emergence of modern europe nationalism and imperialism in the nineteenth century
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Emergence of Modern Emergence of Modern Europe Europe
Nationalism and ImperialismNationalism and Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century in the Nineteenth Century
Overview of Major TopicsOverview of Major Topics
Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)
Modern Political and Cultural IdeologiesModern Political and Cultural Ideologies
Mid-Century Revolutionary MovementsMid-Century Revolutionary Movements
Realpolitik – The State TriumphantRealpolitik – The State Triumphant
Western Imperialism Western Imperialism
Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna
Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna
Historical Context Historical Context Objectives Objectives
• Balance of Power Balance of Power • Avoid Future Wars Avoid Future Wars
Methods Methods • Restoration of Restoration of
Monarchy Monarchy • Distribution of Land Distribution of Land • Congress SystemCongress System
Prince Clemons von Prince Clemons von Metternich - LeaderMetternich - Leader
Prince Clemons von Metternich
Approach to Balance of Power Approach to Balance of Power
France France Restoration of Bourbon Restoration of Bourbon
Dynasty Territorial Dynasty Territorial Boundaries of 1792Boundaries of 1792
No War ReparationsNo War Reparations
Congress System Meet to Settle Disputes
Great Powers •Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain •Added Territory as compensation •Within Europe
•Colonies
Important DecisionsImportant Decisions France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian Netherlands
to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange.
Norway and Sweden were joined under a single ruler Switzerland was declared neutral Russia got Finland and effective control over the new kingdom
of Poland Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of
Westphalia and the Rhine Province. Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and
was also given land in Germany and Italy (Lombardia and Venice)
Britain got several strategic colonial territories, and they also gained control of the seas.
France was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII. Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII
Europe Europe in 1815 in 1815
Significance of Congress of Vienna Significance of Congress of Vienna
Conservative Response to Revolutions Conservative Response to Revolutions No Major Wars until 1914 No Major Wars until 1914 Established Foundation for Strong Central Established Foundation for Strong Central
State State
Modern Ideologies Modern Ideologies
Liberalism Liberalism
• Twin Concepts Twin Concepts • Equality & Liberty Equality & Liberty
Economic Economic Liberalism: Laissez Liberalism: Laissez Faire Faire • Two Thinkers Two Thinkers • Mill – Limits of Mill – Limits of
Personal Liberty Personal Liberty • Bentham – Greatest Bentham – Greatest
Good for Greatest Good for Greatest NumberNumber
Socialism Socialism French Utopian French Utopian
Socialism - Economic Socialism - Economic Planning by State Planning by State (National Government) (National Government) • Rights of Workers Rights of Workers • Restrict Ownership of Restrict Ownership of
Private Property Private Property • Social Justice – Housing Social Justice – Housing
& Needs of Poor & Needs of Poor Marxism Socialism Marxism Socialism
• Structure of Historical Structure of Historical Determinism Determinism
• Revolution, Not Revolution, Not Planning Planning
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon“What is Property?”
NationalismNationalism Defining PrincipleDefining Principle – –
• Peoples had own genius and cultural unity Peoples had own genius and cultural unity • Common language, History, TerritoryCommon language, History, Territory
Political Basis: Liberalism Political Basis: Liberalism • Extension of Universal Manhood Suffrage: Government of the People Extension of Universal Manhood Suffrage: Government of the People • People Shared Common InterestsPeople Shared Common Interests
Advanced in 19th Century by Advanced in 19th Century by • Industrialization & Urbanization – Critical Mass of People Industrialization & Urbanization – Critical Mass of People • EducationEducation
““Imagined Communities” Emotionally Charged Symbols & Imagined Communities” Emotionally Charged Symbols & CeremoniesCeremonies
Ambiguous Ambiguous • Liberal & Democratic Liberal & Democratic • Ideas of National & Cultural Superiority Ideas of National & Cultural Superiority
Romanticism Romanticism Revolt Against Revolt Against
EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Advocated Feeling, Advocated Feeling, Freedom, Natural Freedom, Natural GoodnessGoodness
Expressed in Art, Expressed in Art, Music, LiteratureMusic, Literature
Infused into Political Infused into Political Ideals of Democratic Ideals of Democratic Revolutions … Revolutions …
Mid Century Revolutionary Mid Century Revolutionary Movements (1830, 1848) Movements (1830, 1848)
Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Causes Causes Liberal & Radical Response to Liberal & Radical Response to
Conservative Forces of Conservative Forces of Restoration Restoration
Economic Depression – Impact Economic Depression – Impact of Industrializationof Industrialization
Display of Liberalism, Display of Liberalism, Socialism, Nationalism and Socialism, Nationalism and RomanticismRomanticism
Forces Based on Liberalism, Forces Based on Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism Nationalism and Socialism
Coalitions of “Have – Nots” – Coalitions of “Have – Nots” – Middle Class Merchants and Middle Class Merchants and Working Class Artisans and Working Class Artisans and Workers Workers
Limited to No Gains Limited to No Gains
ImpactImpact
National Movements National Movements throughout Most of European throughout Most of European NationsNations
• Revolutionaries of “Have – Revolutionaries of “Have – Not’s” Not’s”
• Middle Class Merchants Middle Class Merchants Working Class Artisans and Working Class Artisans and
Skilled/Unskilled WorkersSkilled/Unskilled Workers
• Consequences Consequences • No Immediate Gains – No Immediate Gains –
Coalitions Did Not Work Coalitions Did Not Work • Signaled to “State” a Need to Signaled to “State” a Need to
Meet Demands of Meet Demands of Revolutionaries Revolutionaries
• Surge of NationalismSurge of Nationalism
Revolutions in Europe 1830, 1848Revolutions in Europe 1830, 1848
Examples of Change in Great Examples of Change in Great BritainBritain
Examples of ChangeExamples of Change – Great Britain – Great Britain
Context: Corn Laws of 1815Context: Corn Laws of 1815
• Provisions – Gave “Voice” to the People: Provisions – Gave “Voice” to the People:
• House of Commons – The Legislative BodyHouse of Commons – The Legislative Body
• Redistribution of Representation to Urban, Industrialized AreasRedistribution of Representation to Urban, Industrialized Areas
• Increased Suffrage by 50% - Extended to Middle Class & Increased Suffrage by 50% - Extended to Middle Class & FarmersFarmers
Regulated Working Conditions for WorkersRegulated Working Conditions for Workers
• Impact on Great Britain – Escaped Revolution in 1848Impact on Great Britain – Escaped Revolution in 1848
Examples of ChangeExamples of Change – Austrian Empire - Nationalism – Austrian Empire - Nationalism
Principle: Nationalism Principle: Nationalism • Peoples had own genius Peoples had own genius
and cultural unity and cultural unity • Common language, History, Common language, History,
Territory Territory Peoples of Hungary Demanded Peoples of Hungary Demanded
National Autonomy, Full Civil National Autonomy, Full Civil Liberties, Universal SuffrageLiberties, Universal Suffrage
Problem: Could Not Gain Unity Problem: Could Not Gain Unity Among Other Ethnic Groups in Among Other Ethnic Groups in Eastern Section of Austrian Eastern Section of Austrian EmpireEmpire
Partial Sharing of Political RulePartial Sharing of Political Rule
Foreshadows Balkan Wars & Foreshadows Balkan Wars & World War IWorld War I
1815
1848
Age of Nationalism – RealpolitikAge of Nationalism – Realpolitik
The Making of an EmperorThe Making of an Emperor
Characteristics of Nationalism Characteristics of Nationalism (1850 – 1914) (1850 – 1914)
• Realpolitik - Realpolitik - • No Longer Lofty Vision Based on Liberalism No Longer Lofty Vision Based on Liberalism • Hard-Headed Realism Based on Economic, Political, and Hard-Headed Realism Based on Economic, Political, and
Military Power Military Power The State is Above AllThe State is Above All
Conservative Response to Passions of Liberalism & Conservative Response to Passions of Liberalism & SocialismSocialism
• Many Masks Many Masks • Liberal and Democratic – United States Liberal and Democratic – United States
Flourish in Dictatorial States – Conservative, Fascists, Flourish in Dictatorial States – Conservative, Fascists, CommunistCommunist
Relationship Between Leader and People – By Passes Relationship Between Leader and People – By Passes Congressional RepresentationCongressional Representation
Model – France Model – France Authoritarian Nationalism of Authoritarian Nationalism of
Louis Napoleon III (1848 – Louis Napoleon III (1848 – 1871)1871)
Elected by Universal Manhood Elected by Universal Manhood Suffrage Suffrage
Restricted Rights of Assembly Restricted Rights of Assembly
Hereditary EmperorHereditary Emperor
• Leader Served the People Leader Served the People • Managed Economy Managed Economy
Workers RightsWorkers Rights
Actions Defused Impact of Actions Defused Impact of Socialists & LiberalsSocialists & Liberals
Model of Realpolitik:Model of Realpolitik:Unification of Germany Unification of Germany
Series of Series of Small States Small States
Prussia – Prussia – Most Most Dominate Dominate German German ConfederatioConfederation – 1830 n – 1830 IndustrializatIndustrialization & Trade - ion & Trade - Zollverin Zollverin
Prussia – Unify Germany Prussia – Unify Germany Agenda: Agenda: Unify German States with Unify German States with
Prussia as LeaderPrussia as Leader
Decrease Power of Austria Decrease Power of Austria in Trade and Influencein Trade and Influence
• Increase Power of Military Increase Power of Military • Double Size of Army Double Size of Army
Higher Taxes for DefenseHigher Taxes for Defense
• Liberal Parliament Liberal Parliament • More Control More Control • Rejected Increase in Rejected Increase in
MilitaryMilitary
Solution: Count Otto von Bismarck Solution: Count Otto von Bismarck
Most Important Figure Most Important Figure in German History in German History Between Luther & Between Luther & Hitler Hitler
Master of Realpolitik Master of Realpolitik Pragmatic: “one must Pragmatic: “one must
always have two irons always have two irons in the fire..” in the fire..”
Tough: “The great Tough: “The great questions of the day questions of the day will .. be decided .. by will .. be decided .. by blood & iron…”blood & iron…”
Actions – A Call To Arms… Actions – A Call To Arms…
Continued to Continued to Collect Taxes and Collect Taxes and Reorganize Army Reorganize Army
Used War – Used War – “Outside Threat” – “Outside Threat” – To Gain Support of To Gain Support of Prussian People Prussian People Two Targets: Two Targets: Provoked Austria & Provoked Austria & France to Declare France to Declare War War
Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austro-Prussian Austro-Prussian
War (1866)War (1866) ““Reason” – Reason” –
Scheleswig – Scheleswig – Holstein Holstein
• Objectives Objectives • Shock & Awe Shock & Awe
Reduce Power of Reduce Power of Austria Austria
• Consequences Consequences • Disbanded Disbanded
German German Confederation Confederation
• Replaced by Replaced by North German North German Confederation & Confederation & Alliance with Alliance with Southern German Southern German States States
• Shifted Political Shifted Political Control Away Control Away from Parliamentfrom Parliament
Franco Prussian War (1870 -1871) Franco Prussian War (1870 -1871)
To Unify Germany – To Unify Germany – Southern German Southern German StatesStates
Outside “Threat” – Outside “Threat” – FranceFrance
France Declared War France Declared War on Prussia to “Teach on Prussia to “Teach it a Lesson”it a Lesson”
Decisive Victory by Decisive Victory by Unified Northern Unified Northern German German Confederation Confederation (Prussia) and (Prussia) and Southern German Southern German StatesStates
Creation of German Creation of German Empire Empire
Creation of the German EmpireCreation of the German Empire
The Spoils of Victory The Spoils of Victory • Terms of the Terms of the
Peace: Harsh Peace: Harsh • Pay 5 billion francs Pay 5 billion francs • Cede Alsace – Cede Alsace –
Lorraine Lorraine Humiliated France Humiliated France
• Creation of Creation of German EmpireGerman Empire
• In this painting, In this painting, King William I and King William I and his Chancellor his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck celebrate the celebrate the creation of the creation of the German EmpireGerman Empire
• Hall of Mirrors, the Hall of Mirrors, the Palace of Palace of VersaillesVersailles
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