ocean carbon and biogeochemistry program meeting report · in keeping with the ocean carbon and...
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OceanCarbonandBiogeochemistryProgramOceanAcidificationPrincipalInvestigators'Meeting,March22‐242011
MeetingReportJuly22,2011
EXECUTIVESUMMARY 2
INTRODUCTION:WORKSHOPBACKGROUND 3
WORKSHOPGOALSANDSTRUCTURE 4
WORKSHOPOUTCOMES 6
Products 6Presentationfiles 6Summaryarticles 6Surveyresults 7
LessonsLearned 9Surveyresults 9BreakoutSessions 10PlenaryDiscussions 12
FutureDirections 13Immediatefollow‐upactivities 13Longer‐termactivities 14
CONCLUDINGREMARKS 15
REFERENCES 15
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 15
APPENDICES 16
A:BreakoutDiscussionReports 16Group1 16Group2 18Group3 20Group4 22
B:SurveyQuestionsandResults 25
C:ParticipantList 32
D:WorkshopAgenda 34
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ExecutiveSummaryAcidificationoftheoceansinresponsetorisingatmosphericCO2concentrationsisnowirrefutable.Oceanacidification(OA)hasbecomeanimportantresearchfocusworldwideoverthelastdecade.TheFederalOceanAcidificationandMonitoring(FOARAM)Act,passedin2009,authorizedfundstobothNOAAandNSFtoaddressOAintheirresearchplans;investigatorswithinotherfederalagencieshavealsobeenstudyingOA‐relatedquestionssincethen.AstheOAresearchcommunitygrows,itisincreasinglyimportanttomaximizecoordinationacrossprojects,increaseefficiency,andstimulatefutureresearch.InkeepingwiththeOceanCarbonandBiogeochemistryProgram’s(OCB’s)overallmission(www.us‐ocb.org),OCBorganizedanationalmeetinginMarch2011forprincipalinvestigatorsworkingonOA‐relevantresearchprojects.ThiswasthefirstnationalgatheringofOAprincipalinvestigators,anditwasdesignedtobuildcapacitywithintheOAresearchcommunity,toadvancescientificresearchonOAasefficientlyaspossible,andtoclarifythescientificfrontierswithinOAresearch.Tomakethemeetingasinclusiveaspossible,organizersinvitedrepresentativesfromallOA‐relevantresearchprojectssupportedbyNSF,NASA,NOAA,USGS,EPA,andotherfederalagenciesinterestedinOA.ThismeetingwasplannedaroundsixbroadgoalsthatfocusonthemesandchallengescommonacrossallOA‐relateddisciplines.
1. Strengthenscientificcollaborationsandminimizeduplicationofefforts2. BuildcapacityforimprovingOAresearch3. Identifyshort‐andlong‐termresearchgoals4. Promoteeffectivedatamanagement5. Enhancecommunicationwiththepublic6. SolicitfeedbackfromthescientificcommunitytoguidefutureOCBactivities
Themeetingincludedplenarytalksreviewingthestateofthescience,synthesispresentationsrelatingpresentresearchefforts,plenarydiscussions,andbreakoutdiscussiongroups.Themeetingwebsite(www.whoi.edu/workshops/OAPI2011)containsallofthemeetingpresentationfiles,thebookofparticipantabstracts,projectintroductionslidesfromparticipants,videosofpresentations,breakoutgroupreports,andlistsofpotentialcommunityactivitiesgeneratedduringplenarydiscussions.Ashortpost‐meetingsurveyconductedbytheOCBProjectOfficefoundthatmostmeetingparticipantsagreedthatthe6meetinggoalswerelargelyfulfilled.Participantsprovidedvaluablesuggestionsaboutimprovingbreakoutgroupproductivityinthefuture,activitiestoincludeinfuturemeetings,andtheusefulnessofthisparticularmeetinganditsformat.PlenaryandbreakoutdiscussionsidentifiedpotentialavenuesfortheOAresearchcommunitytoconsiderinthenextfewyears.OCBoranationalOAprogramcouldfacilitatemanyofthese
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activitiesbyhelpingcoordinateresearchers,supportingplanningandscopingactivities,andlinkingresearchwithothernationalandinternationalresearchers.
Introduction:WorkshopBackgroundOceanacidificationhasbecomeanimportantresearchfocusbothnationallyandinternationallyoverthelastdecade.WhileacidificationoftheoceansinresponsetorisingatmosphericCO2concentrationsisnowirrefutable,thedetailsofthechemical,geological,andbiologicalconsequencesofOArequiremuchfurtherstudy(NationalResearchCouncil,2010).TheUSgovernmentsanctionedfurtherresearchbypassingtheFederalOceanAcidificationResearchandMonitoring(FOARAM)Actin2009,whichauthorizesfundstobothNOAAandNSFtoaddressOAintheirresearchplans.InSpring2011,NSFsupportedapproximately96investigatorson78projectsthataddressOA,whichwerefundedonaproject‐by‐projectbasisratherthaninasinglecoordinatedprogram.Atthesametime,manyNOAAlabswereworkingonOA‐relatedscience,frommonitoringchemicalchangestoforecastingecosystemshifts,whileNOAAestablishedacentralcoordinatingofficeforOA.InvestigatorswithinotherfederalagencieshavealsobeenstudyingOA‐relatedquestions.AsthenumberofOAprojectsandinvestigatorsgrows,itisincreasinglyimportanttoorganizetheresearchinwaysthatmaximizecoordinationacrossprojects,increaseefficiency,andstimulatefutureresearch.Atthe2010OceanCarbonandBiogeochemistryProgram(OCB;www.us‐ocb.org)summerworkshop,theOCBScientificSteeringCommittee(SSC)recognizedtheneedtobringtogetherOAinvestigatorstosupportthegrowingOAresearchcommunity.InkeepingwithOCB’soverallmission“topromote,plan,andcoordinatecollaborative,multidisciplinaryresearchopportunitieswithintheU.S.researchcommunityandwithinternationalpartners,”1theSSCrecommendedtoorganizeanationalmeetinginearly2011forprincipalinvestigatorsworkingonOA‐relevantresearchprojects.Inresponse,membersoftheOCBProjectOfficeandtheOCBOceanAcidificationSubcommitteedevelopedthemeetingagenda,circulatedinvitations,andworkedwithspeakers,sessionchairs,andagencyrepresentativestorefinetheplanforthethree‐daygathering.ThismeetingwasthefirstnationalgatheringofprincipalinvestigatorsfundedtoconductOAresearch,anditwasdesignedtobuildcapacitywithintheOAresearchcommunity,toadvancescientificresearchonOAasefficientlyaspossible,andtoclarifythescientificfrontierswithinOAresearch.Tomakethemeetingasinclusiveaspossible,organizersidentifiedOA‐relevantresearchfromlistsoffundedNSFandNASAprojects(e.g.,NSFcoreandOA(10530)awards;NASAROSES2010CarbonCycleawards)andbyconsultingprogrammanagersfromNSF,NOAA,USGS,EPA,andotherfederalagenciesinterestedinOA.Onerepresentativefromeachoftheseprojectswasinvitedtothemeeting.Attendeesincludedecologists,paleoceanographers,instrumentationspecialists,chemists,biologistsofalltypes,socialscientists,oceanmodelers,andcommunicationsspecialists.
1“AboutOCB.”http://www.us‐ocb.org/about.html.AccessedJanuary11,2011.
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WorkshopGoalsandStructureOAisapriorityareawithinOCB,butitalsooverlapsmanydisciplinesnottraditionallycoveredbyOCBscientists.EncompassingtheentirerealmofOAresearchintheUnitedStatesrequiresbuildingmuchstrongerlinkagesbetweenresearchsponsoredacrossthefiveNSFsupportingprogramsanddivisions:OPP(OfficeofPolarPrograms,ArcticandAntarctic);GEO(GeosciencesDirectorate,OceanSciences);BIO(BiologicalSciencesDirectorate,includingIntegrativeOrganismalSystemsandMolecularandCellularBiosciences),aswellasbuildingstrongtiestoresearchsponsoredbyotheragenciessuchasNOAA,NASA,USGS,andEPA.Toserveparticipantsfromsomanydisciplines,thismeetingwasplannedaroundsixbroadgoalsthatfocusonthemesandchallengescommonacrossallOA‐relateddisciplines.Eachgoalwasdevelopedtocomplementtheobjectivesofcapacitybuilding,scientificadvancement,andclarificationoffrontiers,inwaysspecificallyhelpfulfortheOAresearchcommunity:1. Strengthenscientificcollaborationsandminimizeduplicationofefforts—Itisparticularly
importanttopromoteexchangeamongOAresearchersnewlyfundedbyNSF,theexistingOAresearchcommunity,andagenciesthatmightnotnormallyinteractwiththeseinvestigators.Freshideasandcarefullyplannedcollaborationsaremorelikelytoarisefromresearchersfamiliarwiththeircolleagues.
2. BuildcapacityforimprovingOAresearch‐‐‐EntrainingscientistsfromdisciplinesthatarenotyetwithinmainstreamOAresearch,aswellasearlycareerscientistsandunder‐representedgroups,willprovideinnovativeperspectivesonproblemsandmakenewandpowerfulspecializedresearchtoolsandtechniqueswidelyavailable.
3. Identifyshort‐andlong‐termresearchgoals‐‐‐Muchefforthasbeendevotedtoscientificscopingactivities,bothnationallyandinternationally.Inadisciplineasbroadandfast‐movingasOA,itisimperativethattheshort‐andlong‐termresearchgoalsarecontinuallyreassessed.BringingtogethersuchabroadgroupofOAresearchersattheearlystagesofresearchisimportantforbuildingnewcollaborationsandspawningfreshideas.
4. Promoteeffectivedatamanagement‐‐‐OrganizationslikeBCO‐DMOarewellestablishedandavailabletosupportOAresearchanddatamanagement.ResearchersnewtoOAorfromdifferentdisciplinesmaynotbeawareoftheseresources.AtthisearlystageofnationalOAresearch,thetimeisrighttoemphasizeeffectivedatamanagement.
5. Enhancecommunicationwiththepublic‐‐‐OAhasmanypotentialoverlapswithhumancommunities,frombeingatopicofpublicinterest,apolicy‐relevantissue,andapotentialsocioeconomicinfluence.Fromresearch,education,andoutreachstandpoints,earlydevelopmentofplanstointegrateOAactivitieswiththeseissueswillpayoff.
6. SolicitfeedbackfromthescientificcommunitytoguidefutureOCBactivities‐‐‐Asa“bottom‐up”organization,OCBreliesoncontinuingdialogueamongthescientificcommunityandagenciestoidentifyhowtoservetheresearchcommunityeffectively.GatheringfeedbackfromOAresearchersatthisearlyphaseofnationalresearchwillenableOCBtocontinuetorespondtotheirneeds.
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Meetingactivitiesmappedtothesegoals.PresentOAresearchwasgroupedaroundfivemajorthemes,including:
• Pastoceanacidificationevents• Improvingoceanacidificationobservations• Physiologicalresponsestooceanacidification• Ecologicalresponsestooceanacidification• Biogeochemicalresponsestooceanacidification
1‐2hoursessionsweredevotedtoeachofthefivemajorscientificthemes.Eachsessionbeganwitha30‐minuteplenarytalkthatprovidedanoverviewofthestateofthescience,insupportofmeetinggoals1‐2.Thechairofthesessionthenprovidedasynthesisofcurrentlyfundedresearchonthetopic,usingschematicdiagramsorothervisualaidstocomprehensivelysummarizeongoingresearch,whereoverlapsoccur,andwheregapsexist.Next,thesessionchairmoderatedadiscussionamong5‐6panelistsandallthemeetingattendeesaboutwheretheresearchisheaded,howitcanbeimproved,andwhatresearchfrontierscanbeanticipatedoverthenext5‐10years.Together,thesynthesistalksandshortpaneldiscussionshelpedsupportmeetinggoals1‐4.Themeetingalsoincludedspecialplenarydiscussionsandplenarytalksontopicsofbroadinterest.Thefirstspecialplenarydiscussionconcernedhowbesttointegrateallofthebiologicalresearch,analyticalandinterpretivetools,anddiverseresultsintoaunifiedbodyofknowledge.Thesecondspecialplenarydiscussion,heldattheendofthemeeting,focusedonthemostcompellingresearchthatthecommunityshouldpursueinthenext5years.Thesediscussionssupportedmeetinggoals1‐6.Plenarytalksfocusedondatamanagement,onpresentinternationalOAresearchactivitiesandfutureopportunities,andthedevelopingU.S.nationalOAprogram.Duringfourmeetingbreakoutsessions,cross‐cuttingissuesandchallengescommontomanyOAresearcherswerediscussed,tosupportmeetinggoals1‐6.Breakoutsessiontopicsincluded:
Meetingchairpersonsandorganizingcommittee:TheorganizersofthismeetingincludemembersoftheOCBProjectOffice(http://www.us‐ocb.org/about/office.html)andvolunteersfromtheOCBOceanAcidificationSubcommittee(http://www.us‐ocb.org/about/subcommittees.html).Co‐chairs: JoanieKleypas,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,[email protected] SarahCooley,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution,[email protected]: DickFeely,NOAAPacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory DaveHutchins,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia LisaRobbins,USGeologicalSurvey ChrisLangdon,RosenstielSchoolofMarineandAtmosphericScience Jean‐PierreGattuso,INSU‐CNRS,France HeatherBenway,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution
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• Teaminguptogetitalldone:facilities,infrastructure,andcollaborations• Thehumanside:makingOAhuman‐relevantviaeducation,outreach,&socioeconomicstudies.• Addinguptheresults:temporal/spatialscaling,modeling,andmultiplestressors• TheOAtoolbox:measurementsandtoolswehaveandneed
BreakoutsessionleadersmoderateddiscussionsessionsguidedbychargequestionstoidentifychallengescommontoallOAresearchthemesandtoinspirenewsolutionsbyfosteringdialogueamongresearcherswithdifferentspecialties,perspectives,andmethods.Themeetingincludedsocialactivitiestopromoteinformalnetworking,includingapostersessionandreception,manybreaks,grouplunches,andameetingdinner.Theseunstructuredperiodshelpedpromotemeetinggoals1‐2and4‐5.
WorkshopOutcomes
Products
PresentationfilesThismeetinggeneratedseveralreferenceproductsthatarecurrentlyarchivedontheworkshopwebsite(www.whoi.edu/workshops/OAPI2011),including:
• Bookofparticipantabstracts• Projectintroductionslidesfromparticipants• Presentationfiles• Videosofpresentations• Synthesisdiscussionpresentations• Breakoutgroupreportsandsummarypresentations• Listsofpotentialcommunityactivitiesgeneratedduringplenarydiscussions
(biologicalplenaryandsummaryplenary)
SummaryarticlesTheOCBProjectOfficealsowrotethreearticlessummarizingthemeetingactivitiesandoutcomes,including:Cooley,S.R.OCBHostsFirstMeetingforOceanAcidificationResearchers.OCBNews,
Spring/Summer2011.4(2):17‐19.Cooley,S.R.,J.Kleypas,H.Benway.(submitted)FirstNationalMeetingforU.S.Ocean
AcidificationResearchers.EOS.
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Cooley,S.R.J.Kleypas.FirstNationalMeetingforU.S.OceanAcidificationResearchers.www.oceanacidification.wordpress.com.12May2011.
SurveyresultsTheOCBProjectOfficealsodevelopedashortsurveyforOAPIworkshopparticipants,whichisreproducedinfullinAppendixB.Inall,wereceived53responsesfromthepoolof112meetingattendees,foraresponserateof47%.Almostallsurveyrespondentsansweredeveryquestion,andmanyprovidedexplanatorycommentstofurtherexplaintheiranswers.MostsurveyrespondentshadnotattendedpreviousOCBworkshops(71%).Onaverage,therespondentsincludedmostlyearlycareerscientists(56%),females(54%),andthosewhowerenotpartofaminorityorunderrepresentedgroup(88%).Inaddition,all6meetingattendeeswhohadattendedthe2009OCB‐OAshortcourseasstudentsrespondedtothesurvey.Giventhatworkshopattendeesincluded38%femalesand33%earlycareerscientists(OCBProjectOfficedata;earlycareerestimatemaybelow),thesurveyrespondentpoolwasslightlyskewedtowardsmorejuniorfemalemeetingattendees.Respondentsweregenerallysatisfiedwithmostlogisticalaspectsofthemeeting.Morethantwo‐thirdsofallrespondentsfeltthattheworkshopwebsite(67%),pre‐meetingemailcommunication(90%),travelinformationandarrangements(92%),themeetingspace(79%),andtheabstractbooklet(87%)were“veryeffective.”Ofthesefeatures,theworkshopwebsitereceivedthelowestscore,althoughonecommentsuggestedthatthismayhavebeenbecauseemailcommunicationprecludedsomeoftheneedforthewebsite.Somecommenterssuggestedthattherelativelyisolatedlocationposedsomedifficultyandthemeetingspacewasnotquitelargeenough.Responsesweremoremixedconcerningmeetingcontent.Mostrespondents(96%)likedtheorganizationofthemeetingintoscientificsessionsguidedbyactiveareasofresearch,althoughonecommenterpointedoutthatOAresearchrequiresanintegrativeapproachanddividingupthemeetingintoscientificsessionsseemedcontrarytothatgoal.Surveyrespondentswereaskedtoratemeetingelementsas“notusefulandinteresting,”“somewhatusefulandinteresting,”or“veryusefulandinteresting.”Onlythescientificplenarytalkswereespeciallyhighlyratedas“veryusefulandinteresting”(79%).Fewerrespondents,butstillamajority,feltthatresearchsynthesispresentations(62%),meeting‐wideplenarydiscussions(56%),andagencyupdates(64%)werealso“veryusefulandinteresting.”Themajorityofrespondentsfeltthattheshortpaneldiscussions(60%),afternoonbreakoutsessions(49%),postersession(65%),screeningof“TippingPoint”(56%),workshopupdates(50%),andbreakoutgroupreports(57%)wereonly“somewhatusefulandinteresting.”Nomeetingelementreceivedamajorityof“notusefulandinteresting”votes.Severalcommentersnotedthatbreakoutsessionscouldhavebeenbettermoderatedandcouldhavehadclearerobjectives.Also,othersnotedthatsomebreakoutsweretoolargetospureffectiveconversation.Acommenternotedthathewouldhaveappreciatedexplicitguidanceaboutwhethertobringaposterornot,andanothernotedthathewishedhehadbroughtone.Paneldiscussionsseemedabitrushed,toanothercommenter.
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Alargemajorityofcommentersfeltthatthismeetingwas“veryuseful”fornetworking(81%),forconnectingthemtootherprogramsandscientificinitiatives(69%),andforinformingthemofongoingplanningandagencyactivities(69%).Slightlysmallermajoritiesratedthismeeting“veryuseful”forfosteringnewandexistingcollaborationsandcross‐disciplinaryinteractions(60%)andfosteringscientificideasandresearchdirections(53%).Themeetingwasonly“somewhatuseful”forinformingrespondentsaboutfundingopportunities(62%).Onecommenternotedthatthefederalagencieswere“discouraginglyvagueaboutfuturefundingopportunities”butattributedthistolikelybudgetuncertainties.Severalcommentersnotedthattheywereabletomeetpeopledoingsimilarresearchandinitiatenewcollaborations.Mostofthecommentersseemedenthusiasticabouthowthemeetingbroughttogetherpeoplefundedbymanydifferentinitiativesandprovidedunstructuredtimefornetworking.Respondentsusedasix‐pointscalerangingfrom“stronglydisagree”to“stronglyagree”thatincluded“notapplicable”toassesswhethereachspecificmeetinggoalwasfulfilled(Figure1).Ingeneral,respondentsagreedoragreedstronglythatmostmeetinggoalswerefulfilled.Onecommenterpointedout,however,thatthemeetingdidnot“[culminate]withdefinitiveactionplansoridentificationofresearchgoals.”WeaskedrespondentswhichchangeswouldimprovefuturemeetingsforU.S.OAresearchers.Surprisingly,only36%feltthatplanningthemeetingfartherinadvancewouldhelp;some
Figure1:Surveyanswerstoquestion5,concerningtheattainmentofeachmeetinggoal.
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commentersnotedthatadvanceplanningwouldallowattendeestoplanbetterforfuturemeetings.Overhalfoftherespondents(57%)feltthatincludingmoresciencepresentationswouldbeanimprovement.Otherchangesthatmightprovehelpfulincludebringinginmorestudent/earlycareerrepresentatives(41%),and/orholdingmeetingback‐to‐backwithaninternationalOAactivity(43%).Commentsagainfocusedonthebreakout/discussionsessions:theyneededmorefocus;breakoutconversationscouldhavebeenencouragedwithapanel;attimestheyoverlappedpreviousworkshops’discussiontopics;andbreakoutsessionleadersneededmorepreparation.Onecommenterfeltthatthemeeting’sattendancelimitations(onePIperproject)excludedearlycareerrepresentatives,andadifferentbalanceofparticipantsshouldhavebeensought.Themajorityofrespondentsfeltthattheywouldattendafuturemeeting,evenifasponsorcouldnotfundtheirparticipation.Mostfeltthattheywouldbewillingtopaybetween$400‐$599intravelcosts(37%)and$1‐$199inmeetingregistrationcosts(41%)toattendafuturemeeting.However,96%ofrespondentsfelttheirtravelcostswerecoveredadequatelyforthismeeting.
LessonsLearned
SurveyresultsIngeneral,themeetingsucceededinachievingalmostallofthesevengoalsthatorganizersdeveloped.Responsesconcerningwhethereachmeetinggoalswasattained(Figure1)aregenerallydominatedby“agree”or“stronglyagree”forallgoals,exceptpreventingunproductiveduplicationofeffort(dominatedby“neutral”).Itispossiblethatsinceattendeeswerealreadyfundedandtheirresearchprojectsareunderway,theydidnotfeelthatknowingwhattherestoftheresearchcommunitywasworkingonhelpedthemadjusttheirexperimentsaccordingly.Nocommentsaddressedthis,sosomefollow‐upmaybenecessarytounderstandthissurveyresponse.Someofthelesstraditionalelementsofthemeeting,likebreakoutsessions,synthesistalks,andpaneldiscussions,mayhavebeenlesswellreceivedthantraditionalsciencetalkssimplybecauseattendeesareaccustomedtomeetingsdominatedbysciencetalks.Nevertheless,severallessonscanbelearnedaboutstructuringthesetypesofsessionsbetterinthefuture.Breakoutsessionsshouldhavebeensmallerandmorefocused.Onepossibilityforpromotingconversationwouldbetochargemultiplesmallgroupswiththesamesetsofquestions,thencombinetheiranswersattheend.Breakoutsessionleadersalsoneededmorepreparationandinteractionamongthemselvesandwithmeetingorganizerstofulfilltheirrolemosteffectively.Havingaclearobjectiveforthebreakoutsession(report,etc.)mayhaveprovidedthestructurethatmanyparticipantssought.Askingbreakoutleadersandrapporteurstoprovideashortreportaspartoftheirworkwouldhavealsoaidedthecompletionofpost‐meetingarchives.Researchsynthesistalksmayhavebeenmoreeffectiveiforganizershadmoretimebeforethemeetingtoworkwithmeetingattendeesandmakesuretheirscience
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wasbeingwellrepresented.Synthesisspeakerscouldalsohavereferredtoparticipants’posterswhereappropriate.Asforgeneralmeetingplanning,organizersshouldprovideexplicitinstructionsonwhetherornottobringaposter,whatsortofabstracttoprepare,andconsiderprovidingpointersoneffectivepresentationmethodsanddiscussion‐leadingapproaches.TheseproceduralissueshavealsocomeupinotherOCBworkshopsandmeetings,andsuggestthatOCBmaydowelltoassembleapacketofinformationonrunningmeetingsessionsforgeneraluse.Thisparticularmeetingwasplannedonrelativelyshortnotice.Surprisingly,surveyrespondentsdidnotseemtofeelthatmoreadvanceplanningwouldsignificantlyimprovefuturemeetings,eventhoughthegeneralsenseoftheorganizingcommitteewasthatadvanceplanningwouldhaveeasedtheirjobmarkedly.Mostrespondentswerewillingtopayatotalof$401‐$798fortravel,lodging,andregistrationforafuturemeetingiftheirparticipationcouldnotbesupportedexternally.However,OCBProjectOfficedatashowstheaveragereimbursedtravelandhotelcostwas$1050perattendee,andthemeeting“registration”cost(includingallmeetingmaterials,localshuttle,andconferencemeals)was$300.Thistotalaveragecostof$1350perattendeerepresentsasignificantmismatchbetweenparticipants’willingnesstopayandtheactualmeetingcosts.Ifafuturemeetingwereheldatalargervenuethathadtoberented,thismightfurtherincreasethecostsassociatedwithregistration,andsignificantsacrificesmighthavetobemaderegardingmeetingsupport(shuttles,personnel),locationandtimeofyear,andmealsandreceptionstokeepthemeetingaffordableforparticipants.
BreakoutSessionsThefirstandsecondafternoonsweredevotedtobreakoutsessionsthatfocusedonfouroverarchingtopics:improvingsciencethroughstrongercollaborations,facilities,andinfrastructure;oceanacidificationandsociety:makingOAhuman‐relevantviascience,communication,capacitybuilding;scalingandmodelingacrosstimeandspace;andimprovingresearchonthephysiologicalandecologicalresponsestoOA.Inallofthesebreakouts,participantsconsideredsimilarquestions:Whatpressingissuesneedtobetackledsoonest?Arethereobstaclespreventingthis?Canexistingfacilitiesbeuseddifferentlytoincreasetheirimpact?Cancapacitybebuiltinkeyareastoaccomplishthecommunity‐wideto‐dolist?And,whatcanOCBdotohelpfacilitateansweringthesequestions?Breakoutdiscussiongroupsidentifiedarangeofcommonactivitiesthatthecommunitycouldundertakerightawaytohelpanswerthesecross‐cuttingquestions.Manyoftheseactivitieswouldsupportoutstandingissuesthatcameupinmultiplebreakoutsessions.Forexample,promotingstrongcollaborationsbetweennaturalandsocialscientistswouldadvancesocietallyrelevantOAresearchandcommunications,anditwouldalsoenhanceourabilitytodevelopholisticOAmodelsincludingallinfluencesonnearshoremarinecommunities.Also,maximizingbetteruseofphysicalfacilities/infrastructuresuchasflowingseawaterlabs,shipsof
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opportunity,theLTERnetwork,andsatelliteresourceswouldhelpmaintainthecollaborationsandcollectthedataneededtounderstandOA.ThisdatawoulddirectlyimprovemodelsspanningmultipletimeandspacescalestargetingOA.Similarly,incorporatingautonomoussamplingtechnologies(e.g.,gliders,floats,buoys)aswellaspursuingresearchthatborrowsfromnon‐oceanographicbiologicalstudies(e.g.,“‐omics”research,behavioralorevolutionaryadaptationresearch,mechanisticecosystemstudies,andmodelsystems)couldhelpbothimproveOAresearchandprovidescalableinformationthatcouldbeincorporatedintopredictivemodels.Suchmodelscouldultimatelybeusedtoprovidedecision‐relevantinformationthatwouldhelplinkOA’seffectsonoceanecosystemsfromthesmallestmicro‐scaletothelargesthumancommunityscale.SpecificactivitiessuggestedbybreakoutparticipantsthatwouldpromoteOAscienceincluded:
‐ Morecollaborativeuseofphysicalfacilities(labs,fieldsites,shipsofopportunity,coastallabs,LTERsites,satellites)andcontinuedmaintenanceofvirtualresources(CDIAC,bestpracticesguides)
‐ Integratedstudiesthatspanmoleculartoenvironmentalandcommunityscales(e.g.,microsensorsorgeneexpressionevaluationinenvironmentswithrealisticpCO2levelsandvariability;usingtheoceanobservingsystemunderdevelopment;lookingatchemical/biologicallinksviamicronutrients,particulatepools,etc.)
‐ EstablishmentofnationalmesocosmfacilitiesorFreeOceanCarbonExperiment(FOCE)sites,equippedwithnetworksofsensorsthatcouldbere‐usedelsewhere
‐ Workshopstodeterminebiologicalmeasurementneedsandtopromoteinternationalcollaborationestablishmentofaglobalsensornetwork.
‐ Increaseduseofexistingpathways(researchcoordinationnetworks,graduatetraineeships,fellowships)toentrainnewresearcherswithdisparatespecialtiesandtrainthenextgenerationofOAresearchers
‐ ChoosingOCB‐OAsubcommitteememberswithlinkagestofederalagenciesandinternationalentitiesinterestedinOA,observingnetworks,andbiologicalexpertise.
‐ Exchangebetweennaturalandsocialscientists(beyondsimplyeconomists)leadingtocollaborations
‐ Effectivecommunicationbetweentheresearchcommunityandthepublicviatrainingforresearchersandstrategiccommunicationspartnershipsbetweenresearchersandcommunicationsspecialists.
‐ “Smartmodels”thatcancapturethemostimportantprocessesshapingasystemoraddressthemostplanning‐relevantissues;requiresbringingtogetheravarietyofspecialiststogetitright
‐ AddressinguncertaintybetterthroughoutanalysesandmodelingofOA’seffects‐ Autonomouschemicalandbiologicalmeasurementsatspatialandtemporaldensities
required(sometechnicaldevelopmentisstillrequired)‐ Borrowingmethodsfromothernon‐oceanographicfields,includingpaleobiology,
paleoecology,“‐omics,”quantitativeandtheoreticalecology,andevolutionarybiology,tounderstandorganismalandpopulation‐scaleresponses.
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Inmanybreakoutsessions,participantsidentifiedcommonoverarchingobstaclesaswell.LackofcustomaryinteractionbetweennaturalscientistsandsocialscientistshindersthedevelopmentofsharedlanguageorcommonprioritiestoexamineproblemssuchasOA.Thisiseventruefordifferenttypesofnaturalscientists,forexample,forevolutionarybiologistsandseagoingbiologicaloceanographers.OngoingeffortstobridgethesegapsbyagrouplikeOCBoranational/internationalorganizinggroupareneeded.Thiswillhelpputdifferenttypesofscientistsintouchwitheachotherandfacilitateovercomingthenaturalbarriersthatpresentlyexist.Inmodelingefforts,thecommunityneedstocomeupwithbetterwaystohandleandconveyuncertainty,aswellasdifferenttypesofdata;generatingintegratedmulti‐scalesmartmodelsthatcanpredictOA’slikelyeffectsrequiresincorporatingdifferentkindsofdata(qualitativeandquantitative)thathaswidelyranginguncertainties(fromassmallas±0.1%toasbigasthedirectionofchange).Similarly,participantsdiscussedtheneedformorefunding,perhapsfromcentralizedsources,tosupportlarger‐scalecollaborativeinitiatives,orfromfoundationsandagencyinitiatives,tosupportinterdisciplinaryresearchobjectiveslesstypicallyrelatedtotraditionaloceanographygoals.Formoredetailregardingbreakoutsessionfindings,pleaserefertoAppendixA,“BreakoutDiscussionReports.”
PlenaryDiscussionsInaplenarydiscussiononWednesday,thegroupexploredhowthescientificcommunitycanintegrateallthedifferenttypesofbiologicalOAresearchoccurringnowandplannedforlater.Participantsdiscussedoceanacidificationstudiesinthecontextofglobalchangebiology,inwhichresearchersneedtothinkaboutchangesinthephysicalenvironmentaswellastheecosystemtounderstandthecurrentenvironmentandanychangesinorganismphysiologythattheynotice.Therefore,theOAresearchcommunitymightlearnfromtheexistingfieldof(terrestrial)systemsbiologyandthecollaborativeinstitutesalreadyassembledtostudyit.However,themorewaysthattheresearchcommunityusestolookataparticularquestion,themoreinformationitwillgainaboutthesystem.HighlycollaborativeapproacheswereidentifiedasthemostlikelyfruitfuldirectionforintegratingbiologicalOAresearch,takingadvantageofjointeffortsandmultiagencyopportunitiessuchasCAMEO(NOAA/NSFeffort).Thecommunityneedstoconsiderbothwhatindividuallabsorinvestigatorscancontribute,andhowindividualscanteamuponprocessstudiesthatwillexamineecosystemmechanismsfromamultidisciplinaryperspective.OneofthemostpressingknowledgegapstoconsiderthiswayishowphysiologicaleffectsofOAononeorganismresultinecosystem‐scaleoutcomes.Someparticipantsfeltthatstudiesofterrestrialsystemsandtheoreticalecologicalworkcouldinformoceanstudies.Atleastonescientist(S.Collins,U.ofEdinburgh)isexaminingevolutionaryresponsesinmicroalgalpopulationstohigh‐CO2conditions,whichmayleadtothedevelopmentofsomegeneralprinciples.Finally,participantsfeltthatifthegrandbiologicalchallengesfacingOAresearchcouldbeidentifiedsoonduringsymposiaatthenationalandinternationalscale,researchquestionsforthenextseveralyearscouldbebesttailoredtoanswerthem.
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InasecondplenarydiscussiononThursday,thegroupexploredthemostcompellingOAresearchquestionsthatcouldbeaddressedinthenextfiveyears.Ingeneral,thepointsthatparticipantsbroughtuptendedtosummarizethemostimportantneedsidentifiedduringthebreakoutsessions.Inthisplenary,thegroupidentifiedthefollowingpossibilities:
• HostaninterdisciplinaryFACE‐likeexperimentatamutuallyinterestingsite.• Developasetofdeployablesensorsforusebythecommunityatlargeforshort‐,medium‐,andlong‐termstudies,similartotheoceanbottomseismometernetworkusedbythemarineseismologycommunity.
• Developanorder‐of‐magnitudeassessmentofOA’seffectsvs.otherinfluencestoallowresearchersanddecisionmakerstoprioritizeactivities,expenditures,andpolicies.
• ComparesensitivitytoOAacrosssystemsusingbiologicalapproacheslikecomparativephylogeography,evolutionarystudies,andbiodiversitysurveystodevelopindicesacrossecosystems.
• Quantifycarbonfluxesintoandvariabilitywithinparticulatepools,andsedimentationfluxestoexamineOA’seffectsonremineralizationlengthscales.
• Assembleacomprehensiveglobalmonitoringsystemthatwouldusesatellite,insitu,geochemistry,andbiodiversitymeasurementsinacoordinatedeffortspanningmultipletimeandspacescales.
• Identifythebestway(s)toassesschangeovertimerelativetoamovingandperhapsacceleratingbaseline.
• BringinsocialscientistsandotherscholarstoaddressthehumansideofOA,intermsofbothmarinemanagement(CO2emissions,fisheriesdecisions,environmentalpolicy)andeffectsonhumancommunities(changesinecosystemservices).Thismayinvolveplacingspecialsessionsinsocialsciencemeetings,teamingupwithexistingmarinepolicyspecialists,andobtainingfundingtohelppayforsocialscientists’initialinvolvement.
• Developcheap,user‐friendlybiologicalandchemicalsensorsforregionalandlong‐termstudiestofacilitateansweringmorecomplexquestionsaboutOAwithoutspendingtoomuchtimeongettingbasicmeasurementscorrect.
• DeterminetheconsequencesoflargepHchangeonthecarbonatesystem;aspHshiftsthecarbonatesystemmayrespondinwaysdifferentfromtherangewecustomarilymeasure.MultiparameterCO2measurementswouldhelpaddressthis.
• Conductsynthesisactivitiestocompileavailableinsightaboutecosystemdynamicsonotherecosystem‐widestudies.
• Performmechanisticresearchonorganisms,populations,andecosystems• Continuetoperformmultifactorialexperimentstoassesseffectsofoceanacidification,risingtemperature,andotherstressorstogether.
FutureDirections
Immediatefollow‐upactivitiesDirectlyfollowingtheOAPImeeting,theOCBOAsubcommitteerefresheditsmembershiptoreplacesixmemberswhowererotatingoff.Wereceived26nominationsafterwecirculateda
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requesttotheentireOCBcommunity,andallofthosenominatedwerewillingandeagertoserveifelected.AsaresultoftheenthusiasmandtheneedtoexpandtheOCB‐OAsubcommitteetoincludeabroaderrangeofspecialties,theexistingOCB‐OAsubcommitteedecidedtobringaboardeightnewscientists,oneofwhomshouldhaveexpertiseinthesocialsciences.Thiswillexpandthenumberofsubcommitteemembersfrom10to12.Duringtheworkshop,oneoftheattendees(FrancisChan,OSU)proposedthatOCBhelporganizeasynthesisprojectdesignedtoidentifyknownsiteswhereoceanacidificationisactingstronglynowandwhereOAislikelytobeastrongstressor.TheOCBProjectOfficesuggestedthatthisactivityhadnaturalsynergieswiththepresentCoastalInterimSynthesisActivity(http://www.whoi.edu/workshops/coastal_synthesis/).TheCoastalInterimSynthesisActivityispresentlydevelopingregionalteamsthatwillcollatedata,publications,andstudiesthatcouldcontributetothedevelopmentofregionalcarbonbudgets,anditseekstodeterminethekeyfluxesandprocessesaffectingregionalcarboncycling.Ultimately,theActivityseekstodevelopascienceplanforcoastaloceancarbonandbiogeochemicalresearchthatwillidentifyknowledgegapsandrankresearchpriorities.Chansuggestedthataspartofsuchacomplementaryeffort,ateamofOA/CoastalSynthesisscientistsshouldbeginbysynthesizingthemostcurrentobservationsofOAinnearshorewaterstoevaluatethepresentextentofOAandtoidentifythesystemsmostvulnerabletoOA.Subsequentjointactivitieswouldseektoexaminethesynergisticorantagonisticeffectsofmultipleprocessesonthenearshorecarbonatesystem.CoastalInterimSynthesisActivityparticipantsareenthusiasticaboutthisideaandtheProjectOfficeiscontinuingtohelporganizethisjointactivity.
Longer‐termactivitiesFromalltheproductsgeneratedaspartofthemeetingactivities,wecanbegintodevelopasinglelistofOAactivitiesthatwouldsupportOAscienceintheUnitedStates.OCBmaybeabletohelporganizesomeoftheseactivitiesaloneorincombinationwithothergroups.
• Haveanannualmeeting**• Conductintercomparisonexercise/trainingforcarbonatesystemmeasurements*• Hostobservingsystemworkshop*• Coordinateinterdisciplinaryprocessstudies• Engagesocialsciencecommunityvia“datingservice”,“phonebook”orworkshop*• Improveoutreach&messaging*• Hostmodelingworkshop**• Carryoutlarge‐scalebiologicalexperimentsalongacontinuum(mesocosms?testbeds?ecosystems?)• Developsharedresearchinstrumentationforlarger‐scaleinsituexperiments• Developimplementationplan/strategies• Assemblesmaller‐scalescienceplans• OrganizeagroupsimilartoEPOCA’sReferenceUserGroup• Engagefoundations/NGOsworkingonmessaging(e.g.,COMPASS)*• Establishcentersofexcellence
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• Organizearesponseteam(WorkwithCOMPASS*/expandFAQ*/blog/messagingresearch?)• AssessthelikelyregionswhereOAmaybeastrongstressor,incoordinationwithNACP/OCBCoastalInterimSynthesisActivity*
*SomethingthatOCB‐OAcouldbeginworkingonintheshortterm(1‐2years)**SomethingthatOCB‐OAcouldbeginworkingonasasecondarypriority,incooperationwiththeIWG‐OA(2+years)
ConcludingRemarksAlthoughoneofthemajorgoalsofthethree‐dayworkshopforOAprincipalinvestigatorswassimplytobringtogetherresearcherstodeveloptheOAresearchcommunityvianetworking,updatesoncurrentresearch,andsomesciencepresentations,thisworkshopalsospawnedfertilediscussionsexploringfuturepossibilities,givencurrentscienceandorganizationaldirections.TheOCBOAsubcommitteeisexploringwaystofacilitatemanyofthesemulti‐investigatoractivities,suchasintercomparisonexercisesorplanning/datasynthesisactivities.WehopethatMarch’sPIworkshopwillbethefirstofmanymeetingsforOAinvestigatorsintheUnitedStatesastheresearchcontinuestogathermomentum.DiscussionsarealreadyunderwayaboutpossiblefutureOAactivities.Severaloftheseactivities,includingsupportingintercomparisonactivities,developingbiologicalorchemicalsensorsthatarerobustanduser‐friendly,entrainingsocialscientists,andplanningintegratedbiologicallyfocusedprocessstudies,willprobablyrequireplanningworkshopsattheiroutset.Multipleorganizations,includingOCB,couldhelpfacilitatetheseeffortsinanorganizingorcommunicatingrole.Itisclear,however,thatthecollaborative,multiagency,multidisciplinaryapproachthatresultedinthesuccessfulcompletionoftheOAPIworkshopwillberequiredtocontinuesupportingthesebroad‐basedefforts.
ReferencesNationalResearchCouncil,2010.OceanAcidification:ANationalStrategytoMeettheChallengesofaChangingOcean.NationalAcademiesPress,WashingtonDC.
AcknowledgmentsWewouldliketothanktheprogrammanagersfromNSF,NOAA,NASA,USGS,EPA,andtheU.S.Navyforassistanceinidentifyingresearchersandprojectsrelevanttothisworkshop.WeespeciallythanktheNSFforprovidingfundstosupporttheparticipationofacademicresearchersandNOAAforunderwritingtheparticipationofNOAA‐affiliatedscientists.SpecialthanksgoestoRobertaMarinelliandPhilTayloratNSFforongoingsupportofthisworkshop.
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Appendices
A:BreakoutDiscussionReports
Group1
Improvingsciencethroughstrongercollaborations,facilities,andinfrastructure
Rapporteur:JeremyMathisFollowingmorningsessionsfocusingonpaleoceanographicOAstudiesandobservationandmonitoringofOA,andabrieftalkaboutOApublicopinionresearch,oneofthefirstday’sbreakoutgroupsdiscussedhowthescientificcommunitycanimproveOAsciencebybuildingcollaborations,sharingfacilities,andmakingthemostofexistingorplannedinfrastructure.ThistopicwasrelevantformanytypesofOAresearch,especiallybiologicalandchemicalresearch,andthesessionhelpedidentifythecommunity’sneedsforinterdisciplinary,broadcollaborativenetworksbuildingonpresentresources.ThegroupconsideredwhatresourcesexistedforsupportingOAresearchandwhethertheycouldbebetterutilizedinthenearterm.Someoftheresourcesidentifiedincludedphysicalfacilities,suchflowingseawaterlabs(EPA),naturallagoonsthatnaturallyspanawiderangeofpCO2s(HIMB),statewidenetworksofcoastallaboratories,shipsofopportunity,theLTERnetwork,andexistingsatelliteresources.Satelliteresourcesneedcontinuedinvestmentanddevelopment,however,toachievetheirfullusefulness.Manyresearchersarewillingtodevelopcollaborationsthatwillmaximizetheirownequipment(e.g.,pCO2‐controlledaquariaortanks,FOCEsystems,SHARQenclosures).Time‐seriesstations(e.g.,HOT,BATS)continuetobeuseful,buttheyshouldalsobeexpandedtoincludemoreinteragency,interdisciplinary,andinternationalcollaborations.Helpfulnon‐facilityresourcesincludethebestpracticespublications(EPOCA,DicksonSOP),anddataarchiveslikeCDIAC.NewsensorsbeingdevelopedshowgreatpromiseforsupportingexpandedOAmonitoringactivities,butparticipantsnotedthatanynewsensorsshouldbeincludedinintercalibrationandstandardizationtestssuchasthoseofACT(http://www.act‐us.info/),regardlessoftheagencyaffiliationoftheresearchfromwhichthetechnologyoriginated.Tomaximizeuseofexistingresources,participantssuggestedthatacentraldatabaseshouldbedevelopedlistingresources,theircapabilities,andcollaborativeopportunities.Thegroupalsodiscussedwhatimprovementsinfacilities,infrastructure,orapproacheswouldpromoteOAresearch.Participantsgenerallyagreedthatinfrastructureandmethodsshouldbeplannedtosupportinterestingsciencequestions,ratherthanviceversa.Thereisaclearneedforintegrated,collaborativeapproachesthatspanfromthemoleculartothecommunityscales.Forexample,molecular‐scaleprocesseslikegeneexpressionshouldbeassessedatlegitimateexperimentalpCO2levels;broadeningsuchanexperimentcouldincludecollaborationstoinvestigatelarger‐scalephysiologicalprocessesatthesametime.Atthesametime,environmentalconditionsshouldinspirelaboratoryexperimentaldesign(e.g.,simulating
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realisticchemicalvariabilityobservedinnature).Thegroupalsoidentifiedsomespecificneeds,including:microsensorsandgeochemicalapproachestofollowcalcificationatmicroandmacroscales;simultaneousmeasurementsofbiological,chemical,andphysicalparameters;studyofexchangesbetweeninorganicandorganicmaterialpools;enhancedstudyoftheparticulateinorganiccarbonpoolandtheroleofbiologicalprocessesonPIC;observationandmodelingtoovercomechallengesinmeasuringandcalculatingtotalalkalinity;determiningproperpCO2controlsforCO2enrichmentexperiments;openoceaninsituexperiments,especiallytoestablishtheroleofzooplankton;andenhancingsatelliteresources,especiallyformonitoringsalinity.ParticipantsespeciallywantedtounderscoretheimportanceofintegratingOAwiththeoceanobservingsystem(OOS)beingdeveloped.Inaddition,nationalmesocosmfacilitiesarealsostronglyneeded,becausemesocosmexperimentswithbubblingCO2mayhelpbridgethegapbetweenlabexperimentsandin‐situresponsesfororganismswithrapidgenerationtimesorthosethatnormallyexperiencewideorrapidrangesofpCO2conditions.However,notallconditionscanbeproperlysimulatedinmesocosmexperiments.Anynewmonitoringsitesshouldbechosensothatbiological/ecologicalexperimentscanbeeasilypursuedincombinationwithchemicalexperimentsandviceversa;logicalsitesforthesetypesofanalysesand/ordeploymentofstandardsensorscouldincluderegionalnetworkssuchasLTERsites.BecausethereisnosinglebiologicalparameteroranalysisthatcansummarizeOA’seffectsonmarineenvironments,arangeofbiologicalmeasurementsmustbedevelopedandlinkedtogeochemicalmeasurements.Someofthebiologicalmeasurementssuggestedincluded:repeatablemethodstomeasurecommunitycalcification(improvementsoverphotoquadrats),activechlorophyllfluorescencesensors,coupledbiological/DICmeasurements,andbiological/chemicalsensorstodeployonCTDs(TA,DOC,pH,etc.).Thelinkagesbetweenchemistryandbiologyviamicronutrientssuchasmetalsshouldalsobeexamined.Next,thegroupdiscussedwhetherthecommunitycanorganizeacrossexistinginstitutions(facilities,sites,volunteerobservingships,etc.),agencies,disciplines,ornationstostrengthenOAresearch.Participantsfeltthatacombinationofworkshops,information,andfundingsupportwouldlaythegroundworkforlarge‐scaleresearchefforts.Thegroupfeltthatoneofthegreatestcross‐cuttingscientificneedsisforbroad‐scalemeasurementsatregionalandglobalscalesthatcandistinguishamongdifferentcausesoflocalacidification(e.g.,atmosphericCO2,respiratoryCO2,otheracidicchemicalspecies).Capacityforopenoceanexperimentsshouldbebuiltatthesametimeascoastalexperimentsaredeveloped.TohelpresolvewhatbiologicalmeasurementswouldbemostuniversallyusefulinOAresearchatallscales,participantssuggestedaworkshopfocusedsolelyonbiologicalmeasurements.Aworkshoponbiologicalmeasurementsmightalsohelpencourageadoptionofcross‐disciplinarymethodsusinggenomics,evolution/adaptationtheory,andothercutting‐edgebiologicalandmolecularapproaches.Then,researchersshouldsubmitjointproposalsthatincludeintegratingbiologicalandchemicalmeasurementsrelevantfordifferentresearchquestions.Participantssuggestedthatestablishingaresearchcoordinationnetwork(RCN)forOAwouldhelpfulfilltheseorganizationalneeds.ExistingfundingopportunitiesthroughNSF(e.g.,RCNsupport,futureOArequestsforproposals,thebiologydirectorate’sinterestinprovidingcross‐disciplinaryfundingopportunities)mayhelpaccomplishthisdomestically.Atthesametime,internationaleffortsareneededtopromoteandcoordinateregionalandglobal‐scaleefforts.International
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collaborationscouldbeespeciallyusefulfordevelopingasetofcoresensorsformooringsandlong‐termobservationalsites.Toincreasetheeffectivenessofinternationalcoordinationefforts,internationalfundingagenciesoraninternationalcoordinatingbody(e.g.,theSOLAS‐IMBEROAworkinggrouporitsdescendant)mightneedtoagreeonjointgoalsandcollaborativeeffortstopursue.ThegroupidentifiedmultipleexistingopportunitiestobuildhumancapacityintheOAresearchcommunity.Thesecouldinclude:takingstudentstoseaandentrainingtheminlabresearch,andprovidingopportunitiesforundergraduateandgraduatestudents(e.g.,REUs,studentsemesterslikeatUCBGumpstation,coursesatFridayHarborLabsorUSC’sCatalinacampus,NERRstudentprograms,EPAprograms,NOAAHollingsFellowships).ManyoftheoptionslistedabovearenotOA‐specific,yettheycanbeusedinthecontextofOAresearch;nevertheless,numerousOA‐specificopportunitiesalsoexist.Groupparticipantssuggestedrecruitingexpertisefromotherfields,includingmaterialsscience,physicalchemistry/physics,catalysischemistry,biomedicalengineering(teeth,bone),genomics/bioinformatics,biophysics(roleofskeletons),andtoxicology.GroupparticipantsalsodiscussedthepossibilityofanationalOAprogram.Theyfeltthatanationalprogramofficeshouldimplementthenationalprogram’sstrategicplan,organizecommunityworkshopsandresearchactivityupdates,coordinatemeasurements,coordinateeducationandoutreachefforts,andhelpprovidedatamanagementandwebsitemanagement.OnedifficultyfacingdevelopmentofthenationalprogramandprogramofficeisthatagenciesinterestedinOAscienceallhavedifferentresponsibilitiesfordatamanagementandreporting.TheymentionedthatOCBwouldlikelybeinvolvedinOAcoordinationregardlessofitsinvolvementwithanationalprogramofficeornot.Therefore,OAsubcommitteemembersshouldbestrategicpartnerswithIOOS,thenationalprogram,andfederalagenciesinterestedinOAtoensuregoodrepresentationofthebreadthofOAresearch.ThisalsoprovidesanopportunityforOCBtoexpandbroadlyintootherrelevantecosystems(coastal,intertidal,coral,etc.).
Group2
OceanacidificationandsocietyRapporteur:MichaelO’Donnell
TheotherafternoonbreakoutsessiononthefirstdayoftheOAPrincipalInvestigators’meetingfocusedondiscussingwhattheresearchcommunitycandotopromotelinkagesbetweenoceanacidificationresearchandsocietyasawhole.Thisdiscussionconsideredtheresearchimplicationsforunderstandingoceanacidification’shumanimpactsaswellastheeducationandoutreachworkneededtoinformthepublic.Participantsinthisdiscussionrangedfromcommunicationsspecialiststoresearchersinvolvedindetectingandobservingoceanacidificationsignals.
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Thefirstdiscussionthemeofthebreakoutsessionwasthatnaturalandsocialscientistsneededtofindmorewaystoexchangeideas,data,andinformation.Manyofthebreakoutparticipantsdidnothaveaclearideaofwhatsocialscientistsdo,bothintermsofresearchfocusandresearchmethods.Thisisprobablyaresultofthetraditionalseparationbetweennaturalandsocialscientists,butsomeanticipatethatthisseparationwillnaturallynarrowaspresenteffortstocombinesocialandnaturalsciencesinnewways(e.g.,sustainabilitystudies)continue.Ironically,eachgroup(naturalandsocialscientists)thinkstheother’sjobiseasier.Apossiblewaytobeginclosingthisgapwouldbetobeginprovidinginformationtonaturalscientistsaboutwhatsocialscientistsdo,howtheydoit,andhowtogetintouchwithpotentialcollaborators;discussionparticipantssuggesteddevelopingsomekindofdirectoryor“matchingservice”thatincludesbothnaturalandsocialscientistsinterestedinOA‐relevantissues.Earlyattemptsatcombiningnaturalandsocialsciencedatasetsandmethodstostudyoceanacidificationhavefocusedoncoordinatingnaturalscientistswitheconomists.TheNovember2010Monacoworkshop“Economicsofoceanacidification:Bridgingthegapbetweenoceanacidificationandeconomicvaluation”broughttogethernaturalscientists(mostlyecologists)andsocialscientiststodiscussadvancingOAresearch.Tofeedeconomicsmodels,economistsseekinformationonthevalueofecosystemservices,butthesearedifficultquestionstoanswereitherfromaneconomicsoranaturalsciencesperspective.Economiststreatmostservicesasfungibleand,often,monetizable,sowithoutinformationonthepriceorvalueofenvironmentalchange,ecosystemservicescannotbethoroughlyincludedintopolicymodels.Thesecondmajorbreakoutdiscussionthemewaseffectivecommunicationbetweentheresearchcommunityandthepublic.Untilnow,OAhasbeenverywellcommunicatedbyagroupofkeyscientists,andtheissuehasremainedlargelyunpoliticized.GivenmultiplefactorsincludingtheincreasingprofileofOAscience,itslinkagetoCO2policy,etc.,thismaychangesoon.EffectivecommunicationcannotonlyeducatethepubliconwhycitizensshouldcareandwhyOAshouldbepartofpolicydiscussions,butitcanalsohelpstrengthenresearchbyleadingtofruitfulindustry‐researchpartnershipsand/ornatural/socialsciencecollaborations.IdentifyingwhatscienceneedstobedoneandwhichaspectsofOAhavestronghumaninterestshouldbedonetopromotethistypeofcommunication.ScientistswereconcernedthattheymaynotalwaysbethebestindividualstocommunicateaboutOA,becausetheymaynothavesufficientcommunicationstraining,talents,etc.ThedecisiontocommunicateaboutOAshouldprobablybelefttotheindividualscientist,butthegroupagreedstronglythatanycommunicationtothepublicaboutOAshouldbedonewell.Poororincompletecommunicationcanhaveseriousconsequencesintermsofdevelopingmisunderstandings,stirringupcontroversy,etc.Severaltrainingopportunities(e.g.,COMPASS,AldoLeopold)existforscientistsinterestedinlearninghowtocommunicatemoreeffectively.Multiplerelatedquestionsarestillunanswered,forexample:towhatextentcommunicationsshouldaddressOAcomplexities,andhowtodescribeoverlapswithotherenvironmentalissueswithoutbringingaboardpoliticalbaggage.DiscussingOAincontextwithothercomplexitiescouldproveoverwhelmingtothepublic,ifit’sdonepoorly,butitcouldprovidevaluableinformationtopolicymakersbecausethefullrangeofanthropogenicchangeanditseffectscouldbethen
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addressedinpolicydevelopment.Waystoreachthepubliccouldincludecommunicatingviainterestgroupssuchasshellfish/aquaculture/recreationaluserorganizations,churches,orothercommunitygroupswherepeoplereceiveopinion‐shapinginformation.ThethirdmajorthemetothebreakoutdiscussionfocusedonidentifyingadaptationstrategiesforOA.Adaptationhasbeguntoenterthepolicydiscourseasaviableoption,butitisdifficulttoprescribeforOAbecausemodelsarenotespeciallyclearyet.Incertainlocations,asforthewestcoastoftheU.S.,shellfishfarmerscanchoosetimestopumpinlocalwaterthatwillminimizestressonorganisms,butotherecosystemsdon’thaveoptionsthatareasclear‐cut.Furthermore,societydoesn’thavemechanismsinplacetodealwithproblems(likeOA)overlongertimescales.AdvancingthediscussionofwhatgoodadaptationoptionsexistfordifferentcommunitiesthatmaybeaffectedbyOAwillrequirestronglinksbetweennaturalscientistsandsocialscientistsandcommunicationspecialists.
Group3
Scalingandmodelingacrosstimeandspace
Rapporteur:AndreasAnderssonOneofthebreakoutdiscussionsontheseconddayoftheOCB‐OAPIworkshopfocusedonaddressinghowthescientificcommunitycanconductindividualresearchprojectssothatconclusionswillsupportthedevelopmentofmodelsandgeneralforecastsbyspanningrelevantspaceandtimescalesandincludingmultiplestressors.Thistemporalandspatialscalingquestionwasofinteresttoawidevarietyofspecialists,includingchemists,biologists,observationalscientists,andmodelers.First,thegroupconsideredwhatmosthelpfulscientificapproachescouldbeforunderstandingfuturechangesinoceanBGCandecosystems,andwhethertheyweresufficient.Thegroupagreedthatbiogeochemicalmodeling,physiological/ecosystemstudies,paleoresearch,socioeconomicmodeling,andevolutionaryapproacheswouldbeinformative.However,developingthesemodelsandapproachesfirstrequiresagreatdealofcarefulplanning,toidentifyspeciesthatareespeciallyecologicallyrelevantand/orvulnerable.Theseeffortsalsoneedmorelong‐termdatacollection.Futureworkrequiresbuilding“smartmodels”thataredesignedtocapturethemostimportantprocesses,orthataredesignedtoanswerthekeyquestionsrelevantforsocietyorpolicydecisions.Takingtimetoidentifyrelevantresearchquestionsorimproveoutstandingshortcomingsinthemodels(e.g.,presentincorrectcarbonatedissolutionorsubsurfacecirculation)isafirststepindevelopingsmartmodels.Participantsthendiscussedwhichpartsoftheintegrated“view”ofoceanacidification(biotafrommicrobestoecosystemsinfluencedbychangingbiogeochemistryandinfluencinghumancommunities)doweknowbest.Onthechemicalside,wecanmakecalculationsandpredictionswithcertaintiesontheorderof0.1%,butonthebiologicalside,wecanonlymakepredictionswhosesign(direction)mayevenbeuncertain.Regardlessofmodelconstruction,weneedtocomeupwithbetterwaystotesttheskillofbiologicalandecosystempredictions
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withinthosemodels.Inanymodel,theultimategoalshouldbetoidentifythemostsensitiveparametersinanecosystemtoanykindofenvironmentalchange,andunderstandhowtheecosystemwouldrespondtochange.Alloftheseactivitiesrequiremuchstrongerinteractionsbetweenmodelers,biologists,biogeochemists,andphysicists.Next,thegroupconsideredwhetherobservationalresearchfocusingonmechanisticbiologicalresponseswillprovideinformationthatisscalableoverspace,time,andmultiplestressors.Studiestodatehavenotbeensufficient,becausetheyhavebeentooshort,focusedontoofewstressors,andhavefocusedontoofewlifestages.Furtherresearchshouldalsoexaminetheroleofvariabilityinenvironmentalparameters,whichfundamentalmechanismscouldbeaffected,andeachorganism’spotentialforadaptation.OnepossibleapproachtoimprovingthisareaofresearchwouldbetoorganizeprocessstudiesinnaturalenvironmentshavinghighCO2,usingenclosureslikeFOCEand/orestablishedlong‐termresearchprogramslikeLTER.Remotesensing’spotentialhasyettobefullyrealized,aswell.Bothoftheseundertakingsmayrequiremorefundingviabiggerprograms.WhendiscussingwhetherwecantradespacefortimewheninvestigatingtheroleofnaturalOAgradientsand/orCO2fertilization,thegroupagreedthatmuchcouldbelearnedfromthenaturalsystem.Aninventoryofongoingstudieswouldbehelpful.Participantscautioned,however,thatnaturalsystemstudiescouldbeinformativebutcouldnotentirelyreplacecontrolledexperiments(e.g.,FOCE,FOCE‐likeexperimentswhereCO2waslowered,experimentswherebicarbonateorliquidCO2wasadded,orinwhichdeepwaterwaspumpedup).Differenttypesofcontrolledexperimentswouldalsohavedifferentpublicperceptions(e.g.,FOCEvs.loweringCO2).Thegroupalsodiscussedwhichenvironmentsneedmorestudyandhowthisworkcouldrelatetoscalingexercises.“Important”environmentsneedfirsttobeidentifiedbydecidingwhatmakesthemimportant–forexample,whethertheyprovideimportantservicesorincludekeyvulnerabilities.Participantsagreedthatcoralreefsandhigh‐latitudeenvironmentswereenvironmentswithpotentialkeyvulnerabilities.Atthesametime,heterogenousenvironmentslikecoastalzones,estuaries,andembaymentsareimportantbecausetheyaresubjecttomultiplestressorsandtheyprovidearangeofimportantservices.Forthesehighlyvariablenearshoreenvironments,itwillbedifficulttoassesswhenchangesfromOAorotherstressorsmoveconditionsoutsidetherangeofnaturalvariability.Processesthatneedtobequantifiedonaglobalscaleincludeprimaryproductivity,calcification,anddissolution.Certainstatisticaloranalyticalapproachescanbeusedtohelpwhenscaling,extrapolating,orlayeringexperimentalresultstodeveloplarge‐scaleconclusions.Regressionanalysesonaglobalscalemighthelpprovideinsightintobroadtrends,whereasMonteCarlosimulationscanbeusedtoinvestigateuncertaintyandsensitivitytovariousfactors.However,applyingMonteCarloanalysesfirstrequiresbettermeasurementofmanybiogeochemicalandecosystemparameterstodevelopquantitativerelationships.TheIPCCapproachofexaminingthestateofknowledge,thelevelofevidence,thelevelofagreement,andthelevelofconfidenceassociatedwitheacheventcouldbehelpfulforcomparingpossibleoutcomes.Ineverycase,
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analyticalapproachesshouldaddressuncertaintyexplicitly,whichprovidesbothmathematicalandcommunicationchallenges.OCBcanhelpfacilitateintegrativescalingstudiesofOAinanumberofways.Itcanassistwithdataandmetadatacompilation,byconnectinginvestigatorswithappropriateorganizations(e.g.,BCO‐DMOandothers).OCBcanalsohelpbykeepingthecommunityinformedaboutwhatdifferentgroupsandstakeholdersandprograms(e.g.,EPA’s303(d)requestlastyear)need.OCBcouldhostatargetedworkshoponOAandmodeling(includinginternationalscientists),topromotebetterdialoguebetweenobservationalandmodelingscientists.Holdingthisworkshopinconjunctionwithaninternationalmeeting(e.g.,theOceansinaHigh‐CO2Worldmeeting)wouldbeideal.Offeringannualopportunitiesforinteractionwillalsobehelpful,intheformofspecialsessions,otherworkshops,etc.
Group4
ImprovingresearchonthephysiologicalandecologicalresponsestoOARapporteur:NicholePrice
ThesecondbreakoutgroupontheseconddayoftheOAPImeetingconsideredwhatmeasurementsandtoolsfromothernon‐oceanographicdisciplinescouldbeparticularlyhelpfulforaddressingquestionswithinOAresearch.ThisdiscussionsessionfollowedmorningsessionsonpresentphysiologicalandecologicalOAresearch,andaplenarydiscussiononintegratingbiologicalresearch,whichtouchedonsomeoftheissuesexpandedoninthebreakoutsession.First,thegroupconsideredspecificdifferentapproachesorsubdisciplinesthatusedinnovativeandpossiblyhelpfulapproaches.Physiologicalsciencesandsystems/evolutionarybiologyofferwaystolookatthewholetranscriptometoexamineemergentpropertiesbasedoncoexpressionthatstudiesofindividualtraitswouldmiss.“Omics”research,fundamentallybasedonsequencingbiomolecules,mustfirstidentifywhattosequence(genes,transcriptomes,etc.)andhowtotargetthesesequences(byspecies,community,orenvironmentalcharacteristics).Thismayprovehelpfulforprovidingbroaddiversityindicesorpopulationsurveys.Somestandardizationanddatarepositorydevelopmentareneeded,however,beforethiscanbeuniversallyapplied.Autonomouschemicalandbiologicalmonitoringviamoorings,gliders,etc.couldhelpevaluateabroadersuiteofbiogeochemicalparameters(e.g.,overdeterminingthecarbonatesystem,measuringnitrate,acoustics,sedimentation,etc.)andprovidinginformationsimilartowhatcanbegainedduringshipboardstudies.Otherautonomoustechnologiesmightbeusedforquicklyassessingmicrobialdiversityviamicroarraysorantibodies.Insituorlab‐basedstudiescouldexaminethecostandtheprocessesinvolvedinbehavioralorevolutionaryadaptationoforganisms.Othersystemswhereadaptationhasalreadyoccurredcouldbeusedasmodelexamples.Paleobiologyandpaleoecologystudies,andproxydevelopment,couldhelpresearcherscomparethehistoricalresponsetoshort‐termmanipulativestudies.Cellularandmolecularbiologystudiesdoneedmoretools,suchasmicroelectrodes,tomeasurecellularandsubcellularlevelprocessessuchasbiomineralization,acid/basebalance,andthelike.
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Participantsalsoconsideredhowresearcheffortscouldbescaleduptodrawconclusionsaboutspeciesassemblagesandcommunitiesinthefield.Oneoptionwouldbetoincorporatequantitativeandtheoreticalecology,andtopairtimeseriesdatawithmathematicalframeworks.Mechanisticapproachestoecosystemmodelingthatincludespeciesreplacement,energeticsmodeling,orpopulationdynamicsmodelingmayalsobehelpful.Tounderstandphysiologicaltippingpointsorguardrails,wemustalsoquantifynaturalvariabilityandtolerancesinphysiologicalassortmentsandincurrentpopulations.Atthesametime,wemustdeterminehowtoquantifynaturalvariabilityincarbonatechemistryalso.Reciprocaltransplantstudiesmayhelpidentifyhownaturalvariabilityaffectsbiologicalpopulations.Intercomparisoneffortsareimportanttomakesurethatlabandfieldstudiesareactuallystudyingthesameorganismwiththesamebehaviors(biorhythms,geneexpressions,etc.).Finally,multiple‐stressorstudiesmustalsobedonetoplaceOAinenvironmentalcontextwithotherprocessesoccurringinthesameecosystem.Inanycase,itisveryimportanttodefinetheterminology,methods,andassumptionsusedclearlyandtofollowbestpracticesineachexperiment.Lessonsmaybelearnedfromstudiesthathavebeenconductedinterrestrialorfreshwaterenvironments.Sometechniques(e.g.,continuousplanktonrecorders)areknowntohaveoceanographicandterrestrialsimilarity;datainterpretationmethodsmaythusalsohavesimilarities.ThecommunityshouldconsiderusinggenomicallyabledmodelsystemssuchasArabidopsis,Drosophila,and/orDaphnia.PastworkinotherenvironmentshasovercomesomedifficultiesrelevanttoOAincluding:scalingfromlabtofield,monitoringoverdifferenttimeandspacescales,andperforminglargescaleperturbationexperiments(e.g.,FACE,FOCE).Otherlargeenvironmentalchallengeshavebeenaddressedinmultiprongedresearchefforts(e.g.,acidrain,habitatfragmentation,climatechange).Wemustalsoconsiderland/seaconnectionsbetweenterrestrialprocessesandoceanchanges.Thereisanaddedchallengeinstudyingthemarineenvironment,whichisa3‐dimensionalchallenge,whereasterrestrialenvironmentsarelargely2‐dimensional.Apracticalchallengeisthepermittingdifficultiesassociatedwithsettinguplargescaleperturbationexperiments.Anarrayofobstaclespreventscompletingsomeofthisscience.Disciplinarybarriersamongscientistsmayhindersomecollaborations,becausescientistshavedifferentmotivations,rewards,interests,andlanguages.Fundingforlarge‐scaleexperimentsmaybedifficulttoget,anditmaybedifficulttogetsupportfrommultiplesources,givenagencyanduniversitystructures.Inaddition,communicatingtononscientificaudiencesalsoremainsanobstacle.Stakeholdersmustbeinformedandengagedinthisworktohelprefinetheoutcomes.Policymakers,inparticular,needtobeengagedbyadvocacygroupsthatusescientificinformationaccurately.Anumberofopportunitiesexisttofacilitatethisscience.Firstandforemostarecollaborationsamongscientists,agencies,disciplines,public/privateorganizations,andinternationalentities.Biologistsandchemistscanteamuptomakethemostoftheirwork,ascangenomicsfacilitiesandbioinformaticians.Somenaturalseparations,however,mayemergebasedonregional
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differences(e.g.,coralreefenvironmentsvs.high‐latitudeenvironments).Researchersworkingondifferenttaxaorbiogeographicunitsmayalsosuccessfullyteamup.Inallcases,bestpracticesguideswillhelpunifystandardsandapproaches.Multidisciplinaryprojectscanhelpbringthesegroupstogether.GLOBEC,IdeasLabs,andsimilargroupsprovidegoodprecedentsforexistinginfrastructureorsuccessfulachievementofthesegoals.Participantsalsofeltthatprogramsshouldbedevelopedtofacilitateinteractionofgraduatestudents.Furthermore,puttingtogetheralistofanalyticalopportunitiescouldhelpfacilitatecollaborativescience.Atthesametime,facilitationofsynthesisactivitiessuchasmeta‐analysesandmodelingstudiesisneededasthebodyofOAknowledgegrows.Tofinduntappedfundingresources,participantsfeltthatscientistscouldreachouttoindustryandcommunity/philanthropicgroups,eitherindependentlyorbyteamingupwithOCBoraUSNationalOAprogram.Opportunitiestohelpfacilitatephysical/ecologicalarenumerous.OCBcansupportsmall‐scaleworkshops,datasynthesisactivities,andprovidelinkagestothedatamanagementcommunity(e.g.,BCO‐DMOandothers).OCBcanalsosupportacross‐calibration/intercomparisonactivityincludingchemicalandbiologicalmethods.Participantsalsofeltthatscopingandsynthesisworkshopswouldbeuseful,andaGordonResearchConferencecouldbeproposedtocreateanannualopportunitytofacilitateOAscience.
25
B:SurveyQuestionsandResults[Unlessotherwisenoted,allnumericalsurveyresultsarepercentagesoftheresponse.Eachquestionwasansweredby51‐53respondents.]OCBOAPIMeetingSurvey
WelcomeThanksagainforcomingtotheOceanCarbonandBiogeochemistryProgram'smeetingforoceanacidificationprincipalinvestigatorsinMarch!PleasehelptheOCBProjectOfficewithourongoingself‐evaluationeffortsbycompletingthisbrief,10‐minutesurveyabouttheOAPImeeting.1.Pleasecommentontheeffectivenessofthefollowinglogisticalitems:
Not
effectiveSomewhateffective
Veryeffective
Workshopwebsite 0.0 32.7 67.3Pre‐meetingemailcommunication 0.0 9.6 90.4Travelinformationand/orarrangements0.0 7.7 92.3Meetingspace 0.0 21.2 78.8Abstractbooklet 1.9 11.5 86.5Additionalcommentsorsuggestionsregardinglogistics:- Didn'tneedtousethewebsitethatmuchbecauseofthestrongemailcommunication(ThanksMary)- Ihavenocomplaints.Iappreciateditverymuch.- MaryandSarahdidagreatjobasusual!- TheAbstractbookletwasparticularlyuseful.- Theabstractbookletwasagreatidea!- Thelogisticswasexcellent- Verynicelyorganized.- Iverymuchenjoyedthismeeting.ItwasagreatwaytomeetpeopleworkingonOAissues.Iespeciallylikedtheabstractbooklet.Itwasgreatthatitalsoincludedpicturesofmostlyeveryone.ItmadefindingpeopleIwasinterestedintalkingtoveryeasy.MyonlycriticismwasthatthecatererdidnottakemyfoodallergiesunderconsiderationeventhoughIcalledbeforehand.Also,becauseofthelocation,itwasnoteasytogofindfoodelsewhere.- ItisalwaysapleasuretocometoameetingatWoodsHoleasitissowellorganized.(Pityit'sabitoutoftheway:‐)- Communicationregardingthemeetingwasveryclearandeffective.Meetingroomfeltabitcrowdedforanall‐day,3‐daymeeting.- LocationatWHOIwasgreatformeetinglogistics.However,traveltogettoCapeCodisnotconvenient,particularlyifcomingfromtheWestCoastorfurther.- Iandothersdidnotprovidetherightkindofinformationbecausethepurposeofthebookletandthemannerinwhichitwouldbeusedwerenottotallyclear.
26
Meetingcontent2.Howuseful&interestingwaseachmeetingelement?
Notuseful&interesting
Somewhatuseful&
interesting
Veryuseful&interesting
Scientificplenarytalks 0.0 21.2 78.8Researchsynthesispresentations 3.8 34.6 61.5Shortpaneldiscussions 13.5 59.6 26.9Afternoonbreakoutsessions 9.8 49.0 41.2Postersession 6.1 65.3 28.6Meeting‐wideplenarydiscussions 6.0 38.0 56.0Screeningof"TippingPoint" 11.1 55.6 33.3UpdatesonagencyIWG‐OA,NSF,NOAA,EPAactivities
4.0 32.0 64.0
Workshopupdates 2.1 50.0 47.9Breakoutgroupreports 4.1 57.1 38.83.Didyouliketheorganizationofthemeetingintoscientificsessionsbasedonactiveareasofresearch(e.g.,paleo/proxies,observations/monitoring,physiology,ecology,biogeochemistry/modeling)?96.1%Yes3.9%NoAdditionalcommentsorsuggestionsaboutspecificelementsincludedinthisOAPImeeting:- Breakoutsessionscouldhavebeenbettermoderated.- Imissedthelastdayofthemeeting.- Ithoughtitwasanexcellentmeeting- Thepostersessionwaswellorganized.Ijustpersonallyhavetroublefocusingonposters.- Theresearchsynthesispresentationthatincludedmyworkhadsomeincorrectinformation.- Itwasnotexactlyclearwhatthepurposeofthebreakoutgroupswasfor.Werewejusttheretotalkorwastheresomespecificobjective?Moreguidancewouldhavebeenuseful.- Thisisahighlyinterdisciplinarymeetingcoveringawiderangeofscientificfields.Iforone,amnotfamiliarwithsomeofthetopicsandjargonspresentedbyspeakers.Ithinkthatsomespeakersweretoohurrytocoveratopic.Theyshouldbegivenmoretime,sothattheirpresentationsareunderstoodbyalltheattendants.Anumberofspeakersfailedtodefinetheexperimentalconditionsrigorously.Forexample,resultsoftheeffectofpCO2ongrowthrateorDNAsequencewerepresentedwithoutspecifyingDICand/orTotalAlkalinityinthegrowthmedia.Aninorganiccarbonchemistrymodelrequiresatleast2variabletodefinethesystem.- Ialsofoundtheunstructuredbreaktimestobeanimportanttimeforinteractingone‐on‐oneorinsmallgroupswithcolleaguesaboutOAresearch.
27
- Forfuturemeetings/workshops,Iurgeyoutostronglyencourageparticipantstobringpostershighlightingtheirwork!Asallofthe"synthesis"speakersmentioned,itwasdifficulttocrameveryone'sresearchintoasingle,shortsynthesistalk.Tofacilitatemorecollaboration(seeminglytheultimategoalofworkshopslikethis)andinterestinpeople'sspecificresearchtopics,itwouldhavebeengreattohavemoreposters!Inhindsight,IreallywishedIhadbroughtone.- PoorafternoonbreakoutsessionscoreaboveIbelievecouldimprovewithmoreprepbythesessionfacilitators.Ispoketothoseatothersessionsthatagreedthosebreakoutswerenotveryproductive.- Themeetingwasverywellorganized.TheonlythingIwouldhaveliketoseedonedifferentlyistobreakintosmallerbreakoutgroups.Thesmallgroupresultscouldthenbecombinedintoonesummary.Also,itwouldhavebeennicetohavealittlemoretimetodiscussthebreakoutgroupreports.- Thepostersessioncouldhavebeenadvertisedmoreeffectivelyupfront.Itwasunclearwhetherweweresupposedtobringaposterornot.- Ingeneral,Ithinkthistopicaldivisionisareasonablewaytodoit...therearealwaysissueswithoverlapandthesewereperhapsgreaterthantheyneededtobe(especiallyphysiology,ecology,andbiochemistry)‐perhapsthetopicalboundscouldhavebeenbetterdefinedbytheorganizersaheadoftime..- Iwouldhavealsoincludedfederalprogramsasakeytopicwithmoretimeforrepresentativestospeak.- Ourposterwassetupinthebackroomandwereceivedverylittletraffic‐bothfromvisitorsandfromwaitstaff.Itwouldbebettertofindalocationtohouseallthepostersandfoodinasinglelocation.Itseemedlikemostofthepaneldiscussionsconsistedprimarilyofindividualresearchers(audiencemembersonly)promotingtheirownresearch.- Ididnotlikethatthemeetingwasorganizedintosetareas.UnderstandingthepotentialeffectsofOArequiresanintegrativeapproach,andseparatingareasworksintheopposite.Maybeaseparateareashouldhavebeen"integrativeresearchapproaches".- Itwouldbemoreproductivetohaveamorefocused,structureddiscussionwithveryspecificquestionstodiscusstopreventpeoplefromwanderinginalldirectionsandtalkingaboutunrelatedquestions.Itmightbeusefultohave5‐6specificquestionslisted,breakdownofthelargegroupintosmallergroupsof5‐7peopleandchargethemwithdiscussingthespecificquestions,andthenintegrateanddiscussanswersfromallparticipatinggroups.- Atleastoneofthebreak‐outdiscussionswassovagueandsuggestinganeedforsuchhugeexpendituresthatitdidnotseemgroundedinrealityandthusItendedtodriftaway.- ThefirstfewplenarytalkswereexcellentexamplesofhowNOTtogiveatalk.Theslideswereterrible:somecrampedfourfigurepanelswithmultiplefiguresinaslide‐ridiculous.Thefontsizerequiredaspottingscope.Apparentlyandsadlyenough,youhavetoINSTRUCTpeoplehowtoprepareslides.Also,youneedtoremindthespeakersthattheyshouldaddressthescientistintheaudiencethatarenot(NOT)intheirfield.Somespeakerswerebetterthanothers.BrianGaylordgaveatalkthatwasboringtoecologistsbutprobablyveryinformativetotheoceanographers‐thatwaswhataskedforIMHO.- thebreakoutsdidnothaveenoughstructureoranystrongdirectionintheconversation.Additionallytheyweretoolargetogetanyrealconversationgoing.
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- Idon'tliketoseparatemodelingfromobservation,butIdon'tknowofabetterorganizingprincipal.2.Withacoupleexceptions,thesynthesistalkswerenotwelldone.Inoneortwocases,thecontentofthesynthesiswasverymuchdrivenbypersonalinterestsofthepresenter.Partofthisisbecausethepresentersdidn'thavemuchtimebeforethemeeting(Iguess).- Itwouldhavebeennicetohavemoretimeforthepaneldiscussions.Theyfeltrushedandonlywereabletoanswerafewquestions.Theafternoonbreakoutsessionsfeltlikejustastreamofquestionswithfewanswers.Maybeapanelwouldbegoodforthebreakoutdiscussionsinthefuture?
MeetingOutcomes4.Howusefulwasthismeetingforyouwithregardtothefollowingoutcomes?
NotusefulSomewhatuseful
Veryuseful
Networking 1.9 17.3 80.8Fosteringnewandexistingcollaborationsand/orcross‐disciplinaryinteractions
7.7 32.7 59.6
Inspiringnewscientificideasandresearchdirections
9.8 37.3 52.9
Connectingyoutootherprogramsandscientificinitiatives
3.8 26.9 69.2
Informingyouofongoingplanningandagencyactivities
3.8 26.9 69.2
Informingyouoffundingopportunities 23.1 61.5 15.4Pleaseshareanyadditionaloutcomesthatyouattributetothemeeting:- IthinkitwasextremelyusefultobringtogetherNSF‐fundedandagencyPIsinoneplace.- Iwasabletomakenewcontactsandstartupnewcollaborations.- I'vealreadyhadgreatfollowupdiscussionswithsomeoneImetatthemeeting.- ThismeetingencouragedtheorganizationIworkattoorganizeanOAworkgroup- Iestablishedandfirmedupseveralkeycollaborationsbecauseofthisworkshop.Thevalueofthiscannotbeoverestimated.- Throughinteractionsatthemeeting,IhavebeenabletohookupwithothercolleaguesthatIknew,butthatIdidnotknowwerenowworkingonOA.- Turfissueswereverymuchinevidenceatthemeeting,withmanyparticipantskeepingtheircardsclosetothevest.Ideasandconcernsaboutcurrentresearchdirectionswerenotalwaysfullyacknowledged,sometimesbecauseofthepaceofthediscussion,butsometimesbecausethethinkingmaybeabitinbred.ThisisthenatureofNSF‐fundedscienceandnotthefaultoftheorganizers,butthereneedstobeawaytogetaroundit.- Forme,theabilitytomeetwithotherPI'sonaninformalbasiswasthemostusefulpartofthemeeting.- Ihadhighexpectationsforthemeetingandtheyweredefinitelyexceeded!ThewaythedayandbreakswereorganizedIhadalotofopportunitiestomeetingpeopleandstartnew
29
collaborations.AsanewPIthiswasextremelyvaluable.ThelargegroupdiscussionshavealsoreallyhelpedhowIshapefuturegrantproposals.- Thefederalagencieswerediscouraginglyvagueaboutfuturefundingopportunities.Butthisisprobablyduetobudgetuncertainties.
5.Pleaseindicateyouragreementwiththefollowingstatementsaboutthemeeting'sspecificgoals.
Stronglydisagree
Disagree Neutral AgreeStronglyagree
NotApplicable
Scientificcollaborationswerestrengthenedorinitiated.
0.0 0.0 13.5 40.4 44.2 1.9
Unproductiveduplicationofscientificeffortwasprevented.
3.8 9.6 57.7 25.0 0.0 3.8
OAresearchcapacitywasincreasedbyincludingrepresentativesfrommultipleresearchagenciesandotherdisciplines,earlycareerscientists,and/orunderrepresentedgroups.
0.0 1.9 15.4 30.8 48.1 3.8
Short‐andlong‐termresearchgoalswereidentified.
0.0 13.5 19.2 48.1 17.3 1.9
Effectivedatamanagementstrategieswerepromoted.
0.0 5.9 29.4 35.3 25.5 3.9
Strategiesforenhancingcommunicationwiththepublicwereidentified.
0.0 9.6 21.2 42.3 23.1 3.8
CommunityrecommendationsforfutureOCBactivitiesweremade.
0.0 3.9 21.6 60.8 9.8 3.9
Additionalcommentsaboutmeetinggoalsoroutcomes:- ImissedthelastdaysoIdon'tknowwhattosayaboutthelast4items- Ithinkthegoalswereappropriate,butthe"newscienties"and"multipleresearchagencies"partsneedmorework.- Therewerealotofgooddiscussions,butIdon'tthinkthemeetingculminatedwithdefinitiveactionplansoridentificationofresearchgoals.
FutureMeetings
30
6.WhichofthefollowingwouldimprovefuturemeetingsforU.S.OAresearchers?(Checkallthatapply.)[36.4]Planmeetingfartherinadvance[20.5]Allowopenregistration(nolimitsonnumberofinvestigatorsfromeachprogram)[56.8]Includemoresciencepresentations[6.8]Hostmeetingelsewhere[0.0]Lengthenmeeting[40.9]Includemorestudent/earlycareerrepresentatives[43.2]Holdmeetingback‐to‐backwithaninternationalOAactivity(EPOCAorHigh‐CO2worldmeetings,etc.?)[15.9]IncludefewerdiscussionsListanyotherchangesthatwouldimprovefuturemeetings.- Betterpostersessionset‐up.Irealizethefacilitieswerenotoptimalforposters.- Decidehowoftentheywilloccursowecanplanforthem.- Haveclearergoalsforthediscussions- Havingamorefocusedtopicaldiscussionswouldhelp- Iwouldn'tchangeanything- Includepolicymakersandeconomists- Maybejusthavemoreorganized,structureddiscussionswithapanel- Onceagain‐veryfewcomplaints‐meetingwasverywelldesignedandexecuted- morefocusedorfewerdiscussions- Someofthediscussiontopicshadbeenhashedoutatsimilarmeetingsthatmanyofthesamepeopleattended.E.g.,I,AndrewDickson,RichardZeebe,andBarbelHonischhadallrecentlyattendedaPaleo‐OAworkshoponCatalinaISfundedbyNSF.SomeofthedicussiontopicsattheWHOImeetingwereidenticaltothoseonCatalinaIs.I,alongwiththeothers,retreatedfromthesetopicsbecausewehadalreadyengagedinanintensedebateaboutthemandIdon'tthinkanyonewantedtore‐hashthings.Topreventthistypeofredundancyinthefuture,itmaybebeneficialtoconsultwithleadersofsimilarworkshops(oratleasttheagenda/outcomesoftheseworkshops)thathavetakenplaceintherecentpast.- Ithoughtthemeetingwasverywellorganizedandeffective.Itsmoderatesizewasabenefitinmanyways.- paneldiscussionmaybestructuredbygivingaspecifictopic/problemtodiscuss.IfthegoalwastointroducetheOAscientificgroupstoeachotherthemeetingworkedwell,ifthegoalwastotalkabouthowtodealwithpoliticsandpublicperception,socialscientistswouldhavebeenneeded.Maybeanintroductorylecturebyonetothetopicwouldhavebeenagoodcompromise.- "Fartherinadvance"wouldallowsynthesizerstodoabetterjob,Ithink.Maybenot.Maybetheyneedtohavesomeincentive.Ithinkyouareassumingthat"newtoOA"issynonymouswith"earlycareer,"whichisofcoursetotallyabsurd.Needtofindawaytoattractexpertsfromotherfields.Considerreplacing"earlycareer"with"newtoOA.- "Sciencepresentations"don'tnecessarilyneedtobetalks,butlargerpostersessionswouldbegreattogiveresearcherstheopportunitytopromotetheirworktointerestedparties
31
- Ingeneral,Ithoughtthemeetingwaswellorganizedandattendedbytherightamountofpeople.Ithinkweneedimprovedstructureduringdiscussionstolimitgrandstanding.- Thepostersessiondidn'tworkaswellasitcouldhaveduetopeoplecongregatingnearthefood/bar.Itmighthavebeennicetoputthebarinthebackroomonenighttoencouragemoretraffic.- Iwouldselectavenuethatwouldallowmorepeopletoattend.Also,Ithinkthereshouldbeareportoutfromthebreakoutgroupsrightafter.- Iactuallythinkthatmostoftheareasabovewerewellhandled.Alongermeetingwithmoreattendeeswouldprobablyhavebeenlessuseful.- Couldtherebeabalancebetween"openregistration"andinvitationonly?BylimitingthemeetingtoPIsmanyearlycareerrepresentativeswerelikelyexcluded.Perhapsinthefutureallowmoreearlycareer/studentapplicants,butrequiretheypaytheirownwayifcostisanissue.- Moreplenarydiscussions,lesssmallerbreakouts.Moreprepbyfacilitatorsforbreakoutsessions.
7.Incasefuturemeetingscannotbefundeddirectlybythesponsoringorganizations,howmuchwouldyoubewillingtopayfromyourowngrants/travelfunds/businessaccountstoattendafuturemeetingofU.S.OAinvestigators?
Wouldnotattend
$0‐Wouldrequireexternalfundstoattend.
$1‐$199$200‐$399
$400‐$599
$600‐$799
$800+
Travelcosts 6.1 16.3 2.0 20.4 36.7 12.2 6.1Meetingregistrationcosts 6.1 18.4 40.8 28.6 6.1 0.0 0.08.Pleaseprovideuswithsomeinformationaboutyourself:
Yes NoHaveyouattendedpreviousOCBsummerorscopingworkshops? 28.8 71.2Doyouconsideryourselfanearlycareerscientist? 44.2 55.8DidyouattendtheOCB‐OAshortcourse2009asastudent? 11.5 88.5Areyoufemale? 46.2 53.8Areyoupartofaminorityorunderrepresentedgroup? 11.8 88.2Wereallofyourcostsforthismeetingcoveredadequately? 96.2 3.8
ThankYou!Thankyoufortakingoursurvey!Yourresponseisextremelyvaluabletous,becauseitwillhelpusimproveOCBactivitiesinthefuture.IfyouhaveadditionalquestionsorcommentsaboutthissurveyorabouttheOAPImeetingingeneral,pleasecontactSarahCooley([email protected]).
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C:ParticipantListName OrganizationLoriAdornato SRIInternationalAndreasAndersson
BermudaInstituteofOceanSciences
JustinAshworth InstituteforSystemsBiologyMarlinAtkinson UniversityofHawaiiBarneyBalch BigelowLaboratoryforOcean
SciencesHeatherBenway OceanCarbon&Biogeochemistry
(OCB)ProjectOfficeJoanBernhard WHOIJimBishop UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleyRustyBrainard NMFSPacificislandsFisheries
ScienceCtrDeniseBreitburg SmithsonianEnvironmental
ResearchCenterColleenBurge CornellUniversityRonBurton ScrippsInstitutionof
OceanographyShallinBusch NOAANorthwestFisheries
ScienceCenterBobByrne CollegeofMarineScience,
UniversityofSouthFloridaWei‐JunCai UniversityofGeorgiaElaineCaldarone NOAA/NMFS/NEFSCEdCarpenter RombergTiburonCenterfor
EnvironmentalStudiesBobCarpenter CaliforniaStateUniversity,
NorthridgeEmilyCarrington UWFridayHarborLabsFrancisChan OregonStateUniversityCyndyChandler WoodsHoleOceanographic
InstitutionBCO‐DMORobertChapman SCDept.Nat.Res.FranciscoChavez,MBARI
MBARI
AnneCohen WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution
ClayCook HarborBranchOceanographicInstituteatFloridaAtlanticUniversity
SarahCooley WHOINedCyr NOAAFisheries,OfficeofScience
andTechnologyProf.AndrewDickson
ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography
ScottDoney WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution
LisaDropkin EdgeResearch
PaulFalkowski RutgersRichardA.FeelyNOAA/PMEL
PacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory
RobertFoy AlaskaFisheriesScienceCenter,NMFS,NOAA
HeatherGalindo COMPASSNathanGarcia UniversityofSouthernCaliforniaDavidL.Garrison NationalScienceFoundation,
DivisionofOceanSciencesJean‐PierreGattuso
CNRS
BrianGaylord BodegaMarineLaboratory,UniversityofCaliforniaatDavis
DwightK.Gledhill CooperativeInstituteforMarineandAtmosphericStudies
DavidGlover WoodsHoleOcenaographicInst.JasonGrear USEPA‐OfficeofResearchand
DevelopmentMartinGrosell RSMAS,UniversityofMiamiBaerbelHoenisch Lamont‐DohertyEarth
ObservatoryGretchenHofmann
UCSantaBarbara
KrisHolderied NOAAKasitsnaBayLaboratoryBrianHopkinson UniversityofGeorgiaStephanHowden TheUniversityofSouthern
MississippiLibbyJewett NOAA/CSCORJohnJoseph NavalPostgraduateSchoolLaurieJuranek JISAO‐UW/NOAA‐PMELEricKaltenbacher SRIInternationalCherylKerfeld UCBerkeley/JGIJoanieKleypas NationalCenterforAtmospheric
ResearchEunYoungKwon PrincetonUniversityChrisLangdon RSMASGarethLawson WoodsHoleOceanographic
InstitutionDerekManzello UM/CIMAS‐‐NOAA/AOML/OCDBillMartin WoodsHoleOceanographic
InstitutionToddMartz ScrippsInstitutionof
OceanographyJeremyMathis UniversityofAlaskaFairbanksJimMcClintock UniversityofAlabamaat
BirminghamDanielCMcCorkle
WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution
PaulMcElhany NOAANorthwestFisheries
33
ScienceCenterChristinaMcGraw ClarkUniversityShannonMeseck NOAANMFSEdwardMiles SchoolofMarineand
EnvironmentalAffairsLisaMilke NOAAFisheriesMilfordLabMargaretW.Miller
NMFS‐SoutheastFisheriesScienceCenter
AndyMount ClemsonUniversityJamesW.Murray UniversityofWashingtonJanetNye EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyMooseO'Donnell FridayHarborLaboratories,
UniversityofWashingtonMonicaV.Orellana
InstituteforSystemsBiology
KenricOsgood NOAANationalMarineFisheriesService
JimPalardy AbtAssociates,Inc.UtaPassow MarineScienceInstituteAdinaPaytan UCSCBethA.Phelan NOAA,NMFSHowardMarine
SciencesLaboratorySeanPlace UniversityofSouthCarolinaMatthewPoach NOAA/NMFSNicholePrice ScrippsInstitutionof
OceanographyJulieReichert EPA/ORISEFellowshipJustinRies UniversityofNorthCarolina‐
ChapelHillLisaRobbins USGeologicalSurveyJeffreyRunge SchoolofMarineSciences,
UniversityofMaineGraceSaba RutgersUniversityChrisSabine NOAAPacificMarine
EnvironmentalLaboratoryAnnetteSalmeen DOEJointGenomeInstituteAstridSchnetzer UniversityofSouthernCaliforniaUweSend SIOSamanthaSiedlecki
JISAO/PCC
SergioSignorini NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter
InnaSokolova UniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte
AdrienneSutton NOAAPacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory
TaroTAKAHASHI Lamont‐DohertyEarthObservatory
ChristinaTanner ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography
JosiTaylor MontereyBayAquariumResearchInstitute(MBARI)
PhilTaylor NationalScienceFoundation‐DivisionofOceanSciences
Dr.LarsTomanek CaliforniaPolytechnicStateUniversity
AradhnaTripati UCLAEdUrban ScientificCommitteeonOceanic
ResearchGeorgeWaldbusser
CollegeofOceanicandAtmosphericSciences
ShanlinWang UniversityofCalifornia,IrvineZhaohuiAleckWang
WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution
RikWanninkhof NOAA/AOMLMarkWarner UniversityofDelaware,Schoolof
MarineScienceandPolicyPeterWiebe WoodsHoleOceanographic
InstituitonTimWootton UniversityofChicagoMattWright COMPASSPaulineYu UniversityofCalifornia,Santa
BarbaraJamesZachos UniversityofCaliforniaRichardZeebe SchoolofOceanandEarth
ScienceandTechnology,U.Hawaii
34
D:WorkshopAgenda
Day1.TuesdayMarch22
7:30–8:30 ContinentalBreakfast
8:30–8:45 Welcome,Introduction,Logistics,Announcements(Kleypas,NCAR)
8:45–9:00 MeetingGoalsandStructure(Kleypas)
9:00–10:00 Theme1:Paleo&Proxies/Modeling(Chair:Benway,WHOI)
9:00 PlenaryTalk:ConstraintsfromthePast(Hoenisch,LDEO)
9:30 SynthesisofPaleoProjects(Benway)
9:45 PanelDiscussionPaleo,Proxies
10:00–10:30 Break
10:30–12:00 Theme2:Observations&Monitoring(CHAIR:Robbins,USGS/Feely,NOAA)
10:30 PlenaryTalk:AnNationalOceanObservingSystemforOceanAcidification(Feely)
11:00 SynthesisofFacilities,Sensors&Platforms(Sabine,NOAA)
11:15 SynthesisofObservationsResearchProjects(Robbins)
11:30 PanelDiscussionofFacilities,Sensors,PlatformsandObservations
12:00‐12:15 CGBDUpdateonOAPublicOpinionResearch(LisaDropkin,EdgeResearch)
12:15‐12:20 Breakoutinstructions
12:20–1:30 Lunch
1:30–5:00 Breakouts
1:30 BreakoutSessionIImprovingsciencethroughstrongercollaborations,facilities,andinfrastructure.
BreakoutSessionIIOceanacidificationandsociety:makingOAhuman‐relevantviascience,communication,capacitybuilding
3:15–3:45 Break
3:45 Breakoutscontinued
5:00–7:00 Horsd’oeuvresreceptionandPosterSession
35
Dinneronyourown
Day2.WednesdayMarch23
7:30–8:30 ContinentalBreakfast
8:30 –10:00
Theme3:PhysiologicalresponsestoOA(Chair:Kleypas)
8:30 PlenaryTalk:Organismal&EvolutionaryBiologyinOAResearch(RonBurton,SIO)
9:00 Synthesisofunicellularorganismphysiology(Kleypas)
9:15 PanelDiscussion
9:30 Synthesisofmulticellularorganismphysiology(Hofmann,UCSB)
9:45 PanelDiscussion
10:00–10:30 Break
10:30–12:00 Theme4:Ecology&SystemResponsestoOA(Chair:Langdon,U.Miami)
10:30 Plenary:EcologicalResponsestoOA(Gaylord,UCDavis)
11:00 Synthesisofecologyprojects(Langdon)
11:15 PanelDiscussion
11:30 Specialplenarydiscussion:Howtointegratebiologicalresearch?
12:00–1:30 Lunch.Screeningof“TippingPoint”,adocumentaryfollowingEPOCAresearchers
1:30–5:00 Breakouts
1:30 BreakoutSessionIIIScaling&modelingacrosstimeandspace
BreakoutSessionIVImprovingresearchonthePhysiologicalandEcologicalResponsestoOA
3:15–3:45 Break
3:45 Breakoutscontinued
6:00–8:00 Meetingdinner
Day3.ThursdayMarch24
36
7:30–8:30 ContinentalBreakfast
8:30–9:30 Theme5:Biogeochemistry&Modeling(Chair:Cooley,WHOI)
8:30 PlenaryTalk:OverviewonBGC(Passow,UCSB)
9:00 SynthesisofBGCProjects(Cooley)
9:15 PanelDiscussionBGC
9:30 SynthesisofModelingProjects(Cooley)
9:45 PanelDiscussionModeling
10:00–10:30 Break
10:30–11:00 DataManagement(Chandler,BCO‐DMO)
11:00–11:30 “EuropeanProjectsandInternationalActivities”(Gattuso,EPOCA)
11:30–12:00 TheUSNationalOAProgram[NedCyr(NOAA)andPhilTaylor(NSF)]
12:00–12:15 CommentsfromotherAgencyProgramManagersNASA(CarlosDelCastillo)USGS(LisaRobbins)ChristineRuf(EPA)LibbyJewett(NOAA)
12:30–1:30 Lunch
1:30‐2:00 Updateonrecentworkshops:1:30‐1:40ECCO(Hofmann)1:40‐1:50PAGES‐NSF(Hoenisch)1:50‐2:00Oceansinahigh‐CO2worldIII(Urban,SCOR)
2:00–3:00 BOGreports&discussionon:‐ IncreasingQualityofScience‐ IncreasingCollaboration(NationalandInternational)‐ FutureDirectionsinOAResearch‐ OCB’sRoleinOA
3:00–3:30 Break
3:30–3:55 FINALOPENPLENARYDISCUSSION:TheMostCompellingOAScienceWeShouldTackleWithintheNext5Years
3:55–4:00 OCBProjectOfficemeetingwrap‐up(Doney,WHOI)
4:00 MeetingAdjourned