Emergence of Modern Emergence of Modern Europe Europe

Nationalism and ImperialismNationalism and Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century in the Nineteenth Century

Overview of Major TopicsOverview of Major Topics

Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)

Modern Political and Cultural IdeologiesModern Political and Cultural Ideologies

Mid-Century Revolutionary MovementsMid-Century Revolutionary Movements

Realpolitik – The State TriumphantRealpolitik – The State Triumphant

Western Imperialism Western Imperialism

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Historical Context Historical Context Objectives Objectives

• Balance of Power Balance of Power • Avoid Future Wars Avoid Future Wars

Methods Methods • Restoration of Restoration of

Monarchy Monarchy • Distribution of Land Distribution of Land • Congress SystemCongress System

Prince Clemons von Prince Clemons von Metternich - LeaderMetternich - Leader

Prince Clemons von Metternich

Approach to Balance of Power Approach to Balance of Power

France France Restoration of Bourbon Restoration of Bourbon

Dynasty Territorial Dynasty Territorial Boundaries of 1792Boundaries of 1792

No War ReparationsNo War Reparations

Congress System Meet to Settle Disputes

Great Powers •Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain •Added Territory as compensation •Within Europe

•Colonies

Important DecisionsImportant Decisions France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian Netherlands

to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange.

Norway and Sweden were joined under a single ruler Switzerland was declared neutral Russia got Finland and effective control over the new kingdom

of Poland Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of

Westphalia and the Rhine Province. Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and

was also given land in Germany and Italy (Lombardia and Venice)

Britain got several strategic colonial territories, and they also gained control of the seas.

France was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII. Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII

Europe Europe in 1815 in 1815

Significance of Congress of Vienna Significance of Congress of Vienna

Conservative Response to Revolutions Conservative Response to Revolutions No Major Wars until 1914 No Major Wars until 1914 Established Foundation for Strong Central Established Foundation for Strong Central

State State

Modern Ideologies Modern Ideologies

Liberalism Liberalism

• Twin Concepts Twin Concepts • Equality & Liberty Equality & Liberty

Economic Economic Liberalism: Laissez Liberalism: Laissez Faire Faire • Two Thinkers Two Thinkers • Mill – Limits of Mill – Limits of

Personal Liberty Personal Liberty • Bentham – Greatest Bentham – Greatest

Good for Greatest Good for Greatest NumberNumber

Socialism Socialism French Utopian French Utopian

Socialism - Economic Socialism - Economic Planning by State Planning by State (National Government) (National Government) • Rights of Workers Rights of Workers • Restrict Ownership of Restrict Ownership of

Private Property Private Property • Social Justice – Housing Social Justice – Housing

& Needs of Poor & Needs of Poor Marxism Socialism Marxism Socialism

• Structure of Historical Structure of Historical Determinism Determinism

• Revolution, Not Revolution, Not Planning Planning

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon“What is Property?”

NationalismNationalism Defining PrincipleDefining Principle – –

• Peoples had own genius and cultural unity Peoples had own genius and cultural unity • Common language, History, TerritoryCommon language, History, Territory

Political Basis: Liberalism Political Basis: Liberalism • Extension of Universal Manhood Suffrage: Government of the People Extension of Universal Manhood Suffrage: Government of the People • People Shared Common InterestsPeople Shared Common Interests

Advanced in 19th Century by Advanced in 19th Century by • Industrialization & Urbanization – Critical Mass of People Industrialization & Urbanization – Critical Mass of People • EducationEducation

““Imagined Communities” Emotionally Charged Symbols & Imagined Communities” Emotionally Charged Symbols & CeremoniesCeremonies

Ambiguous Ambiguous • Liberal & Democratic Liberal & Democratic • Ideas of National & Cultural Superiority Ideas of National & Cultural Superiority

Romanticism Romanticism Revolt Against Revolt Against

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Advocated Feeling, Advocated Feeling, Freedom, Natural Freedom, Natural GoodnessGoodness

Expressed in Art, Expressed in Art, Music, LiteratureMusic, Literature

Infused into Political Infused into Political Ideals of Democratic Ideals of Democratic Revolutions … Revolutions …

Mid Century Revolutionary Mid Century Revolutionary Movements (1830, 1848) Movements (1830, 1848)

Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Causes Causes Liberal & Radical Response to Liberal & Radical Response to

Conservative Forces of Conservative Forces of Restoration Restoration

Economic Depression – Impact Economic Depression – Impact of Industrializationof Industrialization

Display of Liberalism, Display of Liberalism, Socialism, Nationalism and Socialism, Nationalism and RomanticismRomanticism

Forces Based on Liberalism, Forces Based on Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism Nationalism and Socialism

Coalitions of “Have – Nots” – Coalitions of “Have – Nots” – Middle Class Merchants and Middle Class Merchants and Working Class Artisans and Working Class Artisans and Workers Workers

Limited to No Gains Limited to No Gains

ImpactImpact

National Movements National Movements throughout Most of European throughout Most of European NationsNations

• Revolutionaries of “Have – Revolutionaries of “Have – Not’s” Not’s”

• Middle Class Merchants Middle Class Merchants Working Class Artisans and Working Class Artisans and

Skilled/Unskilled WorkersSkilled/Unskilled Workers

• Consequences Consequences • No Immediate Gains – No Immediate Gains –

Coalitions Did Not Work Coalitions Did Not Work • Signaled to “State” a Need to Signaled to “State” a Need to

Meet Demands of Meet Demands of Revolutionaries Revolutionaries

• Surge of NationalismSurge of Nationalism

Revolutions in Europe 1830, 1848Revolutions in Europe 1830, 1848

Examples of Change in Great Examples of Change in Great BritainBritain

Examples of ChangeExamples of Change – Great Britain – Great Britain

Context: Corn Laws of 1815Context: Corn Laws of 1815

• Provisions – Gave “Voice” to the People: Provisions – Gave “Voice” to the People:

• House of Commons – The Legislative BodyHouse of Commons – The Legislative Body

• Redistribution of Representation to Urban, Industrialized AreasRedistribution of Representation to Urban, Industrialized Areas

• Increased Suffrage by 50% - Extended to Middle Class & Increased Suffrage by 50% - Extended to Middle Class & FarmersFarmers

Regulated Working Conditions for WorkersRegulated Working Conditions for Workers

• Impact on Great Britain – Escaped Revolution in 1848Impact on Great Britain – Escaped Revolution in 1848

Examples of ChangeExamples of Change – Austrian Empire - Nationalism – Austrian Empire - Nationalism

Principle: Nationalism Principle: Nationalism • Peoples had own genius Peoples had own genius

and cultural unity and cultural unity • Common language, History, Common language, History,

Territory Territory Peoples of Hungary Demanded Peoples of Hungary Demanded

National Autonomy, Full Civil National Autonomy, Full Civil Liberties, Universal SuffrageLiberties, Universal Suffrage

Problem: Could Not Gain Unity Problem: Could Not Gain Unity Among Other Ethnic Groups in Among Other Ethnic Groups in Eastern Section of Austrian Eastern Section of Austrian EmpireEmpire

Partial Sharing of Political RulePartial Sharing of Political Rule

Foreshadows Balkan Wars & Foreshadows Balkan Wars & World War IWorld War I

1815

1848

Age of Nationalism – RealpolitikAge of Nationalism – Realpolitik

The Making of an EmperorThe Making of an Emperor

Characteristics of Nationalism Characteristics of Nationalism (1850 – 1914) (1850 – 1914)

• Realpolitik - Realpolitik - • No Longer Lofty Vision Based on Liberalism No Longer Lofty Vision Based on Liberalism • Hard-Headed Realism Based on Economic, Political, and Hard-Headed Realism Based on Economic, Political, and

Military Power Military Power The State is Above AllThe State is Above All

Conservative Response to Passions of Liberalism & Conservative Response to Passions of Liberalism & SocialismSocialism

• Many Masks Many Masks • Liberal and Democratic – United States Liberal and Democratic – United States

Flourish in Dictatorial States – Conservative, Fascists, Flourish in Dictatorial States – Conservative, Fascists, CommunistCommunist

Relationship Between Leader and People – By Passes Relationship Between Leader and People – By Passes Congressional RepresentationCongressional Representation

Model – France Model – France Authoritarian Nationalism of Authoritarian Nationalism of

Louis Napoleon III (1848 – Louis Napoleon III (1848 – 1871)1871)

Elected by Universal Manhood Elected by Universal Manhood Suffrage Suffrage

Restricted Rights of Assembly Restricted Rights of Assembly

Hereditary EmperorHereditary Emperor

• Leader Served the People Leader Served the People • Managed Economy Managed Economy

Workers RightsWorkers Rights

Actions Defused Impact of Actions Defused Impact of Socialists & LiberalsSocialists & Liberals

Model of Realpolitik:Model of Realpolitik:Unification of Germany Unification of Germany

Series of Series of Small States Small States

Prussia – Prussia – Most Most Dominate Dominate German German ConfederatioConfederation – 1830 n – 1830 IndustrializatIndustrialization & Trade - ion & Trade - Zollverin Zollverin

Prussia – Unify Germany Prussia – Unify Germany Agenda: Agenda: Unify German States with Unify German States with

Prussia as LeaderPrussia as Leader

Decrease Power of Austria Decrease Power of Austria in Trade and Influencein Trade and Influence

• Increase Power of Military Increase Power of Military • Double Size of Army Double Size of Army

Higher Taxes for DefenseHigher Taxes for Defense

• Liberal Parliament Liberal Parliament • More Control More Control • Rejected Increase in Rejected Increase in

MilitaryMilitary

Solution: Count Otto von Bismarck Solution: Count Otto von Bismarck

Most Important Figure Most Important Figure in German History in German History Between Luther & Between Luther & Hitler Hitler

Master of Realpolitik Master of Realpolitik Pragmatic: “one must Pragmatic: “one must

always have two irons always have two irons in the fire..” in the fire..”

Tough: “The great Tough: “The great questions of the day questions of the day will .. be decided .. by will .. be decided .. by blood & iron…”blood & iron…”

Actions – A Call To Arms… Actions – A Call To Arms…

Continued to Continued to Collect Taxes and Collect Taxes and Reorganize Army Reorganize Army

Used War – Used War – “Outside Threat” – “Outside Threat” – To Gain Support of To Gain Support of Prussian People Prussian People Two Targets: Two Targets: Provoked Austria & Provoked Austria & France to Declare France to Declare War War

Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austro-Prussian Austro-Prussian

War (1866)War (1866) ““Reason” – Reason” –

Scheleswig – Scheleswig – Holstein Holstein

• Objectives Objectives • Shock & Awe Shock & Awe

Reduce Power of Reduce Power of Austria Austria

• Consequences Consequences • Disbanded Disbanded

German German Confederation Confederation

• Replaced by Replaced by North German North German Confederation & Confederation & Alliance with Alliance with Southern German Southern German States States

• Shifted Political Shifted Political Control Away Control Away from Parliamentfrom Parliament

Franco Prussian War (1870 -1871) Franco Prussian War (1870 -1871)

To Unify Germany – To Unify Germany – Southern German Southern German StatesStates

Outside “Threat” – Outside “Threat” – FranceFrance

France Declared War France Declared War on Prussia to “Teach on Prussia to “Teach it a Lesson”it a Lesson”

Decisive Victory by Decisive Victory by Unified Northern Unified Northern German German Confederation Confederation (Prussia) and (Prussia) and Southern German Southern German StatesStates

Creation of German Creation of German Empire Empire

Creation of the German EmpireCreation of the German Empire

The Spoils of Victory The Spoils of Victory • Terms of the Terms of the

Peace: Harsh Peace: Harsh • Pay 5 billion francs Pay 5 billion francs • Cede Alsace – Cede Alsace –

Lorraine Lorraine Humiliated France Humiliated France

• Creation of Creation of German EmpireGerman Empire

• In this painting, In this painting, King William I and King William I and his Chancellor his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck celebrate the celebrate the creation of the creation of the German EmpireGerman Empire

• Hall of Mirrors, the Hall of Mirrors, the Palace of Palace of VersaillesVersailles