visual dictionary-substrate

Air Barrier Paper

• The air barrier paper is a backup protection put over the sheathing. It allows water vapor to escape while keeping water out of the home.

Attic Ventilation-Soffit Vent

• The soffit vent allows air flow into the attic or space below the roof sheathing.

Attic Ventilation-Ridge Vent

• The ridge vent allows air to circulate into an attic on a gable roof

Attic Ventilation- Gable Vent

• The gable vent is used to exhaust excess heat and humidity from an attic.

Attic Ventilation-Roof Turbine

• Roof turbines draw air out of the attic while bringing in fresh air from the outside

Backhoe

• A backhoe is a machine that excavates and digs. It consists of an arm and a digging bucket. The width of the bucket on this backhoe is 17”.

Batter Boards

Brick Arches

• Brick Arch #1- Segmental Arch

• Brick Arch #2- Roman Arch

Brick Arches (cont)

• Arch with a Keystone • Centering is temporary framework for an arch

Brick Bonds

• Brick Bond #1-This is a running bond because each course alternates stretcher bricks

Brick Bonds (cont)

• Brick Bond #2-This is a Flemish bond because the courses alternate headers and stretchers

Brick Bonds (cont)

Rowlocks Soldier

Header

Brick Bonds (cont)Sailor

Stretcher Rowlocks

Brick Sizes

• Brick Size #2• Modular brick3 ½” x 2 ¼” x 7 ½”

• Brick Size #1• Utility brick3 ½” x 3 ½” x 11 ½”

Bulldozer

• A bulldozer is a piece of machinery used to push large objects that is equipped with a large metal plate. This usually includes soil, sand, or rubble

CladdingBrick Clad Structure

Stone Clad Structure-random rubble pattern

EIFS clad structure

Cladding (cont)

Wood Board Clad Structure

Wood shingle definition- shingles that are sawn and used as siding; can be individual shingles or panelsWood shake definition- shingles that are split and used as siding

Wood shingle structure

Code Requirements-Egress

Window Measurements• Width= 40”• Height=27”• Area= 7.5 sq. ft• Sill height AFF= 25”IBC code requirements• 20” minimum width• 24” minimum height• 5.7 sq ft. minimum area• Sill height must be less than

or equal to 44” AFF

• The egress meets IBC code requirements because it’s width and height are more than the minimum. Also, the area is bigger and the sill height is less than code.

Code Requirements-Stairs

Stair measurements• Tread= 10”• Riser= 7 ½”IBC code requirements• 10” minimum Tread• 7 ¾” max riser

• These stairs barely meet code requirements but the tread meets the minimum and the riser has smaller dimensions than required

Concrete Joints

• A control joint is used to prevent cracking in a slab of concrete

Crack near a control joint

Concrete Joints (cont)

• An isolation joint is used to isolate two different concrete structures. They reduce the stress caused by the movement of concrete.

Isolation joint that is isolating a column and a slab

Concrete Masonry Unit• A CMU is a block of hardened concrete that is mainly used to build

foundations and sometimes walls. The nominal dimensions of a CMU are 8” x 8” x 16”. The actual size of the blocks are 7 5/8” x 7 5/8” x 15 5/8” to allow for the mortar joints.

3 brick courses= 1 CMU

2 different sized CMU

Decorative Concrete Masonry UnitSplit block

Ribbed block

Doors

Exterior Flush DoorExterior Panel Door

Top Rail

Panel

Lock Rail

Bottom Rail

Stile

Doors (cont)Transom- a small window above a door; usually a fixed window

Sidelight-a tall, narrow window along side a door

Electrical ComponentsTransformer on a power pole- electricity from a power plant comes through the transformer and the voltage is stepped down here

Service head- once the voltage is stepped down, it is sent to the service head, where the electricity can enter the house

Electrical Components (cont)

Electrical meter- electricity is sent through the meter to measure how much is being used in the home

Service Panel- the main distribution center of a home’s electricity. This is where the local utility lines hook up with the circuits in the house.

Duplex Receptacle- connect to circuits in the home to supply electricity to appliances in the home

Framing Elements

2) Sill Plate

1) Anchor Bolt

Framing Elements (cont)3) Floor Joist

4) Subflooring

5) Sole Plate

Framing Elements (cont)

6) Stud7) Top Plate

8) Ceiling Joist

Framing Elements (cont)9) Rafter 10) Roof Decking

11) Sheathing

12) Stringer

Front End Loader

• A front end loader is used to load different types of material and carry them. It differs from a backhoe and a bulldozer because it doesn’t dig or push objects.

Gypsum Board

• Gypsum board is an interior facing panel sandwiched between paper faces that is put over studs to be used as walls. It is often called drywall or plasterboard.

Heat Pump

• An advantage of heat pumps is that they can rapidly heat and cool a house. A disadvantage of heat pumps is that they are noisy, especially the compressor unit.

The compressor is taking air from outside and transferring it into the home. The air moves across coils that either heat it or cool it.

The air handling unit takes the air from the compressor and sends it all throughout the house using the air ducts.

Insulation

• Insulation is used to slow the exchange of heat in your home. Insulation forms a container around the home to create a thermal envelope.

Batt/blanket insulation

Loose fill insulation

Insulation (cont)

Foam Insulation Rigid Board

Insulation

Lintel

• A lintel is a beam used to carry the load of a wall across a window or door opening

Concrete Lintel

Mortar

• Mortar Joint #1• This mortar joint is tooled and is ½” wide. It is used

on a column of a building. My guess is Type M mortar might have been used on this joint because it is on a column.

Mortar (cont)

• Mortar Joint #2• This mortar joint is tooled and is 3/8” wide. It is used as

cladding on a building. My guess is Type S mortar might have been used on this joint because it needs to be strong to hold up to the weather elements.

Oriented Strand Board

• A nonveneered panel product composed of long shreds of wood fiber oriented in specific directions that are glued together and bonded under pressure.

Plumbing

Lavatory= 1-1 ½” pipes used to drain it

Water Closet= 3” pipes used to drain it

Shower set in framing prior to gypsum board insulation

Plumbing (cont)

Plumbing Roof Vent- VTRs connect to bathroom fixtures and let air into the pipes to maintain pressure

Kitchen sink- this sink is a drop in

Plywood

• Wood panels that are made of an odd number of thin wood veneers that are glued together

• Veneer- a thin layer, sheet, or facing

Radiant Barrier

• A radiant barrier is a reflective material that inhibits heat transfer by radiation. It is usually placed between the rafters of a roof to deflect the sun’s rays. However, It doesn’t protect against conduction or convention.

Rebar

• The deformations on rebar allow better bonding to concrete. This rebar is ½” and is #4

Steep Roof DrainageDownspout-a vertical pipe that carries water from the gutter to a lower level

Splashblock-a concrete block that diverts water at the bottom of a downspout to avoid soil erosion

Gutter-a channel that collects rainwater and snowmelt at the eave of a roof and moves it down a downspout

Steep Roof MaterialsUnderlayment- a layer of waterproof material between roof sheathing and roofing. It keeps water off of the sheathing and prevents it from entering the home

Clay Tile Roof

Steep Roof Materials (cont)Shingle- a small unit of water resistant material nailed in overlapping fashion with many other units to render a sloping roof watertight

Single roof that isn’t asphalt

Steep Roof Materials (cont)

Metal Panel Roof- typically galvanized or aluminized steel are used for metal panels

Steep Roof Shapes

Gable Roof

Hip Roof

Gambrel Roof

Mansard Roof

Steep Roof Terms

Ridge-the level intersection of roof planes at their highest point

Valley-the sloping intersection of 2 roof planes where water drains towards it

Steep Roof Terms (cont)

Rake- the sloping edge of a roof

Eave-the level, low edge of a roof

Steep Roof Terms (cont)

Fascia-the exposed vertical face of an eave

Soffit- the undersurface of a horizontal element of a building of an eave

Building without a fascia

Stone

Stone in a random rubble patternStone in a coursed rubble pattern

Stone (cont)

Stone in a coursed ashlar patternStone in a random ashlar pattern

Vapor Retarder

• The Vapor Retarder restricts the passage of water vapor through a building and is most commonly put on batt insulation. It is usually put on the warm side in winter.

Vapor Retarder-brown paper on one side of the insulation

Waterproofing

• Waterproofing is an impervious membrane applied to the outside of a foundation. It keeps water from entering the foundation. This waterproofing is liquid applied.

Waterproofing- liquid applied

Weep Hole

• A small opening in brick cladding to permit the drainage of water that accumulates inside a building cavity. It is usually a head joint that is left unmortared to allow water caught in the cavity a place to escape.

Weep Hole

Wielded Wire Fabric

WindowsWindow #1- This is an Awning window because the sash tilts outward and is hinged on the head jamb

Windows (cont)

Window #2- This is a Casement window because the sash tilts outward and is hinged on a vertical jamb

Windows (cont)Window #3- This is a Hopper window because the sash tilts inward and is hinged on the sill