ocean carbon and biogeochemistry program meeting report · in keeping with the ocean carbon and...

OceanCarbonandBiogeochemistryProgramOceanAcidificationPrincipalInvestigators'Meeting,March22‐242011

MeetingReportJuly22,2011

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 2

INTRODUCTION:WORKSHOPBACKGROUND 3

WORKSHOPGOALSANDSTRUCTURE 4

WORKSHOPOUTCOMES 6

Products 6Presentationfiles 6Summaryarticles 6Surveyresults 7

LessonsLearned 9Surveyresults 9BreakoutSessions 10PlenaryDiscussions 12

FutureDirections 13Immediatefollow‐upactivities 13Longer‐termactivities 14

CONCLUDINGREMARKS 15

REFERENCES 15

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 15

APPENDICES 16

A:BreakoutDiscussionReports 16Group1 16Group2 18Group3 20Group4 22

B:SurveyQuestionsandResults 25

C:ParticipantList 32

D:WorkshopAgenda 34

ExecutiveSummaryAcidificationoftheoceansinresponsetorisingatmosphericCO2concentrationsisnowirrefutable.Oceanacidification(OA)hasbecomeanimportantresearchfocusworldwideoverthelastdecade.TheFederalOceanAcidificationandMonitoring(FOARAM)Act,passedin2009,authorizedfundstobothNOAAandNSFtoaddressOAintheirresearchplans;investigatorswithinotherfederalagencieshavealsobeenstudyingOA‐relatedquestionssincethen.AstheOAresearchcommunitygrows,itisincreasinglyimportanttomaximizecoordinationacrossprojects,increaseefficiency,andstimulatefutureresearch.InkeepingwiththeOceanCarbonandBiogeochemistryProgram’s(OCB’s)overallmission(www.us‐ocb.org),OCBorganizedanationalmeetinginMarch2011forprincipalinvestigatorsworkingonOA‐relevantresearchprojects.ThiswasthefirstnationalgatheringofOAprincipalinvestigators,anditwasdesignedtobuildcapacitywithintheOAresearchcommunity,toadvancescientificresearchonOAasefficientlyaspossible,andtoclarifythescientificfrontierswithinOAresearch.Tomakethemeetingasinclusiveaspossible,organizersinvitedrepresentativesfromallOA‐relevantresearchprojectssupportedbyNSF,NASA,NOAA,USGS,EPA,andotherfederalagenciesinterestedinOA.ThismeetingwasplannedaroundsixbroadgoalsthatfocusonthemesandchallengescommonacrossallOA‐relateddisciplines.

1. Strengthenscientificcollaborationsandminimizeduplicationofefforts2. BuildcapacityforimprovingOAresearch3. Identifyshort‐andlong‐termresearchgoals4. Promoteeffectivedatamanagement5. Enhancecommunicationwiththepublic6. SolicitfeedbackfromthescientificcommunitytoguidefutureOCBactivities

Themeetingincludedplenarytalksreviewingthestateofthescience,synthesispresentationsrelatingpresentresearchefforts,plenarydiscussions,andbreakoutdiscussiongroups.Themeetingwebsite(www.whoi.edu/workshops/OAPI2011)containsallofthemeetingpresentationfiles,thebookofparticipantabstracts,projectintroductionslidesfromparticipants,videosofpresentations,breakoutgroupreports,andlistsofpotentialcommunityactivitiesgeneratedduringplenarydiscussions.Ashortpost‐meetingsurveyconductedbytheOCBProjectOfficefoundthatmostmeetingparticipantsagreedthatthe6meetinggoalswerelargelyfulfilled.Participantsprovidedvaluablesuggestionsaboutimprovingbreakoutgroupproductivityinthefuture,activitiestoincludeinfuturemeetings,andtheusefulnessofthisparticularmeetinganditsformat.PlenaryandbreakoutdiscussionsidentifiedpotentialavenuesfortheOAresearchcommunitytoconsiderinthenextfewyears.OCBoranationalOAprogramcouldfacilitatemanyofthese

activitiesbyhelpingcoordinateresearchers,supportingplanningandscopingactivities,andlinkingresearchwithothernationalandinternationalresearchers.

Introduction:WorkshopBackgroundOceanacidificationhasbecomeanimportantresearchfocusbothnationallyandinternationallyoverthelastdecade.WhileacidificationoftheoceansinresponsetorisingatmosphericCO2concentrationsisnowirrefutable,thedetailsofthechemical,geological,andbiologicalconsequencesofOArequiremuchfurtherstudy(NationalResearchCouncil,2010).TheUSgovernmentsanctionedfurtherresearchbypassingtheFederalOceanAcidificationResearchandMonitoring(FOARAM)Actin2009,whichauthorizesfundstobothNOAAandNSFtoaddressOAintheirresearchplans.InSpring2011,NSFsupportedapproximately96investigatorson78projectsthataddressOA,whichwerefundedonaproject‐by‐projectbasisratherthaninasinglecoordinatedprogram.Atthesametime,manyNOAAlabswereworkingonOA‐relatedscience,frommonitoringchemicalchangestoforecastingecosystemshifts,whileNOAAestablishedacentralcoordinatingofficeforOA.InvestigatorswithinotherfederalagencieshavealsobeenstudyingOA‐relatedquestions.AsthenumberofOAprojectsandinvestigatorsgrows,itisincreasinglyimportanttoorganizetheresearchinwaysthatmaximizecoordinationacrossprojects,increaseefficiency,andstimulatefutureresearch.Atthe2010OceanCarbonandBiogeochemistryProgram(OCB;www.us‐ocb.org)summerworkshop,theOCBScientificSteeringCommittee(SSC)recognizedtheneedtobringtogetherOAinvestigatorstosupportthegrowingOAresearchcommunity.InkeepingwithOCB’soverallmission“topromote,plan,andcoordinatecollaborative,multidisciplinaryresearchopportunitieswithintheU.S.researchcommunityandwithinternationalpartners,”1theSSCrecommendedtoorganizeanationalmeetinginearly2011forprincipalinvestigatorsworkingonOA‐relevantresearchprojects.Inresponse,membersoftheOCBProjectOfficeandtheOCBOceanAcidificationSubcommitteedevelopedthemeetingagenda,circulatedinvitations,andworkedwithspeakers,sessionchairs,andagencyrepresentativestorefinetheplanforthethree‐daygathering.ThismeetingwasthefirstnationalgatheringofprincipalinvestigatorsfundedtoconductOAresearch,anditwasdesignedtobuildcapacitywithintheOAresearchcommunity,toadvancescientificresearchonOAasefficientlyaspossible,andtoclarifythescientificfrontierswithinOAresearch.Tomakethemeetingasinclusiveaspossible,organizersidentifiedOA‐relevantresearchfromlistsoffundedNSFandNASAprojects(e.g.,NSFcoreandOA(10530)awards;NASAROSES2010CarbonCycleawards)andbyconsultingprogrammanagersfromNSF,NOAA,USGS,EPA,andotherfederalagenciesinterestedinOA.Onerepresentativefromeachoftheseprojectswasinvitedtothemeeting.Attendeesincludedecologists,paleoceanographers,instrumentationspecialists,chemists,biologistsofalltypes,socialscientists,oceanmodelers,andcommunicationsspecialists.

1“AboutOCB.”http://www.us‐ocb.org/about.html.AccessedJanuary11,2011.

WorkshopGoalsandStructureOAisapriorityareawithinOCB,butitalsooverlapsmanydisciplinesnottraditionallycoveredbyOCBscientists.EncompassingtheentirerealmofOAresearchintheUnitedStatesrequiresbuildingmuchstrongerlinkagesbetweenresearchsponsoredacrossthefiveNSFsupportingprogramsanddivisions:OPP(OfficeofPolarPrograms,ArcticandAntarctic);GEO(GeosciencesDirectorate,OceanSciences);BIO(BiologicalSciencesDirectorate,includingIntegrativeOrganismalSystemsandMolecularandCellularBiosciences),aswellasbuildingstrongtiestoresearchsponsoredbyotheragenciessuchasNOAA,NASA,USGS,andEPA.Toserveparticipantsfromsomanydisciplines,thismeetingwasplannedaroundsixbroadgoalsthatfocusonthemesandchallengescommonacrossallOA‐relateddisciplines.Eachgoalwasdevelopedtocomplementtheobjectivesofcapacitybuilding,scientificadvancement,andclarificationoffrontiers,inwaysspecificallyhelpfulfortheOAresearchcommunity:1. Strengthenscientificcollaborationsandminimizeduplicationofefforts—Itisparticularly

importanttopromoteexchangeamongOAresearchersnewlyfundedbyNSF,theexistingOAresearchcommunity,andagenciesthatmightnotnormallyinteractwiththeseinvestigators.Freshideasandcarefullyplannedcollaborationsaremorelikelytoarisefromresearchersfamiliarwiththeircolleagues.

2. BuildcapacityforimprovingOAresearch‐‐‐EntrainingscientistsfromdisciplinesthatarenotyetwithinmainstreamOAresearch,aswellasearlycareerscientistsandunder‐representedgroups,willprovideinnovativeperspectivesonproblemsandmakenewandpowerfulspecializedresearchtoolsandtechniqueswidelyavailable.

3. Identifyshort‐andlong‐termresearchgoals‐‐‐Muchefforthasbeendevotedtoscientificscopingactivities,bothnationallyandinternationally.Inadisciplineasbroadandfast‐movingasOA,itisimperativethattheshort‐andlong‐termresearchgoalsarecontinuallyreassessed.BringingtogethersuchabroadgroupofOAresearchersattheearlystagesofresearchisimportantforbuildingnewcollaborationsandspawningfreshideas.

4. Promoteeffectivedatamanagement‐‐‐OrganizationslikeBCO‐DMOarewellestablishedandavailabletosupportOAresearchanddatamanagement.ResearchersnewtoOAorfromdifferentdisciplinesmaynotbeawareoftheseresources.AtthisearlystageofnationalOAresearch,thetimeisrighttoemphasizeeffectivedatamanagement.

5. Enhancecommunicationwiththepublic‐‐‐OAhasmanypotentialoverlapswithhumancommunities,frombeingatopicofpublicinterest,apolicy‐relevantissue,andapotentialsocioeconomicinfluence.Fromresearch,education,andoutreachstandpoints,earlydevelopmentofplanstointegrateOAactivitieswiththeseissueswillpayoff.

6. SolicitfeedbackfromthescientificcommunitytoguidefutureOCBactivities‐‐‐Asa“bottom‐up”organization,OCBreliesoncontinuingdialogueamongthescientificcommunityandagenciestoidentifyhowtoservetheresearchcommunityeffectively.GatheringfeedbackfromOAresearchersatthisearlyphaseofnationalresearchwillenableOCBtocontinuetorespondtotheirneeds.

Meetingactivitiesmappedtothesegoals.PresentOAresearchwasgroupedaroundfivemajorthemes,including:

• Pastoceanacidificationevents• Improvingoceanacidificationobservations• Physiologicalresponsestooceanacidification• Ecologicalresponsestooceanacidification• Biogeochemicalresponsestooceanacidification

1‐2hoursessionsweredevotedtoeachofthefivemajorscientificthemes.Eachsessionbeganwitha30‐minuteplenarytalkthatprovidedanoverviewofthestateofthescience,insupportofmeetinggoals1‐2.Thechairofthesessionthenprovidedasynthesisofcurrentlyfundedresearchonthetopic,usingschematicdiagramsorothervisualaidstocomprehensivelysummarizeongoingresearch,whereoverlapsoccur,andwheregapsexist.Next,thesessionchairmoderatedadiscussionamong5‐6panelistsandallthemeetingattendeesaboutwheretheresearchisheaded,howitcanbeimproved,andwhatresearchfrontierscanbeanticipatedoverthenext5‐10years.Together,thesynthesistalksandshortpaneldiscussionshelpedsupportmeetinggoals1‐4.Themeetingalsoincludedspecialplenarydiscussionsandplenarytalksontopicsofbroadinterest.Thefirstspecialplenarydiscussionconcernedhowbesttointegrateallofthebiologicalresearch,analyticalandinterpretivetools,anddiverseresultsintoaunifiedbodyofknowledge.Thesecondspecialplenarydiscussion,heldattheendofthemeeting,focusedonthemostcompellingresearchthatthecommunityshouldpursueinthenext5years.Thesediscussionssupportedmeetinggoals1‐6.Plenarytalksfocusedondatamanagement,onpresentinternationalOAresearchactivitiesandfutureopportunities,andthedevelopingU.S.nationalOAprogram.Duringfourmeetingbreakoutsessions,cross‐cuttingissuesandchallengescommontomanyOAresearcherswerediscussed,tosupportmeetinggoals1‐6.Breakoutsessiontopicsincluded:

Meetingchairpersonsandorganizingcommittee:TheorganizersofthismeetingincludemembersoftheOCBProjectOffice(http://www.us‐ocb.org/about/office.html)andvolunteersfromtheOCBOceanAcidificationSubcommittee(http://www.us‐ocb.org/about/subcommittees.html).Co‐chairs: JoanieKleypas,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,kleypas@ucar.edu SarahCooley,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution,scooley@whoi.eduOrganizingCommittee: DickFeely,NOAAPacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory DaveHutchins,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia LisaRobbins,USGeologicalSurvey ChrisLangdon,RosenstielSchoolofMarineandAtmosphericScience Jean‐PierreGattuso,INSU‐CNRS,France HeatherBenway,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution

• Teaminguptogetitalldone:facilities,infrastructure,andcollaborations• Thehumanside:makingOAhuman‐relevantviaeducation,outreach,&socioeconomicstudies.• Addinguptheresults:temporal/spatialscaling,modeling,andmultiplestressors• TheOAtoolbox:measurementsandtoolswehaveandneed

BreakoutsessionleadersmoderateddiscussionsessionsguidedbychargequestionstoidentifychallengescommontoallOAresearchthemesandtoinspirenewsolutionsbyfosteringdialogueamongresearcherswithdifferentspecialties,perspectives,andmethods.Themeetingincludedsocialactivitiestopromoteinformalnetworking,includingapostersessionandreception,manybreaks,grouplunches,andameetingdinner.Theseunstructuredperiodshelpedpromotemeetinggoals1‐2and4‐5.

WorkshopOutcomes

Products

PresentationfilesThismeetinggeneratedseveralreferenceproductsthatarecurrentlyarchivedontheworkshopwebsite(www.whoi.edu/workshops/OAPI2011),including:

• Bookofparticipantabstracts• Projectintroductionslidesfromparticipants• Presentationfiles• Videosofpresentations• Synthesisdiscussionpresentations• Breakoutgroupreportsandsummarypresentations• Listsofpotentialcommunityactivitiesgeneratedduringplenarydiscussions

(biologicalplenaryandsummaryplenary)

SummaryarticlesTheOCBProjectOfficealsowrotethreearticlessummarizingthemeetingactivitiesandoutcomes,including:Cooley,S.R.OCBHostsFirstMeetingforOceanAcidificationResearchers.OCBNews,

Spring/Summer2011.4(2):17‐19.Cooley,S.R.,J.Kleypas,H.Benway.(submitted)FirstNationalMeetingforU.S.Ocean

AcidificationResearchers.EOS.

Cooley,S.R.J.Kleypas.FirstNationalMeetingforU.S.OceanAcidificationResearchers.www.oceanacidification.wordpress.com.12May2011.

SurveyresultsTheOCBProjectOfficealsodevelopedashortsurveyforOAPIworkshopparticipants,whichisreproducedinfullinAppendixB.Inall,wereceived53responsesfromthepoolof112meetingattendees,foraresponserateof47%.Almostallsurveyrespondentsansweredeveryquestion,andmanyprovidedexplanatorycommentstofurtherexplaintheiranswers.MostsurveyrespondentshadnotattendedpreviousOCBworkshops(71%).Onaverage,therespondentsincludedmostlyearlycareerscientists(56%),females(54%),andthosewhowerenotpartofaminorityorunderrepresentedgroup(88%).Inaddition,all6meetingattendeeswhohadattendedthe2009OCB‐OAshortcourseasstudentsrespondedtothesurvey.Giventhatworkshopattendeesincluded38%femalesand33%earlycareerscientists(OCBProjectOfficedata;earlycareerestimatemaybelow),thesurveyrespondentpoolwasslightlyskewedtowardsmorejuniorfemalemeetingattendees.Respondentsweregenerallysatisfiedwithmostlogisticalaspectsofthemeeting.Morethantwo‐thirdsofallrespondentsfeltthattheworkshopwebsite(67%),pre‐meetingemailcommunication(90%),travelinformationandarrangements(92%),themeetingspace(79%),andtheabstractbooklet(87%)were“veryeffective.”Ofthesefeatures,theworkshopwebsitereceivedthelowestscore,althoughonecommentsuggestedthatthismayhavebeenbecauseemailcommunicationprecludedsomeoftheneedforthewebsite.Somecommenterssuggestedthattherelativelyisolatedlocationposedsomedifficultyandthemeetingspacewasnotquitelargeenough.Responsesweremoremixedconcerningmeetingcontent.Mostrespondents(96%)likedtheorganizationofthemeetingintoscientificsessionsguidedbyactiveareasofresearch,althoughonecommenterpointedoutthatOAresearchrequiresanintegrativeapproachanddividingupthemeetingintoscientificsessionsseemedcontrarytothatgoal.Surveyrespondentswereaskedtoratemeetingelementsas“notusefulandinteresting,”“somewhatusefulandinteresting,”or“veryusefulandinteresting.”Onlythescientificplenarytalkswereespeciallyhighlyratedas“veryusefulandinteresting”(79%).Fewerrespondents,butstillamajority,feltthatresearchsynthesispresentations(62%),meeting‐wideplenarydiscussions(56%),andagencyupdates(64%)werealso“veryusefulandinteresting.”Themajorityofrespondentsfeltthattheshortpaneldiscussions(60%),afternoonbreakoutsessions(49%),postersession(65%),screeningof“TippingPoint”(56%),workshopupdates(50%),andbreakoutgroupreports(57%)wereonly“somewhatusefulandinteresting.”Nomeetingelementreceivedamajorityof“notusefulandinteresting”votes.Severalcommentersnotedthatbreakoutsessionscouldhavebeenbettermoderatedandcouldhavehadclearerobjectives.Also,othersnotedthatsomebreakoutsweretoolargetospureffectiveconversation.Acommenternotedthathewouldhaveappreciatedexplicitguidanceaboutwhethertobringaposterornot,andanothernotedthathewishedhehadbroughtone.Paneldiscussionsseemedabitrushed,toanothercommenter.

Alargemajorityofcommentersfeltthatthismeetingwas“veryuseful”fornetworking(81%),forconnectingthemtootherprogramsandscientificinitiatives(69%),andforinformingthemofongoingplanningandagencyactivities(69%).Slightlysmallermajoritiesratedthismeeting“veryuseful”forfosteringnewandexistingcollaborationsandcross‐disciplinaryinteractions(60%)andfosteringscientificideasandresearchdirections(53%).Themeetingwasonly“somewhatuseful”forinformingrespondentsaboutfundingopportunities(62%).Onecommenternotedthatthefederalagencieswere“discouraginglyvagueaboutfuturefundingopportunities”butattributedthistolikelybudgetuncertainties.Severalcommentersnotedthattheywereabletomeetpeopledoingsimilarresearchandinitiatenewcollaborations.Mostofthecommentersseemedenthusiasticabouthowthemeetingbroughttogetherpeoplefundedbymanydifferentinitiativesandprovidedunstructuredtimefornetworking.Respondentsusedasix‐pointscalerangingfrom“stronglydisagree”to“stronglyagree”thatincluded“notapplicable”toassesswhethereachspecificmeetinggoalwasfulfilled(Figure1).Ingeneral,respondentsagreedoragreedstronglythatmostmeetinggoalswerefulfilled.Onecommenterpointedout,however,thatthemeetingdidnot“[culminate]withdefinitiveactionplansoridentificationofresearchgoals.”WeaskedrespondentswhichchangeswouldimprovefuturemeetingsforU.S.OAresearchers.Surprisingly,only36%feltthatplanningthemeetingfartherinadvancewouldhelp;some

Figure1:Surveyanswerstoquestion5,concerningtheattainmentofeachmeetinggoal.

commentersnotedthatadvanceplanningwouldallowattendeestoplanbetterforfuturemeetings.Overhalfoftherespondents(57%)feltthatincludingmoresciencepresentationswouldbeanimprovement.Otherchangesthatmightprovehelpfulincludebringinginmorestudent/earlycareerrepresentatives(41%),and/orholdingmeetingback‐to‐backwithaninternationalOAactivity(43%).Commentsagainfocusedonthebreakout/discussionsessions:theyneededmorefocus;breakoutconversationscouldhavebeenencouragedwithapanel;attimestheyoverlappedpreviousworkshops’discussiontopics;andbreakoutsessionleadersneededmorepreparation.Onecommenterfeltthatthemeeting’sattendancelimitations(onePIperproject)excludedearlycareerrepresentatives,andadifferentbalanceofparticipantsshouldhavebeensought.Themajorityofrespondentsfeltthattheywouldattendafuturemeeting,evenifasponsorcouldnotfundtheirparticipation.Mostfeltthattheywouldbewillingtopaybetween$400‐$599intravelcosts(37%)and$1‐$199inmeetingregistrationcosts(41%)toattendafuturemeeting.However,96%ofrespondentsfelttheirtravelcostswerecoveredadequatelyforthismeeting.

LessonsLearned

SurveyresultsIngeneral,themeetingsucceededinachievingalmostallofthesevengoalsthatorganizersdeveloped.Responsesconcerningwhethereachmeetinggoalswasattained(Figure1)aregenerallydominatedby“agree”or“stronglyagree”forallgoals,exceptpreventingunproductiveduplicationofeffort(dominatedby“neutral”).Itispossiblethatsinceattendeeswerealreadyfundedandtheirresearchprojectsareunderway,theydidnotfeelthatknowingwhattherestoftheresearchcommunitywasworkingonhelpedthemadjusttheirexperimentsaccordingly.Nocommentsaddressedthis,sosomefollow‐upmaybenecessarytounderstandthissurveyresponse.Someofthelesstraditionalelementsofthemeeting,likebreakoutsessions,synthesistalks,andpaneldiscussions,mayhavebeenlesswellreceivedthantraditionalsciencetalkssimplybecauseattendeesareaccustomedtomeetingsdominatedbysciencetalks.Nevertheless,severallessonscanbelearnedaboutstructuringthesetypesofsessionsbetterinthefuture.Breakoutsessionsshouldhavebeensmallerandmorefocused.Onepossibilityforpromotingconversationwouldbetochargemultiplesmallgroupswiththesamesetsofquestions,thencombinetheiranswersattheend.Breakoutsessionleadersalsoneededmorepreparationandinteractionamongthemselvesandwithmeetingorganizerstofulfilltheirrolemosteffectively.Havingaclearobjectiveforthebreakoutsession(report,etc.)mayhaveprovidedthestructurethatmanyparticipantssought.Askingbreakoutleadersandrapporteurstoprovideashortreportaspartoftheirworkwouldhavealsoaidedthecompletionofpost‐meetingarchives.Researchsynthesistalksmayhavebeenmoreeffectiveiforganizershadmoretimebeforethemeetingtoworkwithmeetingattendeesandmakesuretheirscience

wasbeingwellrepresented.Synthesisspeakerscouldalsohavereferredtoparticipants’posterswhereappropriate.Asforgeneralmeetingplanning,organizersshouldprovideexplicitinstructionsonwhetherornottobringaposter,whatsortofabstracttoprepare,andconsiderprovidingpointersoneffectivepresentationmethodsanddiscussion‐leadingapproaches.TheseproceduralissueshavealsocomeupinotherOCBworkshopsandmeetings,andsuggestthatOCBmaydowelltoassembleapacketofinformationonrunningmeetingsessionsforgeneraluse.Thisparticularmeetingwasplannedonrelativelyshortnotice.Surprisingly,surveyrespondentsdidnotseemtofeelthatmoreadvanceplanningwouldsignificantlyimprovefuturemeetings,eventhoughthegeneralsenseoftheorganizingcommitteewasthatadvanceplanningwouldhaveeasedtheirjobmarkedly.Mostrespondentswerewillingtopayatotalof$401‐$798fortravel,lodging,andregistrationforafuturemeetingiftheirparticipationcouldnotbesupportedexternally.However,OCBProjectOfficedatashowstheaveragereimbursedtravelandhotelcostwas$1050perattendee,andthemeeting“registration”cost(includingallmeetingmaterials,localshuttle,andconferencemeals)was$300.Thistotalaveragecostof$1350perattendeerepresentsasignificantmismatchbetweenparticipants’willingnesstopayandtheactualmeetingcosts.Ifafuturemeetingwereheldatalargervenuethathadtoberented,thismightfurtherincreasethecostsassociatedwithregistration,andsignificantsacrificesmighthavetobemaderegardingmeetingsupport(shuttles,personnel),locationandtimeofyear,andmealsandreceptionstokeepthemeetingaffordableforparticipants.

BreakoutSessionsThefirstandsecondafternoonsweredevotedtobreakoutsessionsthatfocusedonfouroverarchingtopics:improvingsciencethroughstrongercollaborations,facilities,andinfrastructure;oceanacidificationandsociety:makingOAhuman‐relevantviascience,communication,capacitybuilding;scalingandmodelingacrosstimeandspace;andimprovingresearchonthephysiologicalandecologicalresponsestoOA.Inallofthesebreakouts,participantsconsideredsimilarquestions:Whatpressingissuesneedtobetackledsoonest?Arethereobstaclespreventingthis?Canexistingfacilitiesbeuseddifferentlytoincreasetheirimpact?Cancapacitybebuiltinkeyareastoaccomplishthecommunity‐wideto‐dolist?And,whatcanOCBdotohelpfacilitateansweringthesequestions?Breakoutdiscussiongroupsidentifiedarangeofcommonactivitiesthatthecommunitycouldundertakerightawaytohelpanswerthesecross‐cuttingquestions.Manyoftheseactivitieswouldsupportoutstandingissuesthatcameupinmultiplebreakoutsessions.Forexample,promotingstrongcollaborationsbetweennaturalandsocialscientistswouldadvancesocietallyrelevantOAresearchandcommunications,anditwouldalsoenhanceourabilitytodevelopholisticOAmodelsincludingallinfluencesonnearshoremarinecommunities.Also,maximizingbetteruseofphysicalfacilities/infrastructuresuchasflowingseawaterlabs,shipsof

opportunity,theLTERnetwork,andsatelliteresourceswouldhelpmaintainthecollaborationsandcollectthedataneededtounderstandOA.ThisdatawoulddirectlyimprovemodelsspanningmultipletimeandspacescalestargetingOA.Similarly,incorporatingautonomoussamplingtechnologies(e.g.,gliders,floats,buoys)aswellaspursuingresearchthatborrowsfromnon‐oceanographicbiologicalstudies(e.g.,“‐omics”research,behavioralorevolutionaryadaptationresearch,mechanisticecosystemstudies,andmodelsystems)couldhelpbothimproveOAresearchandprovidescalableinformationthatcouldbeincorporatedintopredictivemodels.Suchmodelscouldultimatelybeusedtoprovidedecision‐relevantinformationthatwouldhelplinkOA’seffectsonoceanecosystemsfromthesmallestmicro‐scaletothelargesthumancommunityscale.SpecificactivitiessuggestedbybreakoutparticipantsthatwouldpromoteOAscienceincluded:

‐ Morecollaborativeuseofphysicalfacilities(labs,fieldsites,shipsofopportunity,coastallabs,LTERsites,satellites)andcontinuedmaintenanceofvirtualresources(CDIAC,bestpracticesguides)

‐ Integratedstudiesthatspanmoleculartoenvironmentalandcommunityscales(e.g.,microsensorsorgeneexpressionevaluationinenvironmentswithrealisticpCO2levelsandvariability;usingtheoceanobservingsystemunderdevelopment;lookingatchemical/biologicallinksviamicronutrients,particulatepools,etc.)

‐ EstablishmentofnationalmesocosmfacilitiesorFreeOceanCarbonExperiment(FOCE)sites,equippedwithnetworksofsensorsthatcouldbere‐usedelsewhere

‐ Workshopstodeterminebiologicalmeasurementneedsandtopromoteinternationalcollaborationestablishmentofaglobalsensornetwork.

‐ Increaseduseofexistingpathways(researchcoordinationnetworks,graduatetraineeships,fellowships)toentrainnewresearcherswithdisparatespecialtiesandtrainthenextgenerationofOAresearchers

‐ ChoosingOCB‐OAsubcommitteememberswithlinkagestofederalagenciesandinternationalentitiesinterestedinOA,observingnetworks,andbiologicalexpertise.

‐ Exchangebetweennaturalandsocialscientists(beyondsimplyeconomists)leadingtocollaborations

‐ Effectivecommunicationbetweentheresearchcommunityandthepublicviatrainingforresearchersandstrategiccommunicationspartnershipsbetweenresearchersandcommunicationsspecialists.

‐ “Smartmodels”thatcancapturethemostimportantprocessesshapingasystemoraddressthemostplanning‐relevantissues;requiresbringingtogetheravarietyofspecialiststogetitright

‐ AddressinguncertaintybetterthroughoutanalysesandmodelingofOA’seffects‐ Autonomouschemicalandbiologicalmeasurementsatspatialandtemporaldensities

required(sometechnicaldevelopmentisstillrequired)‐ Borrowingmethodsfromothernon‐oceanographicfields,includingpaleobiology,

paleoecology,“‐omics,”quantitativeandtheoreticalecology,andevolutionarybiology,tounderstandorganismalandpopulation‐scaleresponses.

Inmanybreakoutsessions,participantsidentifiedcommonoverarchingobstaclesaswell.LackofcustomaryinteractionbetweennaturalscientistsandsocialscientistshindersthedevelopmentofsharedlanguageorcommonprioritiestoexamineproblemssuchasOA.Thisiseventruefordifferenttypesofnaturalscientists,forexample,forevolutionarybiologistsandseagoingbiologicaloceanographers.OngoingeffortstobridgethesegapsbyagrouplikeOCBoranational/internationalorganizinggroupareneeded.Thiswillhelpputdifferenttypesofscientistsintouchwitheachotherandfacilitateovercomingthenaturalbarriersthatpresentlyexist.Inmodelingefforts,thecommunityneedstocomeupwithbetterwaystohandleandconveyuncertainty,aswellasdifferenttypesofdata;generatingintegratedmulti‐scalesmartmodelsthatcanpredictOA’slikelyeffectsrequiresincorporatingdifferentkindsofdata(qualitativeandquantitative)thathaswidelyranginguncertainties(fromassmallas±0.1%toasbigasthedirectionofchange).Similarly,participantsdiscussedtheneedformorefunding,perhapsfromcentralizedsources,tosupportlarger‐scalecollaborativeinitiatives,orfromfoundationsandagencyinitiatives,tosupportinterdisciplinaryresearchobjectiveslesstypicallyrelatedtotraditionaloceanographygoals.Formoredetailregardingbreakoutsessionfindings,pleaserefertoAppendixA,“BreakoutDiscussionReports.”

PlenaryDiscussionsInaplenarydiscussiononWednesday,thegroupexploredhowthescientificcommunitycanintegrateallthedifferenttypesofbiologicalOAresearchoccurringnowandplannedforlater.Participantsdiscussedoceanacidificationstudiesinthecontextofglobalchangebiology,inwhichresearchersneedtothinkaboutchangesinthephysicalenvironmentaswellastheecosystemtounderstandthecurrentenvironmentandanychangesinorganismphysiologythattheynotice.Therefore,theOAresearchcommunitymightlearnfromtheexistingfieldof(terrestrial)systemsbiologyandthecollaborativeinstitutesalreadyassembledtostudyit.However,themorewaysthattheresearchcommunityusestolookataparticularquestion,themoreinformationitwillgainaboutthesystem.HighlycollaborativeapproacheswereidentifiedasthemostlikelyfruitfuldirectionforintegratingbiologicalOAresearch,takingadvantageofjointeffortsandmultiagencyopportunitiessuchasCAMEO(NOAA/NSFeffort).Thecommunityneedstoconsiderbothwhatindividuallabsorinvestigatorscancontribute,andhowindividualscanteamuponprocessstudiesthatwillexamineecosystemmechanismsfromamultidisciplinaryperspective.OneofthemostpressingknowledgegapstoconsiderthiswayishowphysiologicaleffectsofOAononeorganismresultinecosystem‐scaleoutcomes.Someparticipantsfeltthatstudiesofterrestrialsystemsandtheoreticalecologicalworkcouldinformoceanstudies.Atleastonescientist(S.Collins,U.ofEdinburgh)isexaminingevolutionaryresponsesinmicroalgalpopulationstohigh‐CO2conditions,whichmayleadtothedevelopmentofsomegeneralprinciples.Finally,participantsfeltthatifthegrandbiologicalchallengesfacingOAresearchcouldbeidentifiedsoonduringsymposiaatthenationalandinternationalscale,researchquestionsforthenextseveralyearscouldbebesttailoredtoanswerthem.

InasecondplenarydiscussiononThursday,thegroupexploredthemostcompellingOAresearchquestionsthatcouldbeaddressedinthenextfiveyears.Ingeneral,thepointsthatparticipantsbroughtuptendedtosummarizethemostimportantneedsidentifiedduringthebreakoutsessions.Inthisplenary,thegroupidentifiedthefollowingpossibilities:

• HostaninterdisciplinaryFACE‐likeexperimentatamutuallyinterestingsite.• Developasetofdeployablesensorsforusebythecommunityatlargeforshort‐,medium‐,andlong‐termstudies,similartotheoceanbottomseismometernetworkusedbythemarineseismologycommunity.

• Developanorder‐of‐magnitudeassessmentofOA’seffectsvs.otherinfluencestoallowresearchersanddecisionmakerstoprioritizeactivities,expenditures,andpolicies.

• ComparesensitivitytoOAacrosssystemsusingbiologicalapproacheslikecomparativephylogeography,evolutionarystudies,andbiodiversitysurveystodevelopindicesacrossecosystems.

• Quantifycarbonfluxesintoandvariabilitywithinparticulatepools,andsedimentationfluxestoexamineOA’seffectsonremineralizationlengthscales.

• Assembleacomprehensiveglobalmonitoringsystemthatwouldusesatellite,insitu,geochemistry,andbiodiversitymeasurementsinacoordinatedeffortspanningmultipletimeandspacescales.

• Identifythebestway(s)toassesschangeovertimerelativetoamovingandperhapsacceleratingbaseline.

• BringinsocialscientistsandotherscholarstoaddressthehumansideofOA,intermsofbothmarinemanagement(CO2emissions,fisheriesdecisions,environmentalpolicy)andeffectsonhumancommunities(changesinecosystemservices).Thismayinvolveplacingspecialsessionsinsocialsciencemeetings,teamingupwithexistingmarinepolicyspecialists,andobtainingfundingtohelppayforsocialscientists’initialinvolvement.

• Developcheap,user‐friendlybiologicalandchemicalsensorsforregionalandlong‐termstudiestofacilitateansweringmorecomplexquestionsaboutOAwithoutspendingtoomuchtimeongettingbasicmeasurementscorrect.

• DeterminetheconsequencesoflargepHchangeonthecarbonatesystem;aspHshiftsthecarbonatesystemmayrespondinwaysdifferentfromtherangewecustomarilymeasure.MultiparameterCO2measurementswouldhelpaddressthis.

• Conductsynthesisactivitiestocompileavailableinsightaboutecosystemdynamicsonotherecosystem‐widestudies.

• Performmechanisticresearchonorganisms,populations,andecosystems• Continuetoperformmultifactorialexperimentstoassesseffectsofoceanacidification,risingtemperature,andotherstressorstogether.

FutureDirections

Immediatefollow‐upactivitiesDirectlyfollowingtheOAPImeeting,theOCBOAsubcommitteerefresheditsmembershiptoreplacesixmemberswhowererotatingoff.Wereceived26nominationsafterwecirculateda

requesttotheentireOCBcommunity,andallofthosenominatedwerewillingandeagertoserveifelected.AsaresultoftheenthusiasmandtheneedtoexpandtheOCB‐OAsubcommitteetoincludeabroaderrangeofspecialties,theexistingOCB‐OAsubcommitteedecidedtobringaboardeightnewscientists,oneofwhomshouldhaveexpertiseinthesocialsciences.Thiswillexpandthenumberofsubcommitteemembersfrom10to12.Duringtheworkshop,oneoftheattendees(FrancisChan,OSU)proposedthatOCBhelporganizeasynthesisprojectdesignedtoidentifyknownsiteswhereoceanacidificationisactingstronglynowandwhereOAislikelytobeastrongstressor.TheOCBProjectOfficesuggestedthatthisactivityhadnaturalsynergieswiththepresentCoastalInterimSynthesisActivity(http://www.whoi.edu/workshops/coastal_synthesis/).TheCoastalInterimSynthesisActivityispresentlydevelopingregionalteamsthatwillcollatedata,publications,andstudiesthatcouldcontributetothedevelopmentofregionalcarbonbudgets,anditseekstodeterminethekeyfluxesandprocessesaffectingregionalcarboncycling.Ultimately,theActivityseekstodevelopascienceplanforcoastaloceancarbonandbiogeochemicalresearchthatwillidentifyknowledgegapsandrankresearchpriorities.Chansuggestedthataspartofsuchacomplementaryeffort,ateamofOA/CoastalSynthesisscientistsshouldbeginbysynthesizingthemostcurrentobservationsofOAinnearshorewaterstoevaluatethepresentextentofOAandtoidentifythesystemsmostvulnerabletoOA.Subsequentjointactivitieswouldseektoexaminethesynergisticorantagonisticeffectsofmultipleprocessesonthenearshorecarbonatesystem.CoastalInterimSynthesisActivityparticipantsareenthusiasticaboutthisideaandtheProjectOfficeiscontinuingtohelporganizethisjointactivity.

Longer‐termactivitiesFromalltheproductsgeneratedaspartofthemeetingactivities,wecanbegintodevelopasinglelistofOAactivitiesthatwouldsupportOAscienceintheUnitedStates.OCBmaybeabletohelporganizesomeoftheseactivitiesaloneorincombinationwithothergroups.

• Haveanannualmeeting**• Conductintercomparisonexercise/trainingforcarbonatesystemmeasurements*• Hostobservingsystemworkshop*• Coordinateinterdisciplinaryprocessstudies• Engagesocialsciencecommunityvia“datingservice”,“phonebook”orworkshop*• Improveoutreach&messaging*• Hostmodelingworkshop**• Carryoutlarge‐scalebiologicalexperimentsalongacontinuum(mesocosms?testbeds?ecosystems?)• Developsharedresearchinstrumentationforlarger‐scaleinsituexperiments• Developimplementationplan/strategies• Assemblesmaller‐scalescienceplans• OrganizeagroupsimilartoEPOCA’sReferenceUserGroup• Engagefoundations/NGOsworkingonmessaging(e.g.,COMPASS)*• Establishcentersofexcellence

• Organizearesponseteam(WorkwithCOMPASS*/expandFAQ*/blog/messagingresearch?)• AssessthelikelyregionswhereOAmaybeastrongstressor,incoordinationwithNACP/OCBCoastalInterimSynthesisActivity*

*SomethingthatOCB‐OAcouldbeginworkingonintheshortterm(1‐2years)**SomethingthatOCB‐OAcouldbeginworkingonasasecondarypriority,incooperationwiththeIWG‐OA(2+years)

ConcludingRemarksAlthoughoneofthemajorgoalsofthethree‐dayworkshopforOAprincipalinvestigatorswassimplytobringtogetherresearcherstodeveloptheOAresearchcommunityvianetworking,updatesoncurrentresearch,andsomesciencepresentations,thisworkshopalsospawnedfertilediscussionsexploringfuturepossibilities,givencurrentscienceandorganizationaldirections.TheOCBOAsubcommitteeisexploringwaystofacilitatemanyofthesemulti‐investigatoractivities,suchasintercomparisonexercisesorplanning/datasynthesisactivities.WehopethatMarch’sPIworkshopwillbethefirstofmanymeetingsforOAinvestigatorsintheUnitedStatesastheresearchcontinuestogathermomentum.DiscussionsarealreadyunderwayaboutpossiblefutureOAactivities.Severaloftheseactivities,includingsupportingintercomparisonactivities,developingbiologicalorchemicalsensorsthatarerobustanduser‐friendly,entrainingsocialscientists,andplanningintegratedbiologicallyfocusedprocessstudies,willprobablyrequireplanningworkshopsattheiroutset.Multipleorganizations,includingOCB,couldhelpfacilitatetheseeffortsinanorganizingorcommunicatingrole.Itisclear,however,thatthecollaborative,multiagency,multidisciplinaryapproachthatresultedinthesuccessfulcompletionoftheOAPIworkshopwillberequiredtocontinuesupportingthesebroad‐basedefforts.

ReferencesNationalResearchCouncil,2010.OceanAcidification:ANationalStrategytoMeettheChallengesofaChangingOcean.NationalAcademiesPress,WashingtonDC.

AcknowledgmentsWewouldliketothanktheprogrammanagersfromNSF,NOAA,NASA,USGS,EPA,andtheU.S.Navyforassistanceinidentifyingresearchersandprojectsrelevanttothisworkshop.WeespeciallythanktheNSFforprovidingfundstosupporttheparticipationofacademicresearchersandNOAAforunderwritingtheparticipationofNOAA‐affiliatedscientists.SpecialthanksgoestoRobertaMarinelliandPhilTayloratNSFforongoingsupportofthisworkshop.

Appendices

A:BreakoutDiscussionReports

Group1

Improvingsciencethroughstrongercollaborations,facilities,andinfrastructure

Rapporteur:JeremyMathisFollowingmorningsessionsfocusingonpaleoceanographicOAstudiesandobservationandmonitoringofOA,andabrieftalkaboutOApublicopinionresearch,oneofthefirstday’sbreakoutgroupsdiscussedhowthescientificcommunitycanimproveOAsciencebybuildingcollaborations,sharingfacilities,andmakingthemostofexistingorplannedinfrastructure.ThistopicwasrelevantformanytypesofOAresearch,especiallybiologicalandchemicalresearch,andthesessionhelpedidentifythecommunity’sneedsforinterdisciplinary,broadcollaborativenetworksbuildingonpresentresources.ThegroupconsideredwhatresourcesexistedforsupportingOAresearchandwhethertheycouldbebetterutilizedinthenearterm.Someoftheresourcesidentifiedincludedphysicalfacilities,suchflowingseawaterlabs(EPA),naturallagoonsthatnaturallyspanawiderangeofpCO2s(HIMB),statewidenetworksofcoastallaboratories,shipsofopportunity,theLTERnetwork,andexistingsatelliteresources.Satelliteresourcesneedcontinuedinvestmentanddevelopment,however,toachievetheirfullusefulness.Manyresearchersarewillingtodevelopcollaborationsthatwillmaximizetheirownequipment(e.g.,pCO2‐controlledaquariaortanks,FOCEsystems,SHARQenclosures).Time‐seriesstations(e.g.,HOT,BATS)continuetobeuseful,buttheyshouldalsobeexpandedtoincludemoreinteragency,interdisciplinary,andinternationalcollaborations.Helpfulnon‐facilityresourcesincludethebestpracticespublications(EPOCA,DicksonSOP),anddataarchiveslikeCDIAC.NewsensorsbeingdevelopedshowgreatpromiseforsupportingexpandedOAmonitoringactivities,butparticipantsnotedthatanynewsensorsshouldbeincludedinintercalibrationandstandardizationtestssuchasthoseofACT(http://www.act‐us.info/),regardlessoftheagencyaffiliationoftheresearchfromwhichthetechnologyoriginated.Tomaximizeuseofexistingresources,participantssuggestedthatacentraldatabaseshouldbedevelopedlistingresources,theircapabilities,andcollaborativeopportunities.Thegroupalsodiscussedwhatimprovementsinfacilities,infrastructure,orapproacheswouldpromoteOAresearch.Participantsgenerallyagreedthatinfrastructureandmethodsshouldbeplannedtosupportinterestingsciencequestions,ratherthanviceversa.Thereisaclearneedforintegrated,collaborativeapproachesthatspanfromthemoleculartothecommunityscales.Forexample,molecular‐scaleprocesseslikegeneexpressionshouldbeassessedatlegitimateexperimentalpCO2levels;broadeningsuchanexperimentcouldincludecollaborationstoinvestigatelarger‐scalephysiologicalprocessesatthesametime.Atthesametime,environmentalconditionsshouldinspirelaboratoryexperimentaldesign(e.g.,simulating

realisticchemicalvariabilityobservedinnature).Thegroupalsoidentifiedsomespecificneeds,including:microsensorsandgeochemicalapproachestofollowcalcificationatmicroandmacroscales;simultaneousmeasurementsofbiological,chemical,andphysicalparameters;studyofexchangesbetweeninorganicandorganicmaterialpools;enhancedstudyoftheparticulateinorganiccarbonpoolandtheroleofbiologicalprocessesonPIC;observationandmodelingtoovercomechallengesinmeasuringandcalculatingtotalalkalinity;determiningproperpCO2controlsforCO2enrichmentexperiments;openoceaninsituexperiments,especiallytoestablishtheroleofzooplankton;andenhancingsatelliteresources,especiallyformonitoringsalinity.ParticipantsespeciallywantedtounderscoretheimportanceofintegratingOAwiththeoceanobservingsystem(OOS)beingdeveloped.Inaddition,nationalmesocosmfacilitiesarealsostronglyneeded,becausemesocosmexperimentswithbubblingCO2mayhelpbridgethegapbetweenlabexperimentsandin‐situresponsesfororganismswithrapidgenerationtimesorthosethatnormallyexperiencewideorrapidrangesofpCO2conditions.However,notallconditionscanbeproperlysimulatedinmesocosmexperiments.Anynewmonitoringsitesshouldbechosensothatbiological/ecologicalexperimentscanbeeasilypursuedincombinationwithchemicalexperimentsandviceversa;logicalsitesforthesetypesofanalysesand/ordeploymentofstandardsensorscouldincluderegionalnetworkssuchasLTERsites.BecausethereisnosinglebiologicalparameteroranalysisthatcansummarizeOA’seffectsonmarineenvironments,arangeofbiologicalmeasurementsmustbedevelopedandlinkedtogeochemicalmeasurements.Someofthebiologicalmeasurementssuggestedincluded:repeatablemethodstomeasurecommunitycalcification(improvementsoverphotoquadrats),activechlorophyllfluorescencesensors,coupledbiological/DICmeasurements,andbiological/chemicalsensorstodeployonCTDs(TA,DOC,pH,etc.).Thelinkagesbetweenchemistryandbiologyviamicronutrientssuchasmetalsshouldalsobeexamined.Next,thegroupdiscussedwhetherthecommunitycanorganizeacrossexistinginstitutions(facilities,sites,volunteerobservingships,etc.),agencies,disciplines,ornationstostrengthenOAresearch.Participantsfeltthatacombinationofworkshops,information,andfundingsupportwouldlaythegroundworkforlarge‐scaleresearchefforts.Thegroupfeltthatoneofthegreatestcross‐cuttingscientificneedsisforbroad‐scalemeasurementsatregionalandglobalscalesthatcandistinguishamongdifferentcausesoflocalacidification(e.g.,atmosphericCO2,respiratoryCO2,otheracidicchemicalspecies).Capacityforopenoceanexperimentsshouldbebuiltatthesametimeascoastalexperimentsaredeveloped.TohelpresolvewhatbiologicalmeasurementswouldbemostuniversallyusefulinOAresearchatallscales,participantssuggestedaworkshopfocusedsolelyonbiologicalmeasurements.Aworkshoponbiologicalmeasurementsmightalsohelpencourageadoptionofcross‐disciplinarymethodsusinggenomics,evolution/adaptationtheory,andothercutting‐edgebiologicalandmolecularapproaches.Then,researchersshouldsubmitjointproposalsthatincludeintegratingbiologicalandchemicalmeasurementsrelevantfordifferentresearchquestions.Participantssuggestedthatestablishingaresearchcoordinationnetwork(RCN)forOAwouldhelpfulfilltheseorganizationalneeds.ExistingfundingopportunitiesthroughNSF(e.g.,RCNsupport,futureOArequestsforproposals,thebiologydirectorate’sinterestinprovidingcross‐disciplinaryfundingopportunities)mayhelpaccomplishthisdomestically.Atthesametime,internationaleffortsareneededtopromoteandcoordinateregionalandglobal‐scaleefforts.International

collaborationscouldbeespeciallyusefulfordevelopingasetofcoresensorsformooringsandlong‐termobservationalsites.Toincreasetheeffectivenessofinternationalcoordinationefforts,internationalfundingagenciesoraninternationalcoordinatingbody(e.g.,theSOLAS‐IMBEROAworkinggrouporitsdescendant)mightneedtoagreeonjointgoalsandcollaborativeeffortstopursue.ThegroupidentifiedmultipleexistingopportunitiestobuildhumancapacityintheOAresearchcommunity.Thesecouldinclude:takingstudentstoseaandentrainingtheminlabresearch,andprovidingopportunitiesforundergraduateandgraduatestudents(e.g.,REUs,studentsemesterslikeatUCBGumpstation,coursesatFridayHarborLabsorUSC’sCatalinacampus,NERRstudentprograms,EPAprograms,NOAAHollingsFellowships).ManyoftheoptionslistedabovearenotOA‐specific,yettheycanbeusedinthecontextofOAresearch;nevertheless,numerousOA‐specificopportunitiesalsoexist.Groupparticipantssuggestedrecruitingexpertisefromotherfields,includingmaterialsscience,physicalchemistry/physics,catalysischemistry,biomedicalengineering(teeth,bone),genomics/bioinformatics,biophysics(roleofskeletons),andtoxicology.GroupparticipantsalsodiscussedthepossibilityofanationalOAprogram.Theyfeltthatanationalprogramofficeshouldimplementthenationalprogram’sstrategicplan,organizecommunityworkshopsandresearchactivityupdates,coordinatemeasurements,coordinateeducationandoutreachefforts,andhelpprovidedatamanagementandwebsitemanagement.OnedifficultyfacingdevelopmentofthenationalprogramandprogramofficeisthatagenciesinterestedinOAscienceallhavedifferentresponsibilitiesfordatamanagementandreporting.TheymentionedthatOCBwouldlikelybeinvolvedinOAcoordinationregardlessofitsinvolvementwithanationalprogramofficeornot.Therefore,OAsubcommitteemembersshouldbestrategicpartnerswithIOOS,thenationalprogram,andfederalagenciesinterestedinOAtoensuregoodrepresentationofthebreadthofOAresearch.ThisalsoprovidesanopportunityforOCBtoexpandbroadlyintootherrelevantecosystems(coastal,intertidal,coral,etc.).

Group2

OceanacidificationandsocietyRapporteur:MichaelO’Donnell

TheotherafternoonbreakoutsessiononthefirstdayoftheOAPrincipalInvestigators’meetingfocusedondiscussingwhattheresearchcommunitycandotopromotelinkagesbetweenoceanacidificationresearchandsocietyasawhole.Thisdiscussionconsideredtheresearchimplicationsforunderstandingoceanacidification’shumanimpactsaswellastheeducationandoutreachworkneededtoinformthepublic.Participantsinthisdiscussionrangedfromcommunicationsspecialiststoresearchersinvolvedindetectingandobservingoceanacidificationsignals.

Thefirstdiscussionthemeofthebreakoutsessionwasthatnaturalandsocialscientistsneededtofindmorewaystoexchangeideas,data,andinformation.Manyofthebreakoutparticipantsdidnothaveaclearideaofwhatsocialscientistsdo,bothintermsofresearchfocusandresearchmethods.Thisisprobablyaresultofthetraditionalseparationbetweennaturalandsocialscientists,butsomeanticipatethatthisseparationwillnaturallynarrowaspresenteffortstocombinesocialandnaturalsciencesinnewways(e.g.,sustainabilitystudies)continue.Ironically,eachgroup(naturalandsocialscientists)thinkstheother’sjobiseasier.Apossiblewaytobeginclosingthisgapwouldbetobeginprovidinginformationtonaturalscientistsaboutwhatsocialscientistsdo,howtheydoit,andhowtogetintouchwithpotentialcollaborators;discussionparticipantssuggesteddevelopingsomekindofdirectoryor“matchingservice”thatincludesbothnaturalandsocialscientistsinterestedinOA‐relevantissues.Earlyattemptsatcombiningnaturalandsocialsciencedatasetsandmethodstostudyoceanacidificationhavefocusedoncoordinatingnaturalscientistswitheconomists.TheNovember2010Monacoworkshop“Economicsofoceanacidification:Bridgingthegapbetweenoceanacidificationandeconomicvaluation”broughttogethernaturalscientists(mostlyecologists)andsocialscientiststodiscussadvancingOAresearch.Tofeedeconomicsmodels,economistsseekinformationonthevalueofecosystemservices,butthesearedifficultquestionstoanswereitherfromaneconomicsoranaturalsciencesperspective.Economiststreatmostservicesasfungibleand,often,monetizable,sowithoutinformationonthepriceorvalueofenvironmentalchange,ecosystemservicescannotbethoroughlyincludedintopolicymodels.Thesecondmajorbreakoutdiscussionthemewaseffectivecommunicationbetweentheresearchcommunityandthepublic.Untilnow,OAhasbeenverywellcommunicatedbyagroupofkeyscientists,andtheissuehasremainedlargelyunpoliticized.GivenmultiplefactorsincludingtheincreasingprofileofOAscience,itslinkagetoCO2policy,etc.,thismaychangesoon.EffectivecommunicationcannotonlyeducatethepubliconwhycitizensshouldcareandwhyOAshouldbepartofpolicydiscussions,butitcanalsohelpstrengthenresearchbyleadingtofruitfulindustry‐researchpartnershipsand/ornatural/socialsciencecollaborations.IdentifyingwhatscienceneedstobedoneandwhichaspectsofOAhavestronghumaninterestshouldbedonetopromotethistypeofcommunication.ScientistswereconcernedthattheymaynotalwaysbethebestindividualstocommunicateaboutOA,becausetheymaynothavesufficientcommunicationstraining,talents,etc.ThedecisiontocommunicateaboutOAshouldprobablybelefttotheindividualscientist,butthegroupagreedstronglythatanycommunicationtothepublicaboutOAshouldbedonewell.Poororincompletecommunicationcanhaveseriousconsequencesintermsofdevelopingmisunderstandings,stirringupcontroversy,etc.Severaltrainingopportunities(e.g.,COMPASS,AldoLeopold)existforscientistsinterestedinlearninghowtocommunicatemoreeffectively.Multiplerelatedquestionsarestillunanswered,forexample:towhatextentcommunicationsshouldaddressOAcomplexities,andhowtodescribeoverlapswithotherenvironmentalissueswithoutbringingaboardpoliticalbaggage.DiscussingOAincontextwithothercomplexitiescouldproveoverwhelmingtothepublic,ifit’sdonepoorly,butitcouldprovidevaluableinformationtopolicymakersbecausethefullrangeofanthropogenicchangeanditseffectscouldbethen

addressedinpolicydevelopment.Waystoreachthepubliccouldincludecommunicatingviainterestgroupssuchasshellfish/aquaculture/recreationaluserorganizations,churches,orothercommunitygroupswherepeoplereceiveopinion‐shapinginformation.ThethirdmajorthemetothebreakoutdiscussionfocusedonidentifyingadaptationstrategiesforOA.Adaptationhasbeguntoenterthepolicydiscourseasaviableoption,butitisdifficulttoprescribeforOAbecausemodelsarenotespeciallyclearyet.Incertainlocations,asforthewestcoastoftheU.S.,shellfishfarmerscanchoosetimestopumpinlocalwaterthatwillminimizestressonorganisms,butotherecosystemsdon’thaveoptionsthatareasclear‐cut.Furthermore,societydoesn’thavemechanismsinplacetodealwithproblems(likeOA)overlongertimescales.AdvancingthediscussionofwhatgoodadaptationoptionsexistfordifferentcommunitiesthatmaybeaffectedbyOAwillrequirestronglinksbetweennaturalscientistsandsocialscientistsandcommunicationspecialists.

Group3

Scalingandmodelingacrosstimeandspace

Rapporteur:AndreasAnderssonOneofthebreakoutdiscussionsontheseconddayoftheOCB‐OAPIworkshopfocusedonaddressinghowthescientificcommunitycanconductindividualresearchprojectssothatconclusionswillsupportthedevelopmentofmodelsandgeneralforecastsbyspanningrelevantspaceandtimescalesandincludingmultiplestressors.Thistemporalandspatialscalingquestionwasofinteresttoawidevarietyofspecialists,includingchemists,biologists,observationalscientists,andmodelers.First,thegroupconsideredwhatmosthelpfulscientificapproachescouldbeforunderstandingfuturechangesinoceanBGCandecosystems,andwhethertheyweresufficient.Thegroupagreedthatbiogeochemicalmodeling,physiological/ecosystemstudies,paleoresearch,socioeconomicmodeling,andevolutionaryapproacheswouldbeinformative.However,developingthesemodelsandapproachesfirstrequiresagreatdealofcarefulplanning,toidentifyspeciesthatareespeciallyecologicallyrelevantand/orvulnerable.Theseeffortsalsoneedmorelong‐termdatacollection.Futureworkrequiresbuilding“smartmodels”thataredesignedtocapturethemostimportantprocesses,orthataredesignedtoanswerthekeyquestionsrelevantforsocietyorpolicydecisions.Takingtimetoidentifyrelevantresearchquestionsorimproveoutstandingshortcomingsinthemodels(e.g.,presentincorrectcarbonatedissolutionorsubsurfacecirculation)isafirststepindevelopingsmartmodels.Participantsthendiscussedwhichpartsoftheintegrated“view”ofoceanacidification(biotafrommicrobestoecosystemsinfluencedbychangingbiogeochemistryandinfluencinghumancommunities)doweknowbest.Onthechemicalside,wecanmakecalculationsandpredictionswithcertaintiesontheorderof0.1%,butonthebiologicalside,wecanonlymakepredictionswhosesign(direction)mayevenbeuncertain.Regardlessofmodelconstruction,weneedtocomeupwithbetterwaystotesttheskillofbiologicalandecosystempredictions

withinthosemodels.Inanymodel,theultimategoalshouldbetoidentifythemostsensitiveparametersinanecosystemtoanykindofenvironmentalchange,andunderstandhowtheecosystemwouldrespondtochange.Alloftheseactivitiesrequiremuchstrongerinteractionsbetweenmodelers,biologists,biogeochemists,andphysicists.Next,thegroupconsideredwhetherobservationalresearchfocusingonmechanisticbiologicalresponseswillprovideinformationthatisscalableoverspace,time,andmultiplestressors.Studiestodatehavenotbeensufficient,becausetheyhavebeentooshort,focusedontoofewstressors,andhavefocusedontoofewlifestages.Furtherresearchshouldalsoexaminetheroleofvariabilityinenvironmentalparameters,whichfundamentalmechanismscouldbeaffected,andeachorganism’spotentialforadaptation.OnepossibleapproachtoimprovingthisareaofresearchwouldbetoorganizeprocessstudiesinnaturalenvironmentshavinghighCO2,usingenclosureslikeFOCEand/orestablishedlong‐termresearchprogramslikeLTER.Remotesensing’spotentialhasyettobefullyrealized,aswell.Bothoftheseundertakingsmayrequiremorefundingviabiggerprograms.WhendiscussingwhetherwecantradespacefortimewheninvestigatingtheroleofnaturalOAgradientsand/orCO2fertilization,thegroupagreedthatmuchcouldbelearnedfromthenaturalsystem.Aninventoryofongoingstudieswouldbehelpful.Participantscautioned,however,thatnaturalsystemstudiescouldbeinformativebutcouldnotentirelyreplacecontrolledexperiments(e.g.,FOCE,FOCE‐likeexperimentswhereCO2waslowered,experimentswherebicarbonateorliquidCO2wasadded,orinwhichdeepwaterwaspumpedup).Differenttypesofcontrolledexperimentswouldalsohavedifferentpublicperceptions(e.g.,FOCEvs.loweringCO2).Thegroupalsodiscussedwhichenvironmentsneedmorestudyandhowthisworkcouldrelatetoscalingexercises.“Important”environmentsneedfirsttobeidentifiedbydecidingwhatmakesthemimportant–forexample,whethertheyprovideimportantservicesorincludekeyvulnerabilities.Participantsagreedthatcoralreefsandhigh‐latitudeenvironmentswereenvironmentswithpotentialkeyvulnerabilities.Atthesametime,heterogenousenvironmentslikecoastalzones,estuaries,andembaymentsareimportantbecausetheyaresubjecttomultiplestressorsandtheyprovidearangeofimportantservices.Forthesehighlyvariablenearshoreenvironments,itwillbedifficulttoassesswhenchangesfromOAorotherstressorsmoveconditionsoutsidetherangeofnaturalvariability.Processesthatneedtobequantifiedonaglobalscaleincludeprimaryproductivity,calcification,anddissolution.Certainstatisticaloranalyticalapproachescanbeusedtohelpwhenscaling,extrapolating,orlayeringexperimentalresultstodeveloplarge‐scaleconclusions.Regressionanalysesonaglobalscalemighthelpprovideinsightintobroadtrends,whereasMonteCarlosimulationscanbeusedtoinvestigateuncertaintyandsensitivitytovariousfactors.However,applyingMonteCarloanalysesfirstrequiresbettermeasurementofmanybiogeochemicalandecosystemparameterstodevelopquantitativerelationships.TheIPCCapproachofexaminingthestateofknowledge,thelevelofevidence,thelevelofagreement,andthelevelofconfidenceassociatedwitheacheventcouldbehelpfulforcomparingpossibleoutcomes.Ineverycase,

analyticalapproachesshouldaddressuncertaintyexplicitly,whichprovidesbothmathematicalandcommunicationchallenges.OCBcanhelpfacilitateintegrativescalingstudiesofOAinanumberofways.Itcanassistwithdataandmetadatacompilation,byconnectinginvestigatorswithappropriateorganizations(e.g.,BCO‐DMOandothers).OCBcanalsohelpbykeepingthecommunityinformedaboutwhatdifferentgroupsandstakeholdersandprograms(e.g.,EPA’s303(d)requestlastyear)need.OCBcouldhostatargetedworkshoponOAandmodeling(includinginternationalscientists),topromotebetterdialoguebetweenobservationalandmodelingscientists.Holdingthisworkshopinconjunctionwithaninternationalmeeting(e.g.,theOceansinaHigh‐CO2Worldmeeting)wouldbeideal.Offeringannualopportunitiesforinteractionwillalsobehelpful,intheformofspecialsessions,otherworkshops,etc.

Group4

ImprovingresearchonthephysiologicalandecologicalresponsestoOARapporteur:NicholePrice

ThesecondbreakoutgroupontheseconddayoftheOAPImeetingconsideredwhatmeasurementsandtoolsfromothernon‐oceanographicdisciplinescouldbeparticularlyhelpfulforaddressingquestionswithinOAresearch.ThisdiscussionsessionfollowedmorningsessionsonpresentphysiologicalandecologicalOAresearch,andaplenarydiscussiononintegratingbiologicalresearch,whichtouchedonsomeoftheissuesexpandedoninthebreakoutsession.First,thegroupconsideredspecificdifferentapproachesorsubdisciplinesthatusedinnovativeandpossiblyhelpfulapproaches.Physiologicalsciencesandsystems/evolutionarybiologyofferwaystolookatthewholetranscriptometoexamineemergentpropertiesbasedoncoexpressionthatstudiesofindividualtraitswouldmiss.“Omics”research,fundamentallybasedonsequencingbiomolecules,mustfirstidentifywhattosequence(genes,transcriptomes,etc.)andhowtotargetthesesequences(byspecies,community,orenvironmentalcharacteristics).Thismayprovehelpfulforprovidingbroaddiversityindicesorpopulationsurveys.Somestandardizationanddatarepositorydevelopmentareneeded,however,beforethiscanbeuniversallyapplied.Autonomouschemicalandbiologicalmonitoringviamoorings,gliders,etc.couldhelpevaluateabroadersuiteofbiogeochemicalparameters(e.g.,overdeterminingthecarbonatesystem,measuringnitrate,acoustics,sedimentation,etc.)andprovidinginformationsimilartowhatcanbegainedduringshipboardstudies.Otherautonomoustechnologiesmightbeusedforquicklyassessingmicrobialdiversityviamicroarraysorantibodies.Insituorlab‐basedstudiescouldexaminethecostandtheprocessesinvolvedinbehavioralorevolutionaryadaptationoforganisms.Othersystemswhereadaptationhasalreadyoccurredcouldbeusedasmodelexamples.Paleobiologyandpaleoecologystudies,andproxydevelopment,couldhelpresearcherscomparethehistoricalresponsetoshort‐termmanipulativestudies.Cellularandmolecularbiologystudiesdoneedmoretools,suchasmicroelectrodes,tomeasurecellularandsubcellularlevelprocessessuchasbiomineralization,acid/basebalance,andthelike.

Participantsalsoconsideredhowresearcheffortscouldbescaleduptodrawconclusionsaboutspeciesassemblagesandcommunitiesinthefield.Oneoptionwouldbetoincorporatequantitativeandtheoreticalecology,andtopairtimeseriesdatawithmathematicalframeworks.Mechanisticapproachestoecosystemmodelingthatincludespeciesreplacement,energeticsmodeling,orpopulationdynamicsmodelingmayalsobehelpful.Tounderstandphysiologicaltippingpointsorguardrails,wemustalsoquantifynaturalvariabilityandtolerancesinphysiologicalassortmentsandincurrentpopulations.Atthesametime,wemustdeterminehowtoquantifynaturalvariabilityincarbonatechemistryalso.Reciprocaltransplantstudiesmayhelpidentifyhownaturalvariabilityaffectsbiologicalpopulations.Intercomparisoneffortsareimportanttomakesurethatlabandfieldstudiesareactuallystudyingthesameorganismwiththesamebehaviors(biorhythms,geneexpressions,etc.).Finally,multiple‐stressorstudiesmustalsobedonetoplaceOAinenvironmentalcontextwithotherprocessesoccurringinthesameecosystem.Inanycase,itisveryimportanttodefinetheterminology,methods,andassumptionsusedclearlyandtofollowbestpracticesineachexperiment.Lessonsmaybelearnedfromstudiesthathavebeenconductedinterrestrialorfreshwaterenvironments.Sometechniques(e.g.,continuousplanktonrecorders)areknowntohaveoceanographicandterrestrialsimilarity;datainterpretationmethodsmaythusalsohavesimilarities.ThecommunityshouldconsiderusinggenomicallyabledmodelsystemssuchasArabidopsis,Drosophila,and/orDaphnia.PastworkinotherenvironmentshasovercomesomedifficultiesrelevanttoOAincluding:scalingfromlabtofield,monitoringoverdifferenttimeandspacescales,andperforminglargescaleperturbationexperiments(e.g.,FACE,FOCE).Otherlargeenvironmentalchallengeshavebeenaddressedinmultiprongedresearchefforts(e.g.,acidrain,habitatfragmentation,climatechange).Wemustalsoconsiderland/seaconnectionsbetweenterrestrialprocessesandoceanchanges.Thereisanaddedchallengeinstudyingthemarineenvironment,whichisa3‐dimensionalchallenge,whereasterrestrialenvironmentsarelargely2‐dimensional.Apracticalchallengeisthepermittingdifficultiesassociatedwithsettinguplargescaleperturbationexperiments.Anarrayofobstaclespreventscompletingsomeofthisscience.Disciplinarybarriersamongscientistsmayhindersomecollaborations,becausescientistshavedifferentmotivations,rewards,interests,andlanguages.Fundingforlarge‐scaleexperimentsmaybedifficulttoget,anditmaybedifficulttogetsupportfrommultiplesources,givenagencyanduniversitystructures.Inaddition,communicatingtononscientificaudiencesalsoremainsanobstacle.Stakeholdersmustbeinformedandengagedinthisworktohelprefinetheoutcomes.Policymakers,inparticular,needtobeengagedbyadvocacygroupsthatusescientificinformationaccurately.Anumberofopportunitiesexisttofacilitatethisscience.Firstandforemostarecollaborationsamongscientists,agencies,disciplines,public/privateorganizations,andinternationalentities.Biologistsandchemistscanteamuptomakethemostoftheirwork,ascangenomicsfacilitiesandbioinformaticians.Somenaturalseparations,however,mayemergebasedonregional

differences(e.g.,coralreefenvironmentsvs.high‐latitudeenvironments).Researchersworkingondifferenttaxaorbiogeographicunitsmayalsosuccessfullyteamup.Inallcases,bestpracticesguideswillhelpunifystandardsandapproaches.Multidisciplinaryprojectscanhelpbringthesegroupstogether.GLOBEC,IdeasLabs,andsimilargroupsprovidegoodprecedentsforexistinginfrastructureorsuccessfulachievementofthesegoals.Participantsalsofeltthatprogramsshouldbedevelopedtofacilitateinteractionofgraduatestudents.Furthermore,puttingtogetheralistofanalyticalopportunitiescouldhelpfacilitatecollaborativescience.Atthesametime,facilitationofsynthesisactivitiessuchasmeta‐analysesandmodelingstudiesisneededasthebodyofOAknowledgegrows.Tofinduntappedfundingresources,participantsfeltthatscientistscouldreachouttoindustryandcommunity/philanthropicgroups,eitherindependentlyorbyteamingupwithOCBoraUSNationalOAprogram.Opportunitiestohelpfacilitatephysical/ecologicalarenumerous.OCBcansupportsmall‐scaleworkshops,datasynthesisactivities,andprovidelinkagestothedatamanagementcommunity(e.g.,BCO‐DMOandothers).OCBcanalsosupportacross‐calibration/intercomparisonactivityincludingchemicalandbiologicalmethods.Participantsalsofeltthatscopingandsynthesisworkshopswouldbeuseful,andaGordonResearchConferencecouldbeproposedtocreateanannualopportunitytofacilitateOAscience.

B:SurveyQuestionsandResults[Unlessotherwisenoted,allnumericalsurveyresultsarepercentagesoftheresponse.Eachquestionwasansweredby51‐53respondents.]OCBOAPIMeetingSurvey

WelcomeThanksagainforcomingtotheOceanCarbonandBiogeochemistryProgram'smeetingforoceanacidificationprincipalinvestigatorsinMarch!PleasehelptheOCBProjectOfficewithourongoingself‐evaluationeffortsbycompletingthisbrief,10‐minutesurveyabouttheOAPImeeting.1.Pleasecommentontheeffectivenessofthefollowinglogisticalitems:

effectiveSomewhateffective

Veryeffective

Workshopwebsite 0.0 32.7 67.3Pre‐meetingemailcommunication 0.0 9.6 90.4Travelinformationand/orarrangements0.0 7.7 92.3Meetingspace 0.0 21.2 78.8Abstractbooklet 1.9 11.5 86.5Additionalcommentsorsuggestionsregardinglogistics:- Didn'tneedtousethewebsitethatmuchbecauseofthestrongemailcommunication(ThanksMary)- Ihavenocomplaints.Iappreciateditverymuch.- MaryandSarahdidagreatjobasusual!- TheAbstractbookletwasparticularlyuseful.- Theabstractbookletwasagreatidea!- Thelogisticswasexcellent- Verynicelyorganized.- Iverymuchenjoyedthismeeting.ItwasagreatwaytomeetpeopleworkingonOAissues.Iespeciallylikedtheabstractbooklet.Itwasgreatthatitalsoincludedpicturesofmostlyeveryone.ItmadefindingpeopleIwasinterestedintalkingtoveryeasy.MyonlycriticismwasthatthecatererdidnottakemyfoodallergiesunderconsiderationeventhoughIcalledbeforehand.Also,becauseofthelocation,itwasnoteasytogofindfoodelsewhere.- ItisalwaysapleasuretocometoameetingatWoodsHoleasitissowellorganized.(Pityit'sabitoutoftheway:‐)- Communicationregardingthemeetingwasveryclearandeffective.Meetingroomfeltabitcrowdedforanall‐day,3‐daymeeting.- LocationatWHOIwasgreatformeetinglogistics.However,traveltogettoCapeCodisnotconvenient,particularlyifcomingfromtheWestCoastorfurther.- Iandothersdidnotprovidetherightkindofinformationbecausethepurposeofthebookletandthemannerinwhichitwouldbeusedwerenottotallyclear.

Meetingcontent2.Howuseful&interestingwaseachmeetingelement?

Notuseful&interesting

Somewhatuseful&

interesting

Veryuseful&interesting

Scientificplenarytalks 0.0 21.2 78.8Researchsynthesispresentations 3.8 34.6 61.5Shortpaneldiscussions 13.5 59.6 26.9Afternoonbreakoutsessions 9.8 49.0 41.2Postersession 6.1 65.3 28.6Meeting‐wideplenarydiscussions 6.0 38.0 56.0Screeningof"TippingPoint" 11.1 55.6 33.3UpdatesonagencyIWG‐OA,NSF,NOAA,EPAactivities

4.0 32.0 64.0

Workshopupdates 2.1 50.0 47.9Breakoutgroupreports 4.1 57.1 38.83.Didyouliketheorganizationofthemeetingintoscientificsessionsbasedonactiveareasofresearch(e.g.,paleo/proxies,observations/monitoring,physiology,ecology,biogeochemistry/modeling)?96.1%Yes3.9%NoAdditionalcommentsorsuggestionsaboutspecificelementsincludedinthisOAPImeeting:- Breakoutsessionscouldhavebeenbettermoderated.- Imissedthelastdayofthemeeting.- Ithoughtitwasanexcellentmeeting- Thepostersessionwaswellorganized.Ijustpersonallyhavetroublefocusingonposters.- Theresearchsynthesispresentationthatincludedmyworkhadsomeincorrectinformation.- Itwasnotexactlyclearwhatthepurposeofthebreakoutgroupswasfor.Werewejusttheretotalkorwastheresomespecificobjective?Moreguidancewouldhavebeenuseful.- Thisisahighlyinterdisciplinarymeetingcoveringawiderangeofscientificfields.Iforone,amnotfamiliarwithsomeofthetopicsandjargonspresentedbyspeakers.Ithinkthatsomespeakersweretoohurrytocoveratopic.Theyshouldbegivenmoretime,sothattheirpresentationsareunderstoodbyalltheattendants.Anumberofspeakersfailedtodefinetheexperimentalconditionsrigorously.Forexample,resultsoftheeffectofpCO2ongrowthrateorDNAsequencewerepresentedwithoutspecifyingDICand/orTotalAlkalinityinthegrowthmedia.Aninorganiccarbonchemistrymodelrequiresatleast2variabletodefinethesystem.- Ialsofoundtheunstructuredbreaktimestobeanimportanttimeforinteractingone‐on‐oneorinsmallgroupswithcolleaguesaboutOAresearch.

- Forfuturemeetings/workshops,Iurgeyoutostronglyencourageparticipantstobringpostershighlightingtheirwork!Asallofthe"synthesis"speakersmentioned,itwasdifficulttocrameveryone'sresearchintoasingle,shortsynthesistalk.Tofacilitatemorecollaboration(seeminglytheultimategoalofworkshopslikethis)andinterestinpeople'sspecificresearchtopics,itwouldhavebeengreattohavemoreposters!Inhindsight,IreallywishedIhadbroughtone.- PoorafternoonbreakoutsessionscoreaboveIbelievecouldimprovewithmoreprepbythesessionfacilitators.Ispoketothoseatothersessionsthatagreedthosebreakoutswerenotveryproductive.- Themeetingwasverywellorganized.TheonlythingIwouldhaveliketoseedonedifferentlyistobreakintosmallerbreakoutgroups.Thesmallgroupresultscouldthenbecombinedintoonesummary.Also,itwouldhavebeennicetohavealittlemoretimetodiscussthebreakoutgroupreports.- Thepostersessioncouldhavebeenadvertisedmoreeffectivelyupfront.Itwasunclearwhetherweweresupposedtobringaposterornot.- Ingeneral,Ithinkthistopicaldivisionisareasonablewaytodoit...therearealwaysissueswithoverlapandthesewereperhapsgreaterthantheyneededtobe(especiallyphysiology,ecology,andbiochemistry)‐perhapsthetopicalboundscouldhavebeenbetterdefinedbytheorganizersaheadoftime..- Iwouldhavealsoincludedfederalprogramsasakeytopicwithmoretimeforrepresentativestospeak.- Ourposterwassetupinthebackroomandwereceivedverylittletraffic‐bothfromvisitorsandfromwaitstaff.Itwouldbebettertofindalocationtohouseallthepostersandfoodinasinglelocation.Itseemedlikemostofthepaneldiscussionsconsistedprimarilyofindividualresearchers(audiencemembersonly)promotingtheirownresearch.- Ididnotlikethatthemeetingwasorganizedintosetareas.UnderstandingthepotentialeffectsofOArequiresanintegrativeapproach,andseparatingareasworksintheopposite.Maybeaseparateareashouldhavebeen"integrativeresearchapproaches".- Itwouldbemoreproductivetohaveamorefocused,structureddiscussionwithveryspecificquestionstodiscusstopreventpeoplefromwanderinginalldirectionsandtalkingaboutunrelatedquestions.Itmightbeusefultohave5‐6specificquestionslisted,breakdownofthelargegroupintosmallergroupsof5‐7peopleandchargethemwithdiscussingthespecificquestions,andthenintegrateanddiscussanswersfromallparticipatinggroups.- Atleastoneofthebreak‐outdiscussionswassovagueandsuggestinganeedforsuchhugeexpendituresthatitdidnotseemgroundedinrealityandthusItendedtodriftaway.- ThefirstfewplenarytalkswereexcellentexamplesofhowNOTtogiveatalk.Theslideswereterrible:somecrampedfourfigurepanelswithmultiplefiguresinaslide‐ridiculous.Thefontsizerequiredaspottingscope.Apparentlyandsadlyenough,youhavetoINSTRUCTpeoplehowtoprepareslides.Also,youneedtoremindthespeakersthattheyshouldaddressthescientistintheaudiencethatarenot(NOT)intheirfield.Somespeakerswerebetterthanothers.BrianGaylordgaveatalkthatwasboringtoecologistsbutprobablyveryinformativetotheoceanographers‐thatwaswhataskedforIMHO.- thebreakoutsdidnothaveenoughstructureoranystrongdirectionintheconversation.Additionallytheyweretoolargetogetanyrealconversationgoing.

- Idon'tliketoseparatemodelingfromobservation,butIdon'tknowofabetterorganizingprincipal.2.Withacoupleexceptions,thesynthesistalkswerenotwelldone.Inoneortwocases,thecontentofthesynthesiswasverymuchdrivenbypersonalinterestsofthepresenter.Partofthisisbecausethepresentersdidn'thavemuchtimebeforethemeeting(Iguess).- Itwouldhavebeennicetohavemoretimeforthepaneldiscussions.Theyfeltrushedandonlywereabletoanswerafewquestions.Theafternoonbreakoutsessionsfeltlikejustastreamofquestionswithfewanswers.Maybeapanelwouldbegoodforthebreakoutdiscussionsinthefuture?

MeetingOutcomes4.Howusefulwasthismeetingforyouwithregardtothefollowingoutcomes?

NotusefulSomewhatuseful

Veryuseful

Networking 1.9 17.3 80.8Fosteringnewandexistingcollaborationsand/orcross‐disciplinaryinteractions

7.7 32.7 59.6

Inspiringnewscientificideasandresearchdirections

9.8 37.3 52.9

Connectingyoutootherprogramsandscientificinitiatives

3.8 26.9 69.2

Informingyouofongoingplanningandagencyactivities

3.8 26.9 69.2

Informingyouoffundingopportunities 23.1 61.5 15.4Pleaseshareanyadditionaloutcomesthatyouattributetothemeeting:- IthinkitwasextremelyusefultobringtogetherNSF‐fundedandagencyPIsinoneplace.- Iwasabletomakenewcontactsandstartupnewcollaborations.- I'vealreadyhadgreatfollowupdiscussionswithsomeoneImetatthemeeting.- ThismeetingencouragedtheorganizationIworkattoorganizeanOAworkgroup- Iestablishedandfirmedupseveralkeycollaborationsbecauseofthisworkshop.Thevalueofthiscannotbeoverestimated.- Throughinteractionsatthemeeting,IhavebeenabletohookupwithothercolleaguesthatIknew,butthatIdidnotknowwerenowworkingonOA.- Turfissueswereverymuchinevidenceatthemeeting,withmanyparticipantskeepingtheircardsclosetothevest.Ideasandconcernsaboutcurrentresearchdirectionswerenotalwaysfullyacknowledged,sometimesbecauseofthepaceofthediscussion,butsometimesbecausethethinkingmaybeabitinbred.ThisisthenatureofNSF‐fundedscienceandnotthefaultoftheorganizers,butthereneedstobeawaytogetaroundit.- Forme,theabilitytomeetwithotherPI'sonaninformalbasiswasthemostusefulpartofthemeeting.- Ihadhighexpectationsforthemeetingandtheyweredefinitelyexceeded!ThewaythedayandbreakswereorganizedIhadalotofopportunitiestomeetingpeopleandstartnew

collaborations.AsanewPIthiswasextremelyvaluable.ThelargegroupdiscussionshavealsoreallyhelpedhowIshapefuturegrantproposals.- Thefederalagencieswerediscouraginglyvagueaboutfuturefundingopportunities.Butthisisprobablyduetobudgetuncertainties.

5.Pleaseindicateyouragreementwiththefollowingstatementsaboutthemeeting'sspecificgoals.

Stronglydisagree

Disagree Neutral AgreeStronglyagree

NotApplicable

Scientificcollaborationswerestrengthenedorinitiated.

0.0 0.0 13.5 40.4 44.2 1.9

Unproductiveduplicationofscientificeffortwasprevented.

3.8 9.6 57.7 25.0 0.0 3.8

OAresearchcapacitywasincreasedbyincludingrepresentativesfrommultipleresearchagenciesandotherdisciplines,earlycareerscientists,and/orunderrepresentedgroups.

0.0 1.9 15.4 30.8 48.1 3.8

Short‐andlong‐termresearchgoalswereidentified.

0.0 13.5 19.2 48.1 17.3 1.9

Effectivedatamanagementstrategieswerepromoted.

0.0 5.9 29.4 35.3 25.5 3.9

Strategiesforenhancingcommunicationwiththepublicwereidentified.

0.0 9.6 21.2 42.3 23.1 3.8

CommunityrecommendationsforfutureOCBactivitiesweremade.

0.0 3.9 21.6 60.8 9.8 3.9

Additionalcommentsaboutmeetinggoalsoroutcomes:- ImissedthelastdaysoIdon'tknowwhattosayaboutthelast4items- Ithinkthegoalswereappropriate,butthe"newscienties"and"multipleresearchagencies"partsneedmorework.- Therewerealotofgooddiscussions,butIdon'tthinkthemeetingculminatedwithdefinitiveactionplansoridentificationofresearchgoals.

FutureMeetings

6.WhichofthefollowingwouldimprovefuturemeetingsforU.S.OAresearchers?(Checkallthatapply.)[36.4]Planmeetingfartherinadvance[20.5]Allowopenregistration(nolimitsonnumberofinvestigatorsfromeachprogram)[56.8]Includemoresciencepresentations[6.8]Hostmeetingelsewhere[0.0]Lengthenmeeting[40.9]Includemorestudent/earlycareerrepresentatives[43.2]Holdmeetingback‐to‐backwithaninternationalOAactivity(EPOCAorHigh‐CO2worldmeetings,etc.?)[15.9]IncludefewerdiscussionsListanyotherchangesthatwouldimprovefuturemeetings.- Betterpostersessionset‐up.Irealizethefacilitieswerenotoptimalforposters.- Decidehowoftentheywilloccursowecanplanforthem.- Haveclearergoalsforthediscussions- Havingamorefocusedtopicaldiscussionswouldhelp- Iwouldn'tchangeanything- Includepolicymakersandeconomists- Maybejusthavemoreorganized,structureddiscussionswithapanel- Onceagain‐veryfewcomplaints‐meetingwasverywelldesignedandexecuted- morefocusedorfewerdiscussions- Someofthediscussiontopicshadbeenhashedoutatsimilarmeetingsthatmanyofthesamepeopleattended.E.g.,I,AndrewDickson,RichardZeebe,andBarbelHonischhadallrecentlyattendedaPaleo‐OAworkshoponCatalinaISfundedbyNSF.SomeofthedicussiontopicsattheWHOImeetingwereidenticaltothoseonCatalinaIs.I,alongwiththeothers,retreatedfromthesetopicsbecausewehadalreadyengagedinanintensedebateaboutthemandIdon'tthinkanyonewantedtore‐hashthings.Topreventthistypeofredundancyinthefuture,itmaybebeneficialtoconsultwithleadersofsimilarworkshops(oratleasttheagenda/outcomesoftheseworkshops)thathavetakenplaceintherecentpast.- Ithoughtthemeetingwasverywellorganizedandeffective.Itsmoderatesizewasabenefitinmanyways.- paneldiscussionmaybestructuredbygivingaspecifictopic/problemtodiscuss.IfthegoalwastointroducetheOAscientificgroupstoeachotherthemeetingworkedwell,ifthegoalwastotalkabouthowtodealwithpoliticsandpublicperception,socialscientistswouldhavebeenneeded.Maybeanintroductorylecturebyonetothetopicwouldhavebeenagoodcompromise.- "Fartherinadvance"wouldallowsynthesizerstodoabetterjob,Ithink.Maybenot.Maybetheyneedtohavesomeincentive.Ithinkyouareassumingthat"newtoOA"issynonymouswith"earlycareer,"whichisofcoursetotallyabsurd.Needtofindawaytoattractexpertsfromotherfields.Considerreplacing"earlycareer"with"newtoOA.- "Sciencepresentations"don'tnecessarilyneedtobetalks,butlargerpostersessionswouldbegreattogiveresearcherstheopportunitytopromotetheirworktointerestedparties

- Ingeneral,Ithoughtthemeetingwaswellorganizedandattendedbytherightamountofpeople.Ithinkweneedimprovedstructureduringdiscussionstolimitgrandstanding.- Thepostersessiondidn'tworkaswellasitcouldhaveduetopeoplecongregatingnearthefood/bar.Itmighthavebeennicetoputthebarinthebackroomonenighttoencouragemoretraffic.- Iwouldselectavenuethatwouldallowmorepeopletoattend.Also,Ithinkthereshouldbeareportoutfromthebreakoutgroupsrightafter.- Iactuallythinkthatmostoftheareasabovewerewellhandled.Alongermeetingwithmoreattendeeswouldprobablyhavebeenlessuseful.- Couldtherebeabalancebetween"openregistration"andinvitationonly?BylimitingthemeetingtoPIsmanyearlycareerrepresentativeswerelikelyexcluded.Perhapsinthefutureallowmoreearlycareer/studentapplicants,butrequiretheypaytheirownwayifcostisanissue.- Moreplenarydiscussions,lesssmallerbreakouts.Moreprepbyfacilitatorsforbreakoutsessions.

7.Incasefuturemeetingscannotbefundeddirectlybythesponsoringorganizations,howmuchwouldyoubewillingtopayfromyourowngrants/travelfunds/businessaccountstoattendafuturemeetingofU.S.OAinvestigators?

Wouldnotattend

$0‐Wouldrequireexternalfundstoattend.

$1‐$199$200‐$399

$400‐$599

$600‐$799

Travelcosts 6.1 16.3 2.0 20.4 36.7 12.2 6.1Meetingregistrationcosts 6.1 18.4 40.8 28.6 6.1 0.0 0.08.Pleaseprovideuswithsomeinformationaboutyourself:

Yes NoHaveyouattendedpreviousOCBsummerorscopingworkshops? 28.8 71.2Doyouconsideryourselfanearlycareerscientist? 44.2 55.8DidyouattendtheOCB‐OAshortcourse2009asastudent? 11.5 88.5Areyoufemale? 46.2 53.8Areyoupartofaminorityorunderrepresentedgroup? 11.8 88.2Wereallofyourcostsforthismeetingcoveredadequately? 96.2 3.8

ThankYou!Thankyoufortakingoursurvey!Yourresponseisextremelyvaluabletous,becauseitwillhelpusimproveOCBactivitiesinthefuture.IfyouhaveadditionalquestionsorcommentsaboutthissurveyorabouttheOAPImeetingingeneral,pleasecontactSarahCooley(scooley@whoi.edu).

C:ParticipantListName OrganizationLoriAdornato SRIInternationalAndreasAndersson

BermudaInstituteofOceanSciences

JustinAshworth InstituteforSystemsBiologyMarlinAtkinson UniversityofHawaiiBarneyBalch BigelowLaboratoryforOcean

SciencesHeatherBenway OceanCarbon&Biogeochemistry

(OCB)ProjectOfficeJoanBernhard WHOIJimBishop UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleyRustyBrainard NMFSPacificislandsFisheries

ScienceCtrDeniseBreitburg SmithsonianEnvironmental

ResearchCenterColleenBurge CornellUniversityRonBurton ScrippsInstitutionof

OceanographyShallinBusch NOAANorthwestFisheries

ScienceCenterBobByrne CollegeofMarineScience,

UniversityofSouthFloridaWei‐JunCai UniversityofGeorgiaElaineCaldarone NOAA/NMFS/NEFSCEdCarpenter RombergTiburonCenterfor

EnvironmentalStudiesBobCarpenter CaliforniaStateUniversity,

NorthridgeEmilyCarrington UWFridayHarborLabsFrancisChan OregonStateUniversityCyndyChandler WoodsHoleOceanographic

InstitutionBCO‐DMORobertChapman SCDept.Nat.Res.FranciscoChavez,MBARI

AnneCohen WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution

ClayCook HarborBranchOceanographicInstituteatFloridaAtlanticUniversity

SarahCooley WHOINedCyr NOAAFisheries,OfficeofScience

andTechnologyProf.AndrewDickson

ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography

ScottDoney WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution

LisaDropkin EdgeResearch

PaulFalkowski RutgersRichardA.FeelyNOAA/PMEL

PacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory

RobertFoy AlaskaFisheriesScienceCenter,NMFS,NOAA

HeatherGalindo COMPASSNathanGarcia UniversityofSouthernCaliforniaDavidL.Garrison NationalScienceFoundation,

DivisionofOceanSciencesJean‐PierreGattuso

BrianGaylord BodegaMarineLaboratory,UniversityofCaliforniaatDavis

DwightK.Gledhill CooperativeInstituteforMarineandAtmosphericStudies

DavidGlover WoodsHoleOcenaographicInst.JasonGrear USEPA‐OfficeofResearchand

DevelopmentMartinGrosell RSMAS,UniversityofMiamiBaerbelHoenisch Lamont‐DohertyEarth

ObservatoryGretchenHofmann

UCSantaBarbara

KrisHolderied NOAAKasitsnaBayLaboratoryBrianHopkinson UniversityofGeorgiaStephanHowden TheUniversityofSouthern

MississippiLibbyJewett NOAA/CSCORJohnJoseph NavalPostgraduateSchoolLaurieJuranek JISAO‐UW/NOAA‐PMELEricKaltenbacher SRIInternationalCherylKerfeld UCBerkeley/JGIJoanieKleypas NationalCenterforAtmospheric

ResearchEunYoungKwon PrincetonUniversityChrisLangdon RSMASGarethLawson WoodsHoleOceanographic

InstitutionDerekManzello UM/CIMAS‐‐NOAA/AOML/OCDBillMartin WoodsHoleOceanographic

InstitutionToddMartz ScrippsInstitutionof

OceanographyJeremyMathis UniversityofAlaskaFairbanksJimMcClintock UniversityofAlabamaat

BirminghamDanielCMcCorkle

WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution

PaulMcElhany NOAANorthwestFisheries

ScienceCenterChristinaMcGraw ClarkUniversityShannonMeseck NOAANMFSEdwardMiles SchoolofMarineand

EnvironmentalAffairsLisaMilke NOAAFisheriesMilfordLabMargaretW.Miller

NMFS‐SoutheastFisheriesScienceCenter

AndyMount ClemsonUniversityJamesW.Murray UniversityofWashingtonJanetNye EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyMooseO'Donnell FridayHarborLaboratories,

UniversityofWashingtonMonicaV.Orellana

InstituteforSystemsBiology

KenricOsgood NOAANationalMarineFisheriesService

JimPalardy AbtAssociates,Inc.UtaPassow MarineScienceInstituteAdinaPaytan UCSCBethA.Phelan NOAA,NMFSHowardMarine

SciencesLaboratorySeanPlace UniversityofSouthCarolinaMatthewPoach NOAA/NMFSNicholePrice ScrippsInstitutionof

OceanographyJulieReichert EPA/ORISEFellowshipJustinRies UniversityofNorthCarolina‐

ChapelHillLisaRobbins USGeologicalSurveyJeffreyRunge SchoolofMarineSciences,

UniversityofMaineGraceSaba RutgersUniversityChrisSabine NOAAPacificMarine

EnvironmentalLaboratoryAnnetteSalmeen DOEJointGenomeInstituteAstridSchnetzer UniversityofSouthernCaliforniaUweSend SIOSamanthaSiedlecki

JISAO/PCC

SergioSignorini NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter

InnaSokolova UniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte

AdrienneSutton NOAAPacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory

TaroTAKAHASHI Lamont‐DohertyEarthObservatory

ChristinaTanner ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography

JosiTaylor MontereyBayAquariumResearchInstitute(MBARI)

PhilTaylor NationalScienceFoundation‐DivisionofOceanSciences

Dr.LarsTomanek CaliforniaPolytechnicStateUniversity

AradhnaTripati UCLAEdUrban ScientificCommitteeonOceanic

ResearchGeorgeWaldbusser

CollegeofOceanicandAtmosphericSciences

ShanlinWang UniversityofCalifornia,IrvineZhaohuiAleckWang

WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution

RikWanninkhof NOAA/AOMLMarkWarner UniversityofDelaware,Schoolof

MarineScienceandPolicyPeterWiebe WoodsHoleOceanographic

InstituitonTimWootton UniversityofChicagoMattWright COMPASSPaulineYu UniversityofCalifornia,Santa

BarbaraJamesZachos UniversityofCaliforniaRichardZeebe SchoolofOceanandEarth

ScienceandTechnology,U.Hawaii

D:WorkshopAgenda

Day1.TuesdayMarch22

7:30–8:30 ContinentalBreakfast

8:30–8:45 Welcome,Introduction,Logistics,Announcements(Kleypas,NCAR)

8:45–9:00 MeetingGoalsandStructure(Kleypas)

9:00–10:00 Theme1:Paleo&Proxies/Modeling(Chair:Benway,WHOI)

9:00 PlenaryTalk:ConstraintsfromthePast(Hoenisch,LDEO)

9:30 SynthesisofPaleoProjects(Benway)

9:45 PanelDiscussionPaleo,Proxies

10:00–10:30 Break

10:30–12:00 Theme2:Observations&Monitoring(CHAIR:Robbins,USGS/Feely,NOAA)

10:30 PlenaryTalk:AnNationalOceanObservingSystemforOceanAcidification(Feely)

11:00 SynthesisofFacilities,Sensors&Platforms(Sabine,NOAA)

11:15 SynthesisofObservationsResearchProjects(Robbins)

11:30 PanelDiscussionofFacilities,Sensors,PlatformsandObservations

12:00‐12:15 CGBDUpdateonOAPublicOpinionResearch(LisaDropkin,EdgeResearch)

12:15‐12:20 Breakoutinstructions

12:20–1:30 Lunch

1:30–5:00 Breakouts

1:30 BreakoutSessionIImprovingsciencethroughstrongercollaborations,facilities,andinfrastructure.

BreakoutSessionIIOceanacidificationandsociety:makingOAhuman‐relevantviascience,communication,capacitybuilding

3:15–3:45 Break

3:45 Breakoutscontinued

5:00–7:00 Horsd’oeuvresreceptionandPosterSession

Dinneronyourown

Day2.WednesdayMarch23

8:30 –10:00

Theme3:PhysiologicalresponsestoOA(Chair:Kleypas)

8:30 PlenaryTalk:Organismal&EvolutionaryBiologyinOAResearch(RonBurton,SIO)

9:00 Synthesisofunicellularorganismphysiology(Kleypas)

9:15 PanelDiscussion

9:30 Synthesisofmulticellularorganismphysiology(Hofmann,UCSB)

10:00–10:30 Break

10:30–12:00 Theme4:Ecology&SystemResponsestoOA(Chair:Langdon,U.Miami)

10:30 Plenary:EcologicalResponsestoOA(Gaylord,UCDavis)

11:00 Synthesisofecologyprojects(Langdon)

11:30 Specialplenarydiscussion:Howtointegratebiologicalresearch?

12:00–1:30 Lunch.Screeningof“TippingPoint”,adocumentaryfollowingEPOCAresearchers

1:30–5:00 Breakouts

1:30 BreakoutSessionIIIScaling&modelingacrosstimeandspace

BreakoutSessionIVImprovingresearchonthePhysiologicalandEcologicalResponsestoOA

3:15–3:45 Break

3:45 Breakoutscontinued

6:00–8:00 Meetingdinner

Day3.ThursdayMarch24

8:30–9:30 Theme5:Biogeochemistry&Modeling(Chair:Cooley,WHOI)

8:30 PlenaryTalk:OverviewonBGC(Passow,UCSB)

9:00 SynthesisofBGCProjects(Cooley)

9:15 PanelDiscussionBGC

9:30 SynthesisofModelingProjects(Cooley)

9:45 PanelDiscussionModeling

10:00–10:30 Break

10:30–11:00 DataManagement(Chandler,BCO‐DMO)

11:00–11:30 “EuropeanProjectsandInternationalActivities”(Gattuso,EPOCA)

11:30–12:00 TheUSNationalOAProgram[NedCyr(NOAA)andPhilTaylor(NSF)]

12:00–12:15 CommentsfromotherAgencyProgramManagersNASA(CarlosDelCastillo)USGS(LisaRobbins)ChristineRuf(EPA)LibbyJewett(NOAA)

12:30–1:30 Lunch

1:30‐2:00 Updateonrecentworkshops:1:30‐1:40ECCO(Hofmann)1:40‐1:50PAGES‐NSF(Hoenisch)1:50‐2:00Oceansinahigh‐CO2worldIII(Urban,SCOR)

2:00–3:00 BOGreports&discussionon:‐ IncreasingQualityofScience‐ IncreasingCollaboration(NationalandInternational)‐ FutureDirectionsinOAResearch‐ OCB’sRoleinOA

3:00–3:30 Break

3:30–3:55 FINALOPENPLENARYDISCUSSION:TheMostCompellingOAScienceWeShouldTackleWithintheNext5Years

3:55–4:00 OCBProjectOfficemeetingwrap‐up(Doney,WHOI)

4:00 MeetingAdjourned

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