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Micro- and macro-nutrients
Definitions
Micro-nutrients: They are substances which are required by the body in small amounts and are co-factor of enzymes. They include vitamins and trace minerals such as Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe
Macro-nutrients: They are substance required in large amounts and include proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals (Na, Ca, S, Cl)
VITAMINS
Vitamins are known as fat soluble or water soluble
Fat soluble vitamins (A, D,E, K) are long with a non-polar hydrocarbon chain or ringThey are able to accumulate in the fatty tissue of the body
Water soluble vitamins (C and the eight B-group vitamins) contain hydrogen which is attached to an electronegative oxygen or nitrogen which can form hydrogen bonds with water moleculesThey cannot be stored. They must be consumed every day.
Vitamins containing C=C double bonds and –OH groups are easily oxidised and keeping food refrigerated slows down this process
TYPES OF VITAMINS
VITAMIN A (RETINOL)
It contains only one –OH group
It is fat soluble due to its long non-polar hydrocarbon chain
It is not easily broken down by cooking
Required for the production of rhodopsin>light changes its conformation> creation of nerve impulse> vision
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
Due to the number of –OH groups this vitamin is soluble in water
It is not retained for long in the body
A disease known as scorbutus (scurvy) is associated with the lack of this vitamin
The symptoms are: swollen legs, rotten gums
It was most commonly noticed in sailors who spent long periods of time without fresh food
VITAMIN D (CALCIFEROL)
It is a large hydrocarbon with one –OH group and it is fat soluble
A deficiency of vitamin D leads to: bone softening and malformation which is known as rickets
MALNUTRITION
This occurs when either too much food is consumed leading to obesity or the diet is lacking in certain micro- or macro- nutrients
MICRO-NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
Fe anaemia > fatigue
I goiter > swallen thyroid gland
Vitamin A xerophthalmia & night blindness
Vitamin B3 pellagra > diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis
Vitamin B1 beriberi > muscles, heart, nerves
Vitamin C scurvy > rotten gums
Vitamin D rickets > malformation/softening of bones
MACRO-NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
Deficiency in macronutrient such as proteins cause marasmus (growth retardation) and kwashiorkor (fatigue, weight loss)
Deficiency in Ca produces osteoporosis
Deficiency in Na produces cramps
CAUSES OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
Developed world- low income- poor eating habits
Developing world- poverty- famine
SOLUTIONS TO COMBAT MALNUTRITION
Eating fresh food rich in vitamins and minerals
Adding nutrient which that are missing in commonly consumed foods
Genetic modification of foods
Providing nutritional supplements
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