www.beyondbooks.com
http://www.bioeng.auckland.ac.nz/images/http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.htmlhttp://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4f.asphttp://www.beyondbooks.com/http://www.beyondbooks.com/http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4f.asphttp://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.htmlhttp://www.bioeng.auckland.ac.nz/images/


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Centrosome image.www.faculty.tcc.cc.fl.us/scma/smithh/centrioles.jpg

Cilia and Flagella image.www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/flagella-movement.html

Nucleus image.www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBook

CELL2.html

Carrier Molecule image.www.msad54.k12.me.us/MSAD54Pages/skow/CurrProjects/Biology/CrazyCells/Transport/transport%20proteins.htm
http://www.faculty.tcc.cc.fl.us/scma/smithh/centrioles.jpghttp://www.faculty.tcc.cc.fl.us/scma/smithh/centrioles.jpghttp://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/flagella-movement.htmlhttp://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/flagella-movement.htmlhttp://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/flagella-movement.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.htmlhttp://www.msad54.k12.me.us/MSAD54Pages/skow/CurrProjects/Biology/CrazyCells/Transport/transport%20proteins.htmhttp://www.msad54.k12.me.us/MSAD54Pages/skow/CurrProjects/Biology/CrazyCells/Transport/transport%20proteins.htmhttp://www.msad54.k12.me.us/MSAD54Pages/skow/CurrProjects/Biology/CrazyCells/Transport/transport%20proteins.htmhttp://www.msad54.k12.me.us/MSAD54Pages/skow/CurrProjects/Biology/CrazyCells/Transport/transport%20proteins.htmhttp://www.msad54.k12.me.us/MSAD54Pages/skow/CurrProjects/Biology/CrazyCells/Transport/transport%20proteins.htmhttp://www.msad54.k12.me.us/MSAD54Pages/skow/CurrProjects/Biology/CrazyCells/Transport/transport%20proteins.htmhttp://www.msad54.k12.me.us/MSAD54Pages/skow/CurrProjects/Biology/CrazyCells/Transport/transport%20proteins.htmhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.htmlhttp://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/flagella-movement.htmlhttp://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/flagella-movement.htmlhttp://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/flagella-movement.htmlhttp://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/flagella-movement.htmlhttp://www.faculty.tcc.cc.fl.us/scma/smithh/centrioles.jpg


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Edema image. www.nucleusinc.com

Mitosis image 1stpg.

http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/cells/mit%20pics/mitosis%20animal.jpg

Mitosis image.www.mun.ca/.../BIOL2060/CellBiol17/CB17_19.html
http://www.nucleusinc.com/http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/cells/mit%20pics/mitosis%20animal.jpghttp://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/cells/mit%20pics/mitosis%20animal.jpghttp://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/cells/mit%20pics/mitosis%20animal.jpghttp://www.mun.ca/.../BIOL2060/CellBiol17/CB17_19.htmlhttp://www.mun.ca/.../BIOL2060/CellBiol17/CB17_19.htmlhttp://www.mun.ca/.../BIOL2060/CellBiol17/CB17_19.htmlhttp://www.mun.ca/.../BIOL2060/CellBiol17/CB17_19.htmlhttp://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/cells/mit%20pics/mitosis%20animal.jpghttp://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/cells/mit%20pics/mitosis%20animal.jpghttp://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/cells/mit%20pics/mitosis%20animal.jpghttp://www.nucleusinc.com/

anatomy and physiology chapter 3

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