integrating concepts in biology powerpoint slides for chapter 20: emergent properties in ecological...

Integrating Concepts in Biology

PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 20:Emergent Properties in Ecological Systems

byA. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and

Chris Paradise

Lamar Valley, in Yellowstone National Park, where emergent properties arise from the re-introduction of the gray wolf, a top predator

Figure UN20.1

A food web

Figure 20.1

Elk and wolf populations

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Year

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ter

Elk

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nt

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Num

ber

of w

olve

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Winter Elk Count

Wolf Numbers

Elk and wolf population counts in Yellowstone National Park

Figure 20.2

Frequency distribution of diameters of mature cottonwood trees and of estimated narrowleaf cottonwood year of germination

Figure 20.3

Cottonwoods in winter, with elk herd and grove at Devil’s Slide along the Yellowstone River

Figure 20.4

Frequency distributions of cottonwood diameters at five study sites in the northern Yellowstone elk winter range

Figure 20.5

Elk locations in and vegetation map of Gallatin Canyon within Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Figure 20.6

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Elk presence in grassy area Elk presence in conifer forest

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Wolves absent

Wolves present

Effects of wolf presence on habitat use by elk

Figure 20.7

Comparison of terrain on tree growth

Figure 20.8

Direct and indirect interactions without wolves in the northern ecosystems of Yellowstone National Park (a) and with wolves present (b). Solid arrows indicate documented responses; dashed arrows indicate predicted responses.

Figure 20.9

The distributions of seven plant species along the organic matter gradient of a lakeshore

Figure 20.10

RIPij values for each pairwise combination of seven plant species grown in experimental buckets.

Table 20.1

 Three-way sedge

Brown-fruit rush

Loose-strife

St. John’s wort Breaksedge Sundew Pipe-

wort Target

Three-way sedge 1 1.33 1.18 1.17 1.25 1.18 1.34 1.21

Brownfruit rush 0.63 1 1.34 1.46 1.46 1.52 1.49 1.27Loose-strife 0.88 0.87 1 1.63 1.63 1.78 1.57 1.34St. John’s wort 1.09 0.99 0.91 1 1.22 1.29 1.23 1.10Breaksedge 1.05 0.73 0.93 0.91 1 1.21 1.36 1.03Sundew 0.98 0.91 0.93 1.02 1.02 1 1.11 1.00Pipewort 0.65 0.71 0.88 0.89 0.87 1.48 1 0.93Neighbor 0.90 0.93 1.02 1.15 1.21 1.35 1.30

The relationship between target and neighbor scores and percent sediment organic matter content for the seven species at Axe Lake, Ontario

Figure 20.11

Bluefin and rainwater killifish, time for 50% of a test population to die from exposure to two low oxygen concentrations and two high temperature conditions, and percentage of test populations that died from exposure to three different salt concentrations.

Figure 20.12

Results of competition tests at different salt concentrations for rainwater and bluefin killifish

Figure 20.13

The carbon cycle

Figure 20.14

Distribution of biomass or energy at different trophic levels in an ecological system

Figure 20.15

Range of habitats typically observed in a salt marsh and surrounding terrestrial zone

Figure 20.16

Re-creation of Teal’s saltmarsh foodweb

Figure 20.17

Energy relationships in saltmarsh planthoppers and katydids

Figure 20.18

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275.0

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29.410.8 18.6

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Consumption Assimilation Production Respiration Feces

Ene

rgy

(kca

l / m

2 /

year

Planthoppers

Katydids

One pathway of energy and carbon in the Georgia saltmarsh

Figure 20.19