Industrial Revolution, Nationalism & Imperialism

1750-1900

Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution: [chicken egg dilemma]

New techniques in farming [fertilizers] and the use of farm machinery resulted in 2 significant changes that aided the industrial revolution

• Crop yields increased dramatically• Fewer workers were required to work in the fields

thus they sought jobs in the factories• Made it possible for nations to sustain larger

populations

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Textile Industry: where the revolution began in EnglandCottage Industry

• Making textiles and goods in individual homes

Factory System• Workers were forced to go

to a central location where all production took place

• Large expensive equipment brought about a need for such a system

Industrial Revolution

1st Industrial Revolution was in textiles and powered by water.

New Inventions rapidly increased production.

Steam Engine

James Watt

Spinning Jenny, James

Hargreaves

Cotton Gin, Eli Whitney

Industrial Revolution2nd Industrial Revolution

Occurred in the iron and steel industry. Countries with deposits of iron and coal became leaders in the 2nd phase.This revolution was powered by steam and coal later to be replaced by electrical generators and the combustion engine in the 20th century.Sources of Power: water, coal & steam, coal, oil & electricity.

Bethlehem Steel

Industrial Revolution

Improvement in transportation and communication improved efficiency

James Watt, Locomotive

John McAdam, roads

Canals

Samuel Morse,

Telegraph

Consequences of Industrialization

Growth of citiesOvercrowding, unsanitary conditions, industrial pollutionDemand for local government to improve living conditions

Working ConditionsDemands for Reform: long hours, low wages, lousy conditionsUnionization movements

Iron law of Wages: keep wages low workers are productive & small families

European Population1750 140m1800 187m 29%Δ1850 266m 35%Δ

London1800 1m1850 2.4m1900 4m

Berlin1700 30,0001850 450,0001900 2 million

Social Consequences of Industrialization

Wage Economics: people became dependent upon wages to survive, no longer self sufficient

Cities became crowded, need for police forces and prisons

Women left the workforce once married, but both children and young girls were exploited often earning low wages.

Child Labor Laws would slowly eliminate the use of child labor

British Ten Hour Work Day was instituted to allow adults more time with their children

Industrialization and Society

Chartism:

Malthus

Utilitarianism

Early SocialismUtopian Socialist

Conservatism In EuropeCongress of Vienna

Allied powers meet in Vienna to carve up Napoleon’s EmpirePrinciple of legitimacy was to return rightful monarchs back to their thronesAustrian Foreign Minister Prince von Metternich is the key architect of European politics from 1814 – 1848.

Concert of EuropeAllied powers would work in harmony to keep the peace in Europe and prevent one power from being too dominant.

Europe after 1815

Conservatives hoped to return Europe to the pre-

revolutionary days

Reform Bill in Great BritainSeries of Acts that reformed the British electoral system

Redistricting: reduced the number of boroughs

Extended Franchise: included smaller landowners in counties who owned 10 pounds worth of land

Voter registration

Working Classes and Women were unsatisfied

France in the Aftermath of Napoleon

Louis XVIII [1814-24]

Constitutional monarch but very weak especially when he fled during the 100 days.

Tried to rule in a centrist fashion and afraid his brother would not be so wise

Died without heir from complications of obesity and gangrene.

France in the Aftermath of Napoleon 1814-1848

Charles X [1824-1830]

Last of the Bourbon kings

Unpopular ruler. Liberals despised his autocratic policies. Unable to get a favorable majority in the parliament Charles issued 4 Ordinances in July 1830 dissolving parliament, censoring the press, altered the electoral system and called for new elections in the streets.

Parisians went to the barricades. Charles’ army was unable to regain Paris. Charles abdicated for himself and his son in favor of his nephew Henri, but the parliament chose Louis Philippe, 4th in line as King of the French.

LiberalismLiberalism was a political philosophy that felt people should be free from government interference. Felt government should be run by a constitution but NOT in favor of universal male suffrage. Only men of property should have the right to vote.Believed in the ideals of the EnlightenmentMiddle Class industrialists were the primary supporters of this view point which dominated the mid to late 1800s

Adam Smith

Louis Philippe,

Bourgeois King of the

French

Reign of the Bourgeois KingLouis Philippe 1830-1848

King of the French, tricolor flag restored

Promoted Liberal, bourgeois interests at the expense of working class interests

Overthrown in the revolution of 1848 when he refused to grant changes to working conditions in France

Rise of SocialismCommunist Manifesto by Karl Marx [1848]

Called for workers to seize control of the “factors of production” meaning the factories, the mines, etcMarx believed the workers [proletariat] needed to seize political control from the upper middle class factory owners [bourgeoisie]Socialist Political parties would gain strength and popularity throughout Europe in the late 1800s early 1900s.

1848 Year of RevolutionRevolution in France

Socialists under the leadership of Louis Blanc demanded inclusion in a new provisional government.Workshops were created to provide work relief for the unemployedNew Elections resulted in a Conservative and Moderate majority in the National Assembly showing the provinces did not trust Paris radicals.New socialist revolts were put down by the military

1848 Austria and Prussia face growing revoltsHungarians revolt against Austrian rule, Russian troops help Austria put down the revolts. Hungarians would not gain autonomy until 1867.Austrian Emperor Ferdinand is forced to abdicate, replaced by his nephew 18 year old Franz Joseph. Prince Metternich resigns and flees to InnsbruckGerman Congress in Frankfurt offers Prussian King the crown of a united Germany, He rejects it. Revolution in Prussia forces the king to grant a constitution.

2nd French Republic & Empire1848 2nd Republic

Louis Napoleon, Napoleon’s nephew is elected President in 1848 with 75% of the vote.Allowed to serve only one 4 year term. 1852 he seizes power in a coup on Dec 2, 1851 and creates the 2nd Empire crowning himself Napoleon III. Used a plebiscite to give his action legitimacy

2nd Empire 1852-70Made many changes that benefited socialists and industrialists. Beautified Paris and made it the city it is today. Was very popular until his downfall.

Napoleon III

Napoleon III & Foreign PolicyAs Emperor he needed a wife and heir. Chose a woman he loved rather than an arranged marriage. Eugenie de Monitjo of Spain.

Crimean War 1854-56. Ended the Concert of Europe when he joined Britain in fighting Russia.

Unification of Italy

Asia PolicyMission to Japan

Second Opium War 1860 occupation of China

French Indochina

Mexico 1866Maximilian Hapsburg

Russia in the Aftermath of Napoleon

Tsar Alexander I [1801-1825] repressed liberalism and nationalism. Russian military officers however were exposed to the ideals of the French Revolution

Alexander died unexpectedly without an heir. His brother Constantine had a morganatic marriage, so his younger brother Nicholas was considered heir.

Decembrist Revolt, officers who favored Constantine revolted and Nicholas had it brutally put down.

Nicholas I ruled as autocrat from 1825-1855

NationalismBelieve a nation is composed of people who share a common language and cultural heritage

Most powerful ideology of the 19th and 20th century

Used by both Liberals and Monarchists to achieve their objectives

Often combined with Liberalism to achieve its objectives

1821 Greece, then 1830 Serbia gain independence from the Ottoman empire

1820-30s Latin American gains independence from Spain

1830 Belgium gains independence from the Netherlands

Execution of Karl Sand

Nationalism: ItalyNationalism:

feelings of devotion and loyalty to one’s country or ethnic group

Italy was dominated by Austria and FranceKingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

PM Camillo Cavour sided with France & Britain in the Crimean War in exchange for French support for Italian UnificationGiuseppe Garibaldi’s Red Shirts invaded S. Italy

Unification of Italy 1850-1870

Nationalism: GermanyUnification of Germany 1866-71Prussian King Wilhem IChancellor Otto von Bismarck Architect of unification

• Greater Germany A unified Germany including

the Austrian Empire

• Lesser Germany A unified Germany without

Austria

German Unification: Bismarck’s Blood & Iron• Austro-Prussian War of 1866

Prussia defeated Austria in 6 weeks; eliminated Austria from interfering in German affairs

United Northern Germany with Prussia

• Franco-Prussian War of 1870 Ems Telegram doctored by

Bismarck to insult France Prussia defeated France and

resulted in German unification Germany is unified in Jan 1871 Germany takes Alsace-

Lorraine from France The Unification of Germany 1862-1871

Nationalism: The Balkans• Europe’s Powder Keg

• Ottoman Domination & Collapse Albania & Bosnian

conversions to Islam “The Sick Man of Europe

• Greek Independence 1831

• Russia Defender of Slavs and Eastern Orthodoxy 1877 Russo-Ottoman War

Balkans 1878-1914

Nationalism: The Balkans• Russia and Pan-Slavism

Russia considered itself the defender of Slavic speaking peoples

• Russo-Turkish War of 1877 Russia defeated the Ottoman Turks

• Congress of Berlin 1878 European powers feared Russian

power sought to contain at this conference

Romania & Serbia gain independence

Bulgaria is autonomous Bosnia-Herzegovina administered

by Austria-Hungary

Balkans 1878-1914

Imperialism• Reasons for Imperialism

Economic: resources & markets

Strategic: bases for refueling Prestige White Man’s Burden”

• Africa Only 2 independent nations by

1900 [Ethiopia and Liberia]

• Asia French Indochina [Vietnam] British Hong Kong, Singapore Spheres of Influence in China

Imperialism• Emergence of Japan

US Commodore Perry’s visit in 1853 opened Japan’s eyes to modern technology

• Meiji Restoration 1867 Restored the monarchy and ended

feudalism in Japan Began a period of rapid

modernization

• Sino-Japanese War 1895 Seized Korea and Formosa

[Taiwan] from China

• Russo-Japanese War 1905 1st time an Asia nation defeated a

European

Imperialism & Germany• Imperial Conflict

Wilhelm II, nephew of Queen Victoria. Birth defect left him with a slightly deformed left arm. He always seemed to overcompensate for it.

Germany was an economic and military powerhouse but a small empire. Wilhelm wanted to change that.

Bismarck’s advice to Kaiser Wilhelm II was to not pursue an Empire and maintain an alliance with Russia but Wilhelm ignored him and fired Bismarck in 1890

Wilhelm II’s pursuit of an Empire and expansion of the Germany Navy led him into conflict with Britain and France

Hapsburg Austria• Franz Josef & Elizabeth• The Hapsburg Curse

Eldest daughter died at Age 2

Son Rudolf heir to throne supposedly committed suicide at age 30 in 1889

Elisabeth assassinated in 1898

Franz Ferdinand: Fran Josef’s nephew and heir after Rudolf’s death is assassinated in 1914

Nationalism: Austria-Hungary• Dual Monarchy

1867 Became the Austro-Hungarian Empire

• Ethnic tension Czechs, Slovaks, Poles,

Ukrainians, Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs all demanding autonomy or independence

• Triple Monarchy? Franz-Ferdinand: heir to the

throne proposed a triple monarchy and self government for slavs.

Serbs saw this as a threatEurope 1877

The Alliance System

• Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

• Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia

The Powder Keg Explodes• The Balkan Wars 1912-

1913 1st Balkan War

• Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece vs the Ottoman empire

2nd Balkan War• Serbia, Greece, Romania and

the Ottoman Empire vs Bulgaria

• Assassination 1914 Sarajevo, Bosnia Austrian

Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by Serbian terrorists and triggers WWI