chapter 3 anatomy and physiology

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | ADVANCE ORGANIZER

CHAPTER 3ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 3.13.2

BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODYBASIC BODY SYSTEMS

FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | ADVANCE ORGANIZER

FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:• Explain the relationship and function of cells,

tissues and primary organs within the human body• Identify the structure, function and primary

cosmetological significance, where appropriate, of 8 body systems

3.1 BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODYCELLSTISSUESORGANSBODY SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | ADVANCE ORGANIZER

Anatomy: study of organs and systems of the body

2 TYPES OF ANATOMY

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | ADVANCE ORGANIZER

GrossCan be seen with the naked eye

MicroscopicStudies structures too small to

see without aid of a microscope

Physiology: study of the functions the organs and systems perform

PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | CELLS

Cells: basic units of living matter (life)Protoplasm: gel-like substance containing water, salt and nutrients obtained from food

THREE BASIC PARTS OF A CELLS1. Nucleus2. Cytoplasm3. Cell Membrane


Metabolism: chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for growth and reproduction

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM• Anabolism: building up larger molecules from

smaller ones• Catabolism: practices that preserve the health

of the community


TISSUES

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | TISSUES

Tissues: groups of cells of the same kind

5 PRIMARY TYPES OF TISSUE• Epithelial • Connective • Nerve • Muscular• Liquid

ORGANS

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | ORGANS

Organs: separate body structures that perform specific functions and are composed of 2 or more different tissues

Brain

Eyes

Heart

Lungs

Stomach and Intestines

Liver

Kidneys

Skin

Systems: group of body structures and/or organs that together, perform functions for the body

BODY SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | BODY SYSTEMS

Skeletal NervousCirculatoryMuscular

Digestive Excretory Respiratory Endocrine

BODY SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | BODY SYSTEMS

SELF-CHECKAnswer the following questions:

1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.

2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs.

3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ________.

4. Another name for histology is ___________ ________.

5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called __________.

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | SELF-CHECK

SELF-CHECK6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye

is called ______ __________.

7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called ___________.

8. Cells make up _______, which make up organs. Organs make up ________.

9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a _______.


SELF-CHECKAnswer the following questions:

1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.

2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs.

3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ________.

4. Another name for histology is ___________ ________.

5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called __________.


anatomymicroscopic anatomy

physiology

SELF-CHECK6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye

is called ______ __________.

7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called ___________.

8. Cells make up _______, which make up organs. Organs make up ________.

9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a _______.


gross anatomy

protoplasm

tissuessystems

system

3.2 BASIC BODY SYSTEMSTHE SKELETAL SYSTEMTHE MUSCULAR SYSTEMTHE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMTHE NERVOUS SYSTEMTHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMTHE EXCRETORY SYSTEMTHE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMTHE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMTHE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMTHE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | ADVANCE ORGANIZER

• Physical foundation of the body• Composed of 206 bones of different

shapes and sizes• Bones are attached to each other

at movable or immovable joints• A joint is the point at which two or

more bones are joined together

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | ADVANCE ORGANIZER

Osteology: study of bones• Flat bones (ribs and skull)• Long bones (arms and legs)• Irregular bones (wrist, ankle,

spinal column)Bones:• Composed of 2/3 mineral and 1/3

organic matter• Produce white and red blood cells• Store calcium

BONES

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

MovementAttachmentProtectionSupportShape

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM


THE SKULL


Skeleton of the head• Encloses and protects brain and primary sensory organs• Divided into 2 groups of bones

• Cranium composed of 8 bones• Facial skeleton composed of 14 bones

THE CRANIUM


Frontal

Parietal2 bones

Occipital

Temporal2 bones

FACIAL SKELETON


Nasal Bridge of the nose

Lacrimal Inner eye socket

Lacrimal Inner eye socket

ZygomaticUpper cheek

Mandible Lower jaw

Maxillae Upper jaw – 2 bones

ZygomaticUpper cheek

NECK BONES


HyoidSupports the muscles

of the tongue

Cervical Vertebrae 7 bones manipulated in extended scalp massage

BACK, CHEST AND SHOULDER BONES


12 Ribs

SternumChest bone

Thoracic Vertebrae Spine

ClavicleCollar bone

ScapulaShoulder bone

ARM, WRIST AND HAND BONES


Radius

Ulna

HumerusLargest bone of

upper armMetacarpals5 long, thin bones that form the palm

of the hand

PhalangesEach finger has 3 phalanges;

each thumb has 2

Carpals8 small bones held

together by ligaments to form wrist or carpus

Myology: study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles

Body is composed of more than 500 large and small muscles• Compose about 40% of the

body’s weight• Produce movement when stimulated

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Support of the skeleton• Production of body movements• Contouring of body• Involvement in functions of other

body systems

FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM


1. Voluntary or Striated – respond to commands regulated by will

2. Involuntary or Non-striated – respond automatically to control various body functions

The salon professional is primarily concerned with the voluntary muscles of the head, face, neck, arms and hands


2 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

Striated

Non-striated

• Muscle of the heart itself • Only muscle of its type in the

human body• Functions involuntarily

CARDIAC (HEART) MUSCLE


Anterior – in front ofPosterior – behind or in back ofSuperioris – located above or is largerInferioris – located below or is smallerLevator – lifts upDepressor – draws down or depressesDilator – opens, enlarges or expands

TERMS USED TO IDENTIFY MUSCLE LOCATION OR FUNCTION


3 PARTS OF THE MUSCLE


OriginNonmoving fixed portion, attached to bones or to

other fixed muscle

BellyMidsection of muscle,

between 2 attached sections

InsertionPortion of muscle joined to

movable attachments: bones, movable muscles or skin


Muscles produce movement through contraction (tightening) and expansion (relaxing)7 ways to stimulate muscular tissue include:1. Massage2. Electric current (high-frequency and faradic current)3. Light rays (infrared rays and ultraviolet rays)4. Heat rays (heating lamps and heating caps)5. Moist heat (steamers, warm steam towels)6. Nerve impulses (through nervous system)7. Chemicals (certain acids and salts)

• Primary interest to the salon professional as scalp and neck massages and facials are performed

• Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the insertion attachment to the origin attachment

SCALP AND FACE MUSCLES


Epicranius (Occipitofrontalis): formed by 2 muscles joined by the aponeurosis tendon

SCALP MUSCLES


FrontalisRaises eyebrows;

draws thescalp forward

OccipitalisDraws the scalp back

EAR MUSCLES


Auricularis Anterior

In front of the ear

Auricularis SuperiorAbove the ear

Auricularis Posterior

Behind the ear

EYE AND NOSE MUSCLES


CorrugatorDraws eyebrows

in and down Orbicularis OculiCloses the eyelid

Levator Palpebrae SuperiorisRaises eyelid

ProcerusDraws brow down

MOUTH MUSCLES


Oris Orbicularis• Circles the mouth • Responsible for

contracting, puckering and wrinkling the lips as in kissing or whistling

Quadratus Labii Superioris• Consists of 3 parts• Located above the

upper lip• Raises nostrils and

upper lip as in expressing distaste

MOUTH MUSCLES


Mentalis• Located at tip of chin• Pushes lower lip up

and/or wrinkles chin as in expressing doubt

Quadratus Labii Inferioris• Located below

lower lip• Pulls lower lip down or to

the side as in expressing sarcasm

Caninus• Located above

corners of mouth• Raises angle of mouth

as in snarling

Risorius• Located at

corner of mouth• Draws mouth up and

out as in grinning

MOUTH MUSCLES


Triangularis• Located below the

corners of mouth• Draws corners of mouth

down as in expressing depression Zygomaticus

• Located outside the corners of mouth

• Draws mouth up and back as in laughing

• Consists of zygomaticus major and minor

Buccinator• Located between jaws

and cheek• Responsible for

compressing cheek to release air outwardly as in blowing

MASTICATION MUSCLES


TemporalisPerforms both opening and closing

jaws as in chewing (mastication)

MasseterAids in closing the jaw asin chewing (mastication)

NECK AND UPPER BACK MUSCLES


SternocleidoMastoideus

Causes the head to move from side to side and up and down as in nodding “yes” or “no”

Trapezius andLatissimus Dorsi

Draw head back, rotate shoulder blades and

control swinging of arm

PlatysmaDepresses

lower jaw and lip as in

expressing sadness

SHOULDER, CHEST, AND ARM MUSCLES


DeltoidLifts or turns

the arm

Serratus AnteriorHelps in lifting the arm

and in breathing

Pectoralis Major and

Pectoralis MinorAssist in swinging

the arms



BicepRaises forearm, bends elbow

and turns palm down

TricepControls forward

movement of forearm

PronatorTurns palmdownwardand inward

SupinatorTurns palm up



FlexorBends wrist and

closes fingers

ExtensorStraightens fingers

and wrist

HAND MUSCLES


AbductorSeparates fingers

OpponensGive the ability to grasp or make a fist

AdductorDraws fingerstogether

• Controls circulation of blood and lymph through the body

• Stimulated or relaxed by massage

• Divided into two subsystems: cardiovascular and lymph-vascular system

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. Cardiovascular or Blood-Vascular• Responsible for circulation of the blood• Includes heart, arteries, veins and capillaries• Combines with lymph system to maintain circulation

2. Lymph-Vascular• Circulates lymph through lymph glands, nodes

and vessels• Reaches parts of body not reached by blood

TWO INTERRELATED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart: cone-shaped, muscular organ located in the chest, normally the size of a closed fist• Contracts and relaxes to move blood• Consists of 4 chambers:

• Upper (right and left atrium)• Lower (right and left ventricle)

• Beats 60-80 times per minute (normal heart)Pericardium: membrane that encases the heart

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

THE HEART


Pericardium

Left Atrium

Right Atrium

Left VentricleRight Ventricle

• Circulates through the body as a sticky, salty fluid• Brings nourishment and oxygen

to body parts• Carries toxins and waste products

to liver and kidneys to be eliminated• Made up of red and white corpuscles,

platelets and plasma

The average adult blood supplyis 8 to 10 pints

THE BLOOD


Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes or red corpuscles) • Carry oxygen and contain hemoglobinOxygen-poor blood is deep scarlet redOxygen-rich blood is bright red

White Blood Cells (leukocytes or white corpuscles)• Fight bacteria and other foreign substances

THE BLOOD


Blood Platelets (thrombocytes)• Responsible for the clotting of blood

Plasma• Fluid part of blood• Carries RBC, WBC and blood platelets through

the body • About 90% water

THE BLOOD


BLOOD VESSELS


Arteries Veins Capillaries• Tubular, elastic,

thick-walled• Branching vessels• Carry blood away

from heart• Carry pure blood

(bright red in color)

• Tubular, elastic, thin-walled

• Branching vessels• Carry blood from

capillaries to heart• Cup-like valves prevent

backflow• Carry impure blood

(dark red in color)• Closer to body surface

than arteries

• Small vessels• Take nutrients

and oxygen from arteries to cells

• Take waste from cells to veins

Systemic or General Circulation: the entire process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heartTo the heart• Oxygenated blood enters right

auricle (atrium) of heart through superior vena cava

• Blood is then pumped through tricuspid valve into right ventricle

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART


1. Common Carotid Artery2. Internal Carotid Artery3. External Carotid Artery4. Internal Jugular Vein5. External Jugular Vein6. Occipital Artery7. Posterior Auricular Artery8. Superficial Temporal Artery9. External Maxillary Artery

ARTERIES AND VEINS OF THE FACE, HEAD AND NECK


Common Carotid Arteries• Supply head, face

and neck• Located on either

side of the neck• Split into internal and

external carotid arteries



• Internal Carotid Artery – supplies blood to brain, eyes and forehead

• External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries, supplying blood to skin and muscles of the head

All blood from the head, face and neck returns through two veins, internal and external jugular veins



• External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries• Occipital – supplies blood to back of the head,

up to crown• Posterior Auricular – supplies blood to scalp above and

behind ears• Superficial Temporal – supplies blood to sides and

top of the head• External Maxillary – supplies blood to lower portion of

the face, including mouth and nose



Lymph• Colorless liquid by product• Nourishes parts of the body not reached by blood• Travels through nodes or glands that filter out toxic

substances

The lymphatic system picks up leaked fluid and plasma proteins and returns them to the cardiovascular system

LYMPH-VASCULAR SYSTEM (LYMPHATIC SYSTEM)

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | LYMPH-VASCULAR SYSTEM

Neurology: study of the nervous system• Coordinates and controls operation of the body• Divided into 3 subsystems

• Central or Cerebrospinal• Peripheral• Autonomic or Sympathetic

• Primary Components • Brain• Spinal cord • Nerves

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System• Composed of brain, spinal cord and spinal and

cranial nerves • Responsible for all voluntary body actions

Brain• Controls all 3 parts of nervous system• Is command center• Weighs 44-48 ounces

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE BRAINTHE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM


Cerebrum Cerebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata

•Mental activity

•Upper front of cranium

•Muscle movement

•Occipital area below cerebrum

• Connects other parts of brain to spinal column

• Below cerebrum and in front of cerebellum

• Connects other parts of brain to spinal column

• Below pons

THE SPINAL CORD• Composed of long nerve fibers• Originates in base of brain and extends to base of spine• Holds 31 pairs of spinal nerves

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM


Peripheral Nervous System: composed of sensory and motor nerves extending from brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body• Have nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane• Differ in appearance due to threadlike

fibers called axons that extend from cells• Contain nerve terminals (synapse)

• Located at the end of axons• Send messages as impulses

Dendrites: short fibers that receive messages sent to a nerve cell

THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sensory (afferent)• Carry messages to brain and spinal cord• Determine sense of smell, sight, touch, hearing, taste

Motor (efferent)• Carry messages from brain to muscles

• Receive messages from the brain and cause muscles to contract or expand

Mixed• Perform both sensory and motor functions

TYPES OF NERVES

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Trifacial Nerve (Fifth Cranial): largest of the cranial nerves (mixed nerve)• Transmits facial sensations to the brain• Controls muscle movements of chewing• Divides into three main branches

FACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | FACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES

THE TRIFACIAL NERVEFACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES


Ophthalmic

Maxillary

Mandibular

THE TRIFACIAL NERVEFACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES


Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular• Nerve branch to top

1/3 of face; divides into:• Supraorbital• Supratrochlear• Nasal

• Nerve branch to middle 1/3 of face; divides into:• Zygomatic• Infraorbital

• Nerve branch to bottom 1/3 of face; divides into:• Auriculo temporal• Mental

THE FACIAL NERVE


Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial): primary motor nerve of the face• Emerges from brain at the lower part of ear• Has 6 branches of particular importance

• Posterior Auricular - extends to muscles behind and below ear• Temporal - extends to muscles of temple, side of forehead,

eyebrow, eyelid and upper cheek• Zygomatic - extends to upper muscles of cheek• Buccal - extends to muscles of mouth• Marginal Mandibular - extends to muscles of chin and lower lip• Cervical - extends to muscles on side of neck

• Other cervical nerves include• Greater Occipital – extends up the back of scalp to

top of head• Lesser Occipital – nerve extends into the muscles

at back of skull• Greater Auricular – extends into the side of neck

and external ear• Cervical – extends into the side and front of neck

to breastbone

THE FACIAL NERVE


4 primary nerves are mixed nervesARM AND HAND NERVES

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | ARM AND HAND NERVES

Ulnarextends down little

finger side of arm into palm of hand

Radialextends down thumb side of the arm into

back of hand

Medianextends down

mid-forearm into hand

Digitalextends into

fingers of hand

Nerves of the face, head and neck may be stimulated during facials and/or scalp massage to:• Stimulate sensitive nerve tissues• Relax tight muscles• Soothe fatigued muscles

NERVES AND MASSAGE

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | NERVES AND MASSAGE

• Responsible for all involuntary body functions• Operates the respiratory, digestive, circulatory, excretory,

endocrine and reproductive systems

THE AUTONOMIC (SYMPATHETIC) NERVOUS SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Breaks food down into simpler chemical compounds easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products1. Enzymes from salivary glands start

breaking down food2. Food travels down pharynx and

through esophagus3. Food is propelled into stomach

by twisting and turning of esophagus (peristalsis)

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4. Food is broken down by hydrochloric acid and enzymes

5. Partially digested food passes from stomach into small intestine

6. Nutrients are absorbed by villi7. Undigested food passes into

large intestine

The entire digestive process takes about 9 hours

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste productsfrom the body

Organs of excretory system include:Skin

Liver

Kidneys

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Primary Functions• Intake of oxygen• Exhalation of carbon dioxide

Breathing through the nose is a healthier option than breathing through the mouth.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

PRIMARY ORGANS

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Lungs Process oxygen for absorption into

the blood and release carbon dioxide

DiaphragmExpands and contracts automatically, forcing air into and out of the lungs

• Regulates and controls growth, reproduction and health of the body; composed of ductless glands

• Manufactures hormones• Affects hair growth, skin conditions, energy levels

• Signs of fatigue or changes in hair growth may signal need for medical attention

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Responsible for process by which a living organism procreates others of its kind

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Composed of the skin and its layers

• Two primary glands• Sebaceous (Oil) Glands• Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

SELF-CHECK

1. Name two of the six cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.

________________________

________________________

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK

On a sheet of paper numbered from 1-8, answer the following questions.

SELF-CHECK

2. Name three of the nine mouth muscles:

________________________

________________________

________________________


SELF-CHECK

3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body?

a. Plasma

b. Leukocytes

c. Thrombocytes

d. Red Blood Cells


SELF-CHECK

4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand.

________________________

________________________

________________________


SELF-CHECK

5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process?

a. Pharynx

b. Stomach

c. Small Intestine

d. Salivary Glands


SELF-CHECK

6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system.

________________________

________________________


SELF-CHECK

7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs.

________________________

________________________


SELF-CHECK

8. Name three things that the endocrine system directly affects.

________________________

________________________

________________________


SELF-CHECK

1. Name two of the six cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.

________________________

________________________


On a sheet of paper numbered from 1-8, answer the following questions.

FrontalParietal

Occipital

Temporal

SELF-CHECK

2. Name three of the nine mouth muscles:

________________________

________________________

________________________


Oris OrbicularisQuadratus Labii SuperiorisQuadratus Labii InferiorisMentalisRisoriusCaninusTriangularisZygomaticusBuccinator

SELF-CHECK

3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body?

a. Plasma

b. Leukocytes

c. Thrombocytes

d. Red Blood Cells


SELF-CHECK

4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand.

________________________

________________________

________________________


Digital

Radial

UlnarMedian

SELF-CHECK

5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process?

a. Pharynx

b. Stomach

c. Small Intestine

d. Salivary Glands


SELF-CHECK

6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system.

________________________

________________________


SkinLiverKidneys

SELF-CHECK

7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs.

________________________

________________________


Lungs

Diaphragm

SELF-CHECK

8. Name three things that the endocrine system directly affects.

________________________

________________________

________________________


Hair Growth

Skin Conditions

Energy Levels

FACE THE FACTSTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM Composed of 206 bones, the skeletal system is the

physical foundation of the body The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal

organs, provides a frame for muscles, and allows for body movement

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | FACE THE FACTS

FACE THE FACTSTHE MUSCULAR SYSTEM There are more than 500 large and small muscles

in the body, composing approximately 40% of the body’s weight

The muscular system supports the skeleton, produces body movements, contours the body and helps other body systems function


FACE THE FACTSTHE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Primary components of the nervous system include the

brain, spinal cord, and nerves The study of the nervous system is called neurology


FACE THE FACTSTHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system breaks food down into simpler

chemical compounds that can be easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM The excretory system eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous

waste products from the body


FACE THE FACTSTHE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of

oxygen to be absorbed into the blood and the exhalation of carbon dioxide

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system is composed of a group of

specialized ductless glands that regulate and control the growth, reproduction and health of the body


LESSONS LEARNED The building blocks of the human body include cells that

make up tissues, tissues that make up organs and organs that make up systems

The skeletal system supports the body, surrounds and protects internal organs, provides a frame to which muscles can attach and allows body movement

The muscular system supports the skeleton, produces body movements, contours the body and aids in the functions of other body systems

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | LESSONS LEARNED

LESSONS LEARNED The circulatory system controls the circulation of

blood and lymph through the body The nervous system coordinates and controls the

overall operation of the human body by receiving and interpreting stimuli and sending messages away from the nerve cells to the appropriate tissues, muscles and organs

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | LESSONS LEARNED

SELF-TEST

CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | SELF-TEST

chapter 3 anatomy and physiology

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