managing diversity kuliah
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What is DIVERSITY
Otherness or those human qualities that aredifferent from our own and outside the groups towhich we belong, yet present in other individuals
an groups (Workforce America!). Differences among people which vary from age,
class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mentalability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice,
and public assistance status (Esty, et al., 1995).
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Dimension ofDIVERSITY
Dimensions of diversity include, but are notlimited to: age, ethnicity, gender, physicalabilities/qualities, race, educational background,
geographic location, income, marital status,religious beliefs, and work experience (Loden &Rosener ,1991)
Dimensions of diversity divided by: (1) whether
the attributes is detected and (2) orientation ofthe attributes (Joshi & Jackson, 2003)
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Task Oriented RelationshipOriented
Readily detected
attributes
Department/Unit Sex
Socioeconomic statusOrganizational Tenure
Age
RaceFormal titles
Ethnicity
Education level Religion
Political MembershipMembership inpersonal association Nationality
Sexual Orientation
Underlying
attributes
Knowledge & expertise GenderClass Identity
Attitudes
Cognitive skills &abilities
Values
Personality
Ethnic IdentityPhysical skills &abilities Sexual Identity
Other Identity
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is stable characteristic responsible for a persons maximum physicalor mental performance.Skill is a specific capacity to manipulate objects.The combination of ability, skill, and effort contributes to
performance.
is persons perception as physical, social, and spiritual being.Cognition is a persons knowledge, opinions, or beliefs.Self-esteem is a belief about ones own self worth based on overall
self evaluation.Organization-based Self Esteem is an organization members self-perceived value.Self-efficacy is belief in ones ability to do task.Self monitoring is ability to observe ones own behaviour andadapting it to the situation
Emotions
is a learned predisposition toward a given object.Values represent global beliefs, while attitudes relate only specific
objects, persons, or situations.Although attitudes often are resistant to change, they can beinfluenced indirectlythrough education and training experiences.
The Big Five Personality Dimensions: extraversion,agreeableness, conscientiousness, stability, & opennes.However, there are some doubts about the use of personalitytesting in workplace regarding whether they are (1) strong
predictor and (2) predictor of nurture differences.
Differences in PeoplesBehaviours
Self-Concept
Personality Traits Abilities
Attitudes
is complex human reactions to personal achievements andsetbacks that may be felt and displayed.Some combination of emotions turn out to result in good
performance, while the incorrect combination produce contradictoryones.
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Why DIVERSITY ?
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Adaptability
Honda gets 80-90% of their profit from sales inAmerica.
Allen Kinzer, the first American Manager of Honda inOhio plant, said it was not easy to blending thecultures.
Honda company sets standard to be able to produce500.000 cars per year in America, which isconsidered a bold move for American.
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Variety Viewpoints
Wendy Clark, SVP Integrated MarketingCommunication & Capabilities, successfullylaunched of the Coca-Cola global marketing
campaign "Open Happiness"
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Broader Service
Nike earns the vast majority of its sales outside USwith its complex worldwide web pf contractorsincluding more than 120 factories in China alone.
According to a recent Hill & Knowlton survey,Chinese consider Nike the Middle Kingdom's "coolestbrand.
Sales rose 66% last year, to anestimated $300 million, and Nike is
opening an average of 1.5 newstores a day in China.
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Strategy Execution
IBM employs more than 40.000 software developersin India, as response to the unstable economic andpolitical condition in U.S.
IBM respects and values diversity among employees. Business
activities such as hiring, promotion, and compensation ofemployees, are conducted without regard to race, colour, religion,gender, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, nationalorigin, genetics, disability, age or caste.
Some of diversity initiatives include International Women's Day,Take Our Kids to Work Day, People with Disability (PwD) IT Camp,Women's Leadership Conference, World Disability Day, childcarecenters, and a home care project
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DIVERSITY & Competitiveness
HETEROGENEITY
CREATINGIDEAPROBLEMSOLVING
VARIOUSVIEWPOINTS
OPENNES TOIDEAS
CREATIVITYEXPERTISE
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NotArticulated
Challenges in DIVERSITY
Stereotyping Discrimination Prejudice
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Negative Behaviours towardDIVERSITY
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Managing DIVERSITY
Planning and implementing organizationalsystems and practices to manage people so thatthe potential advantages of diversity aremaximized while its potential disadvantages areminimized - Taylor Cox in "Cultural Diversity inOrganizations.
The critical skills of managing diversity
is to be sensitive and to treat peopleas they want to be treated.
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Stage of ManagingDIVERSITY
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Analizing the Existing Culture
Recognizing certain attitudes which enable/notdiversity management
Assessing employees perception about diversity
Getting to know what the employees want fromthe company, how they want to be treated Finding company dissadvantage of not putting
diversity management into practice.
Having other people/organization assesses theexisiting culture
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Implementing Adaptive NewCulture
Setting up a new vision, and spread it out to all employees Linking personal goals into the company branded new
vision Articulating culture that supports the new vision Establishing a task force as a watchmen toward the new
culture implementation. Creating formal or informal meeting where employees can
give feedback about the new culture.
Pointing a role model Setting up reward & punishment system.
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Making the New CultureSustainable
Intergrating the culture adherence into performanceappraisal.
Creating award for the most adherance employees Implementing a Virtual Performance Management
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